最新地質(zhì)工程專業(yè)常用英文詞匯

1、闡述expound(explain), state河谷river valley引入introduce into河道river course相應(yīng)的corresponding河床river bed(channel)概念conception沖溝gully, gulley, erosion gully, stream(brook)概論overview河漫灘floodplain(valley flat)概率probability階地terrace概念化conceptualize沖積平原alluvial plain宏觀的macroscopic三角洲delta補(bǔ)充complement古河道fossil ri

2、ver course, fossil stream channel規(guī)劃plan沖積扇alluvial fan證明demonstrate, certify, attest洪積扇diluvial fan證實(shí)confirmation坡積裙talus apron補(bǔ)償compensate, make up, imburse分水嶺divide算法algorithm盆地basin判別式discriminant巖溶地貌karst land feature, karst landform有限元方法finite element method(FEM)溶洞solution cave, karst cave樣本單元法

3、sample element method(SEM)落水洞sinkhole赤平投影法stereographic projection method(SPM)土洞Karstic earth cave赤平投影stereographic projection干擾位移法interference displacement method(IDM)2 地層巖性干擾能量法interference energy method(IEM)地層geostrome (stratum, strata)條分法method of slices巖性lithologic character, rock property極限平衡法

4、limit equilibrium method巖體rock mass界面元法boundary element methodi-JU |=r巖層bed stratum模擬simulatei-JU |=r巖層layer, rock stratum計(jì)算程序computer program母巖matrix, parent rock數(shù)值分析numerical analysis相變facies change計(jì)算工作量calculation load硬質(zhì)巖strong rock, film解的唯一性u(píng)niqueness of solution軟質(zhì)巖weak rock多層結(jié)構(gòu)模型laminated mode

5、l硬質(zhì)的competent非線性nonlinear軟質(zhì)的incompetent橫觀各向同性lateral isotropy甘屮基巖bedrock各向同性isotropy巖組petrofabric各向異性anisotropy覆蓋層overburden非均質(zhì)性heterogeneity交錯(cuò)層理cross bedding邊界條件boundary condition層面bedding plane本構(gòu)方程constitutive equation片理schistosity初始條件initial condition層理bedding初始狀態(tài)rest condition板理（葉理）foliation巖土工程

6、geotechnical engineering,波痕ripple-mark土木工程civil engineering泥痕mud crack基礎(chǔ)工程foundation engineering雨痕raindrop imprints最不利滑面the most dangerous slip surface造巖礦物rock-forming minerals交替alternate粘土礦物clay mineral控制論cybernetics高嶺土kaolinite大量現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查mass field surveys蒙脫石montmorillonite組合式combined type伊利石illite相互作用

7、interaction云母mica穩(wěn)定性評(píng)價(jià)stability evaluation白云母muscovite均質(zhì)性homogeneity黑云母biotite介質(zhì)medium石英quartz層layer, stratum長(zhǎng)石feldspar組構(gòu)fabric正長(zhǎng)石orthoclase斜長(zhǎng)石plagioclase1 地形地貌geographic and geomorphic輝石pyroxene, picrite工程地質(zhì)條件engineering geological conditions角閃石hornblende地形地貌條件geographic and geomorphic conditions方解

8、石calcite地形land form構(gòu)造structure地貌geomorphology, relief結(jié)構(gòu)texture微地貌microrelief組構(gòu)fabric(tissue)地貌單元landform unit, geomorphic unit礦物組成mineral composition坡度grade結(jié)晶質(zhì)crystalline地形圖relief map非晶質(zhì)amorphous產(chǎn)狀attitude泥質(zhì)argillaceous火成巖igneous硅質(zhì)的siliceous巖漿巖magmatic rock有機(jī)質(zhì)organic matter火山巖（熔巖）lava粗粒coarse grain火

9、山volcano中粒medium-grained侵入巖intrusive(invade) rock沉積物sediment (deposit)噴出巖effusive rock漂石、頑石boulder深成巖plutonic rock卵石cobble淺成巖pypabysal rock礫石gravel酸性巖acid rock砂sand中性巖inter-mediate rock粉土silt基性巖basic rock粘土clay超基性巖ultrabasic rock粘粒clay grain5甘巖基rock base (batholith)砂質(zhì)粘土sandy clay巖脈（墻）dike粘質(zhì)砂土clayey

