第五講;被動、虛擬、助動詞、非限定動詞

1、英語語法英語語法English Grammar 2016Tasks for TodayPassive Voice (被動態(tài))Subjunctive Mood (虛擬式)Auxiliaries (助動詞)Non-finite verb(非限定動詞)Passive Voice被動態(tài)（Chapter14-15）被動態(tài)： be-型被動態(tài) be+-ed get- 型被動態(tài) get+-edQuestions: Which sentences are more appropriate?He arrived at London where he was met by his friend.He arrived

2、 at London where his friend met him.Compare clothes which we have washed with clothes washed by any other laundry.Compare clothes which have been washed by us with clothes washed by any other laundry.What are the cases where passive voice is ued?被動態(tài)1.主動句與被動句相互轉(zhuǎn)換的限制性（14.1 Voice constraints P162） 并非任何

3、一種主動句和被動句都可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換，這與動詞的類別與動詞的類別主動句的賓語主動句的賓語有密切關系。（1）類似have (作“有”講)的靜態(tài)動詞（hold, lack, suit, resemble, etc,）e.g. Bob owned a house in the city. The house was owned by Bob. Bob had a house in the city. The house was had by Bob. 1.主動句與被動句相互轉(zhuǎn)換的限制性(2) 當主動句的賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞主動句的賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞時，這種主動句也不可以變成被動句 He hur

4、t himself when he fell from the ladder. We should help each other.1.主動名與被動句相互轉(zhuǎn)換的限制性(3) 有些句子貌似SVO結(jié)構(gòu)，其實不是。 The medicine soon took effect. The plant will soon take root.(4)還有一些句子貌似被動句，其實不是。 He is gone.= He has gone. The moon is risen now.= The moon has risen now. They are finished.= They have finished.

5、1.主動名與被動句相互轉(zhuǎn)換的限制性（5）也有少數(shù)動詞通常只以被動態(tài)出現(xiàn)，而不用主動態(tài)。 She was born in Shanghai. She is reputed to be the best singer in Europe.這類動詞在有些詞典中已被歸為形容詞。2.被動句使用的場合（被動句使用的場合（15.1 ） （1）不必或不愿意提到 （2）不知道或施動者 （3）強調(diào)施動者，常帶by-詞組 （4）避免中途變更主語，使上下文句銜接緊密e.g. Jack fought Michael in the mens singles and was beaten. (?) Jack fought

6、Michael in the mens singles and Michael beat him. He visited Chinas northeastern provinces in 1935. Those Provinces were being overrun by Japanese invaders. (?) He visited Chinas northeastern provinces in 1935. Japanese invaders were overrunning them.被動態(tài)3. 兩種被動句型的轉(zhuǎn)換兩種被動句型的轉(zhuǎn)換 P172 在英語中，有一種主動句可以轉(zhuǎn)換為兩種被

7、動句型。 People believe that he is ill. It is believed that he is ill. (I) He is believed to be ill. (II)2.兩種被動句型的轉(zhuǎn)換要注意：要注意：（1）原主動句時態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換后型被動句不定式如何表達時間的問題 It is believed that he will comewill be comingis coming. He is believed to be coming. It is believed that he camehas come He is believed to have come（2

8、）能同時適用兩種被動句型的主動詞主要有：assume, believe, expect, fear, feel, know, presume, report, say, think, understand等。被動態(tài)4. 主動結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動意義的問題。主動結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動意義的問題。 P175 英語里有些動詞能以主動結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動意義。 （1）用動詞的進行體表示被動意義，這種句子的主語通常是指物的，而且可以轉(zhuǎn)換為相應的被動結(jié)構(gòu)。 The house is building. The book is printing. The dinner is cooking.(2) 由事物內(nèi)在特征促使動詞所表示的動作

9、得以實現(xiàn)或難以實現(xiàn)的，可用主動表示被動意義。 This box doesnt close easily. This car handles well. His new novel sells well. 這些句子一般不轉(zhuǎn)換被動句，轉(zhuǎn)換后句子的意思就改變了。被動態(tài)5. 被動結(jié)構(gòu)還是系補結(jié)構(gòu)被動結(jié)構(gòu)還是系補結(jié)構(gòu) P177 英語中有些-ed分詞能作形容詞用（見P263），當它們與主動詞 be 連用時就構(gòu)成系補結(jié)構(gòu)。 I am very annoyed with him. I was annoyed by mosquitoes all night.被動結(jié)構(gòu)還是系補結(jié)構(gòu)如何區(qū)分：（1）被動結(jié)構(gòu)有相應的主

10、動句，系補結(jié)構(gòu)沒有。（2）被動結(jié)構(gòu)中，助動詞be可用get取代，而系補結(jié)構(gòu)中，除了get,還可用become, feel, look, seem, remain等。 （3）被動結(jié)構(gòu)表示的是一種動作，系補結(jié)構(gòu)卻是一種狀態(tài)（4）系補結(jié)構(gòu)中，ed 分詞已具有形容詞的性質(zhì)，因而能接受very等副詞的修飾。而被動結(jié)構(gòu)則不可以。（5）系補結(jié)構(gòu)中的ed分詞既然已經(jīng)形容詞化，往往有固定的介詞搭配關系，而且這個介詞通常不是by Chapter 16 Subjunctive Mood16.1 be- 型虛擬式be型虛擬式是指動詞永遠使用原形,不管主語是什么,動詞都為原形.1) 用于表示命令,決定,建議等詞語之后的

11、that 分句中A) V+ that-clause （object clause） e.g. He ordered that all the books be sent at once.B) 名詞+that-clause (appositive clause):e.g. We were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished. C) 用在一些形容詞后的真實主語從句中 如形容詞:advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, fitting, imperative, important, imp

12、ossible, necessary, obligatory, proper等e.g.It is essential that all the facts be examined first.It is necessary that he come back without delay.I thought it advisable that an armed guard stand in readiness.2) 用于由if, though whatever, lest ,so long as 等引導的分句中表示推測,讓步,防備等含義 （正式書面語）If the rumour be true,

13、 everything is possible.Though everyone desert you, I will not.Whatever be his defense, we cannot tolerate this disloyalty.3) 用于某些公式化語句中Long live the Peoples Republic of China.God bless you!So be it.Suffice it to say that I know nothing.Far be it from me to call him a thief.I will stay here with you

14、 if need be.16.2 were-型虛擬式were 型虛擬式只有一種形式,即不管主語是什么,動詞一律用過去式, be 動詞一律用 were1）常用于if, if only, as if, as though, though 引導的非真實條件狀語從句If I were you, I should wait till next week.If it were to rain, the game would be put off.He spoke to me as if I were deaf.2）用于wish, would rather, suppose, imagine 引導的