10、sand巖株rock stock壤土、亞粘土loam巖流rock flow砂壤土、亞砂土輕亞粘土 sandy loamI-JU 乂巖蓋rock laccolith (laccolite)浮土、表土regolith (topsoil)巖盆rock lopolith黃土loess巖墻rock dike紅土laterite巖床rock sill泥灰peat巖脈vein dyke軟泥ooze花崗巖granite淤泥mire, oozed mud, sludge, warp clay斑巖porphyry沖積物（層）alluvion玢巖porphyrite沖積的alluvial流紋巖rhyolite洪積物

11、（層）proluvium, diluvium, diluvion正長(zhǎng)巖syenite洪積的diluvial粗面巖trachyte坡積物（層）deluvium閃長(zhǎng)巖diorite殘積物（層）eluvium安山巖andesite殘積的eluvial輝長(zhǎng)巖、.一、 r rgabbro風(fēng)積物（層）eolian deposits玄武巖basalt湖積物（層）lake deposits細(xì)晶巖aplite海積物（層）marine deposits偉晶巖pegmatite冰川沉積物(層) glacier (drift)deposits煌斑巖lamprophyre崩積物（層）colluvial deposits

12、, colluvium輝綠巖diabase殘積粘土residual clay橄欖巖dunite變質(zhì)巖metamorphic rock黑曜巖obsidian板巖slate浮巖pumice千枚巖phyllite火山角礫巖vulcanic breccia匚 u_r片巖schist火山集塊巖volcanic agglomerate片麻巖gneiss凝灰?guī)rtuff石英巖quartzite沉積巖sedimentary rock大理巖marble碎屑巖clastic rock糜棱巖mylonite粘土巖clay rock混合巖migmatite粉砂質(zhì)粘土巖silty claystone碎裂巖cataclas

13、ite化學(xué)巖chemical rock生物巖biolith3 地質(zhì)構(gòu)造礫巖conglomerate地質(zhì)構(gòu)造geologic structure角礫巖breccia結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)造structural texture砂巖sandstone大地構(gòu)造geotectonic石英砂巖quartz sandstone構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)tectogenesis粉砂巖siltstone造山運(yùn)動(dòng)orogeny鈣質(zhì)粉砂巖calcareous siltstone升降運(yùn)動(dòng)vertical movement泥巖mudstone水平運(yùn)動(dòng)horizontal movement頁(yè)巖shale完整性perfection(integrity)鹽巖

14、saline起伏度waviness石灰?guī)rlimestone尺寸效應(yīng)size effect白云巖dolomite圍壓效應(yīng)confining pressure effect泥灰?guī)rmarl產(chǎn)狀要素elements of attitude泥鈣巖argillo-calcareous產(chǎn)狀attitude, orientation泥砂巖argillo-arenaceous走向strike砂質(zhì)arenaceous傾向dip傾角dip angle, angle of dip泥化argillization褶皺fold尖滅taper-out褶曲fold錯(cuò)動(dòng)diastrophism單斜monocline錯(cuò)動(dòng)層面fau

15、lted bedding plane向斜syncline斷續(xù)的intermittent背斜anticline破碎crumble穹隆dome共軛節(jié)理conjugated joint擠壓squeeze散狀loose上盤upper section透鏡狀的lens-shaped a.下盤bottom wall, footwall, lower wall巖石碎片crag斷距separation巖屑cuttings, debris相交intersect薄膜membrane, film斷層fault層理stratification正斷層normal fault高角度high dip angle逆斷層reve

16、rsed fault緩傾角low dip angle平移斷層parallel fault反傾anti-dip層理bedding, stratification互層interbed v.微層理light stratificationInterbedding n.地塹graben起伏的unplanar地壘horst, fault ridge波狀起伏的undulate, undulating斷層泥gouge, pug, selvage, fault gouge粒徑particle size擦痕stria, striation構(gòu)造層tectonosphere斷裂fracture擠壓compressio

17、n破碎帶fracture zone均一的homogeneous節(jié)理joint剪切錯(cuò)動(dòng)面shear faulted, bedding zone節(jié)理組joint set切割dissection裂隙fissure, crack切割的dissected微裂隙fine fissure, microscopic fissure致密close, compact劈理cleavage構(gòu)造巖tectonite原生裂隙original joint糜棱巖mylonite次生裂隙epigenetic joint斷層角礫巖fault breccia張裂隙tension joint方解石脈calcite vein剪裂隙sh

18、ear joint碎塊巖clastic rock卸荷裂隙relief crack角礫breccia裂隙率fracture porosity巖粉rock powder結(jié)構(gòu)類型structural pattern巖屑debris, debry巖體結(jié)構(gòu)rock mass structure固結(jié)consolidation巖塊block mass定向排列oriented spread結(jié)構(gòu)體structural element構(gòu)造應(yīng)力tectonic stress塊度blockness殘余應(yīng)力residual stress結(jié)構(gòu)面structural plane軟弱結(jié)構(gòu)面weak plane4 水文地質(zhì)條件

19、hydrogeological conditions臨空面free face水文循環(huán)hydrologic cycle碎裂結(jié)構(gòu)cataclastic texture大氣圈atmosphere板狀結(jié)構(gòu)platy structure水圈hydrosphere薄板狀lamellose巖石圈geosphere塊狀的lumpy, massive地表徑流surface runoff層狀的laminated地下徑流subsurface runoff巨厚層giant thick-laminated流域valley, drainage basin薄層狀的finely laminated流域面積drainage a

20、rea, river basin area軟弱夾層weak intercalated layer匯水面積catchment area夾層inter bedding,地下水ground water, subsurface waterintercalated bed, interlayer, intermediate layer地表水surface water夾泥層clayey intercalation大氣水a(chǎn)tmospheric water夾泥inter-clay氣態(tài)水a(chǎn)queous (vapour) water連通性connectivity液態(tài)水liquid water切層insequent

21、固態(tài)水solid water影響帶affecting zone上層滯水perched water完整性integrity n.潛水phreatic waterIntegrate v. & a.承壓水confined waterdegree of integrality吸著水hygroscopic (adsorptive) water破碎crumble介質(zhì)medium膠結(jié)cement空隙void孔隙水壓力pore water pressure滲透壓力osmotic pressure, seepage force揚(yáng)壓力uplift pressure靜水壓力hydrostatic press

22、ure外靜水壓力external hydrostatic pressure動(dòng)水壓力hydrodynamic pressure滲透力seepage pressure外水壓力external water pressure內(nèi)水壓力internal water pressure水力聯(lián)系hydraulic interrelation水力折減系數(shù)hydraulic reduction coefficient水頭損失water head loss滲透途徑filtration path, seepage path滲透系數(shù)penetration coefficient潛水位water table level水位

23、water level, stage level水頭water head含水層aquifer弱含水層（弱透水層） aquitard滯水層aquiclude透水層permeable layer, pervious layer不透水層(隔水層) aquifuge, impervious layer,潛水含水層impermeable layer, aquiclude phreatic aquifer承壓含水層confined aquifer, artesian aquifer承壓面bearing surface潛水面phreatic surface, water table浸潤(rùn)線phreatic c

24、urve不透水邊界impervious boundary地下分水嶺groundwater ridge粘滯性viscosity富水性abundance透水性（滲透性）permeability淋濾（溶濾作用）lixiviation, leaching反濾層inverted gravel filter水銹incrustation滲滴seep飽和saturation, saturated潛水位變化帶zone of variable phreatic level氣象因素meteorological factor飽水帶zone of saturation包氣帶aeration zone, zone of

25、aeration包氣帶水a(chǎn)eration zone water上層滯水perched water孔隙水pore water裂隙水fissure water巖溶水karstic water結(jié)合水bound water, combined water吸著水hydroscopic water薄膜水pellicular water毛細(xì)水capillary water重力水gravitational water凝結(jié)水condensation water地下水埋藏條件condition of groundwater occurrence地下水埋藏深度depth of groundwater occurre

26、nce壓水試驗(yàn)packer permeability test抽水試驗(yàn)pumping test5 物理力學(xué)性質(zhì)物理力學(xué)physical mechanics n.Physico-mechanical a.屈服準(zhǔn)則yield criteria米賽斯屈服準(zhǔn)則Von Mises yield criteria朗肯土壓力理論Ranking 's earth pressure theory劍橋模型Cambridge model, Cam-model鄧肯-張模型Duncan-chang model本構(gòu)方程constitutive equation局部剪切破壞local shear failure整體剪

27、切破壞general shear failure巖體完整性指數(shù) intactness index of rock mass安全系數(shù)factor of safety埋深embedment depth試件coupons撓度deflection里氏震級(jí)Richter scale設(shè)計(jì)烈度design intensity基本烈度basic intensity場(chǎng)地烈度site intensity地震烈度seismic intensity, intensity scale卓越周期predominant period持力層sustained yield超載surcharge圍巖壓力surrounding ro

28、ck stress附加壓力superimposed stress應(yīng)力松弛stress relaxation應(yīng)力路逕stress path卸荷unload滲透率specific permeability飽和度degree of saturation含水量moisture content平均粒徑mean diameter顆粒grain, granule, particle顆粒級(jí)配distribution of grain-size,grain composition, size distribution級(jí)配graduation,grain-size distribution, gradation,

29、 grading粒度coarseness grain size, granularity, lump不均勻系數(shù)coefficient of non-uniformity,variation coefficient, variation factor顆粒分級(jí)gradation, size grading孔隙水pore water孔隙比void ratio (ration)空隙率air voids孔隙率porosity裂隙率crackity溶隙率karstity密度density重度unit weight, bulk weight浮重度buoyant unit weight折減系數(shù)reductio

30、n factor壓力消散dissipation of pressure抗力系數(shù)coefficient of resistance軟化系數(shù)softening coefficient含水量water content稠度consistency塑限plastic limit液限liquid limit塑性指數(shù)plasticity index液性指數(shù)liquidity index流變r(jià)heological蠕變creep塑性plastic脆性brittleness(fragility)粘性stickness剛性rigidity彈性的elastic粘彈性viso-elasticity彈塑性elasto-pl

31、asticity壓縮性compressibility均質(zhì)性homogeneity非均質(zhì)性nonhomogeneity (heterogeneity)各向同性isotropy各向異性anisotropy總應(yīng)力total stress有效應(yīng)力effective stress超孔隙水壓力excess pore pressure孔隙水壓力pore water pressure抗壓強(qiáng)度compressive strength抗拉強(qiáng)度tensile strength抗剪強(qiáng)度shear strength不排水抗剪強(qiáng)度 undrained shear strenght峰值抗剪強(qiáng)度peak share stre

32、ngth長(zhǎng)期抗剪強(qiáng)度long-term shear strength殘余抗剪強(qiáng)度residual shear strength負(fù)摩擦力negative skin friction, dragdown摩擦角angle of friction內(nèi)摩擦角angle of internal friction外摩擦角angle of external friction內(nèi)聚力cohesion粘聚力cohesion假凝聚力pseudo-cohesion粘著力adhesion摩爾圓Mohr' s circle包絡(luò)線envelope休止角angle of repose,angle of friction(

33、repose, rest), repose angle峰值peak模量modulus彈性模量modulus of elasticity ，Young ' s modulus, elastic modulus壓縮模量modulus of compressibility變形模量modulus of deformation卸荷模量unloading modulus切線模量tangent modulus剪切模量shear modulus割線模量secant modulus旁壓模量pressurmeter modulus泊松比poisson ' s ration固結(jié)consolidati

34、on固結(jié)系數(shù)coefficient of consolidation固結(jié)度degree of consolidation超固結(jié)比over consolidation ration應(yīng)變strain壓縮比compressibility ratio壓縮系數(shù)coefficient of compressibility壓縮指數(shù)compression index初始曲線virgin curve正常固結(jié)土normally consolidated soil欠固結(jié)土under-consolidated soil超固結(jié)土over-consolidated soil被動(dòng)土壓力passive earth press

35、ure主動(dòng)土壓力active earth pressure靜止土壓力earth pressure at rest覆蓋壓力overburden pressure初始應(yīng)力initial stress地應(yīng)力場(chǎng)ground(geostatic) stress field有效應(yīng)力effective stress動(dòng)應(yīng)力dynamic stress動(dòng)荷載dynamic load偏心荷載eccentric loads循環(huán)荷載inclined loads地應(yīng)力ground stress, geostatic stress初始應(yīng)力initial stress應(yīng)力場(chǎng)stress field縱波longitudina

36、l wave液化勢(shì)liquefaction potential液化指數(shù)liquefaction index交角angular巖石抗力系數(shù)coefficient of rock resistance容許承載力allowable bearing capacity臨塑壓力critical pressure接觸壓力contact pressure6 工程地質(zhì)問(wèn)題工程地質(zhì)問(wèn)題engineering geological problem定性評(píng)價(jià)qualitative estimate定量評(píng)價(jià)quantitative estimate極限平衡法limit equilibrium method不良地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象un

37、favorable geological condition風(fēng)化weathering變形deformation位移displacement不均勻位移differential movement相對(duì)位移relative displacement沉陷settlement山崩avalanche, toppling崩塌toppling, toppling collapse滑坡、地滑creep, slide切層滑坡insequent landslide深層滑坡deep slide淺層滑坡shallow slide順層滑坡consequent landslide滑動(dòng)面sliding surface, sli

38、ding plane, slip surface滑動(dòng)帶sliding zone滑床slide bed滑坡體slide(sliding) mass古滑坡fossil landslide推移式滑坡slumping slide牽引式滑坡retrogressive slide管涌piping, internal erosion滲漏leakage流砂quicksand滲流seepage液化liquefaction7 工程勘察 engineering investigation工程地質(zhì)勘察engineering geology investigation巖土工程勘察geotechnical investi

39、gation工程地質(zhì)條件engineering geological condition工程地質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)engineering geological evaluation勘測(cè)survey巖芯采取率core recovery, core extraction巖芯獲得率RQD （巖石質(zhì)量指標(biāo)） rock quality designation程序（步驟）procedure勘察階段investigational stage選點(diǎn)踏勘reconnaissance初步設(shè)計(jì)primary design初步規(guī)劃preliminary scheme初步勘探preliminary prospecting初步踏勘gro

40、und reconnaissance可行性研究階段 feasibility stage金剛石鉆進(jìn)diamond drilling初步設(shè)計(jì)階段preliminary stage單動(dòng)式single acting施工階段construction sage雙層double layer踏勘reconnaissance, inspection空氣鉆探air flush drilling地質(zhì)測(cè)繪geological survey鉆機(jī)drilling rig工程地質(zhì)測(cè)繪engineering geological mapping鉆頭drill bit, drilling bit鉆探borehole opera

41、tion, boring螺旋鉆頭auger物探geophysical exploration勺鉆spoon bit洞探exploratory adits沖擊鉆頭percussion bit, chopping bit釬探rod sounding桶式鉆頭bucket auger坑探exploring mining鉆桿drill rod槽探trenching套管casing天然建材調(diào)查u_r巖芯管core barrelnatural materials surveying (examination)沖洗掖flush fluid巖土工程勘察報(bào)告 geotechnical investigation

42、report正循環(huán)沖洗direct circulation鑒定identification, appraisal反循環(huán)沖洗reverse circulation鑒定書expertise report泥漿mud, slurry鑒定人identifier, surveyor泥皮mud cake校核verification護(hù)壁dado總監(jiān)chief inspector止水seal, water seal比例proportion掃孔cleaning bottom of hole地形圖geographic map鉆進(jìn)drilling地貌圖geomorphological map平硐adit地質(zhì)圖geol

43、ogical map豎井shaft工程地質(zhì)圖engineering geological map鉆探drilling boring實(shí)測(cè)地質(zhì)剖面圖field-acquired geological profile(section)8 工程地質(zhì)試驗(yàn)構(gòu)造地質(zhì)圖geological structure map擊實(shí)試驗(yàn)compaction test第四紀(jì)地質(zhì)圖quarternary geological map壓縮試驗(yàn)compression test地質(zhì)詳圖detail map of geology固結(jié)試驗(yàn)consolidation test地質(zhì)柱狀圖geologic columnar section,

44、 geologic log單軸試驗(yàn)uniaxial compression test鉆孔柱狀圖logs of bore hole現(xiàn)場(chǎng)剪切試驗(yàn)in-situ shear test縱剖面圖longitudinal section單剪試驗(yàn)simple shear test橫剖面圖cross section直剪試驗(yàn)direct shear test展示圖reveal detail map慢剪試驗(yàn)slow test節(jié)理玫瑰圖rose of joints單剪試驗(yàn)simple shear testi-U.基巖等高線bed rock contour快剪試驗(yàn)quick test層底等高線contour of s

45、tratum bottom三軸剪切試驗(yàn)triaxial shear test巖層界線strata boundary三軸壓縮試驗(yàn)triaxial compression test巖面高程elevation of bed rock surface動(dòng)三軸試驗(yàn)dynamic triaxial test坐標(biāo)coordinate不固結(jié)不排水剪試驗(yàn)分層bed separationunconsolidated undrained test(quick test)地質(zhì)點(diǎn)geological observation point固結(jié)不排水剪試驗(yàn)勘探點(diǎn)exploratory point (spot)consolida

46、ted undrained test(consolidated quick test)勘探線exploratory line固結(jié)排水試驗(yàn)consolidated drained test(slow test)勘探孔exploration hole原位測(cè)試in-situ test平洞adit現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)測(cè)on-site(in-site) monitoring豎井riser, shaft, vertical shaft現(xiàn)場(chǎng)檢測(cè)on-site (in-site) inspection探槽exploratory trench觀測(cè)孔o(hù)bservation borehole探井exploratory pit靜力

47、觸探試驗(yàn)cone penetration test,鉆孔borehole, drill holestatic penetration test, static cone test機(jī)鉆孔o(hù)rdinary drill hole標(biāo)貫試驗(yàn)standard penetration test套鉆孔sleeve drill hole十字板剪切試驗(yàn)vane shear test, vane test管鉆孔pipe drill hole檢層法up-hole method, borehole method_lU-PR巖芯core旁壓試驗(yàn)pressuremeter test巖芯鉆探core drilling動(dòng)力觸探

48、試驗(yàn)回轉(zhuǎn)鉆探（進(jìn)）rotary drillingdynamic penetration test, dynamic sounding沖擊鉆探churn drilling, percussion drilling點(diǎn)荷載試驗(yàn)point load test鋼砂鉆探shot drilling巖石試驗(yàn)rock test鐵砂鉆進(jìn)iron shot drilling應(yīng)力解除法stress relief method跟管鉆進(jìn)follow-down drilling應(yīng)力恢復(fù)法stress recovery method振動(dòng)鉆進(jìn)vibro-boring, vibro-drilling套孔法over-coring

49、method泥漿鉆探mud flush drilling頂拱底拱 洞室開挖超挖風(fēng)鉆 開挖斷面 塌落 細(xì)骨料混凝土 細(xì)骨料 料場(chǎng)土料水灰比 粉煤灰 梅花狀 噴射 澆注 鋼筋網(wǎng) 加固 錨桿 錨索 錨緊端 錨樁 采石場(chǎng) 開挖 清基 明挖 爆破 光面爆破 預(yù)裂法10 水工概論 壩址 壩踵 壩段 壩頂 壩肩 左壩肩 副壩 三壩址 標(biāo)高 上游水位 正常庫(kù)水位 地下洞室 壓力隧洞 無(wú)壓隧洞 交通洞 灌漿洞 明流洞 孔板洞排砂洞sediment tunnel尾水洞tailrace tunnel排水洞drainage tunnel導(dǎo)流洞diversion tunnel隧道tunnel圍巖surrounding

50、rock, ambient rock圍巖應(yīng)力secondary stress static應(yīng)力集中stress concentrate覆蓋層over burden冒頂cave in, roof fall底鼓bottom heave回彈rebound巖爆rock burst凍結(jié)法freezing method超載over break襯砌lining圍堰cofferdam堤dike近壩岸坡abutments施工（收縮）縫construction joint心墻core截水墻cutoff wall防滲墻diaphragm wall排水井drainage wells排水幕drainage curtain減壓井relief wells反濾層filter zone灌漿材料grout水力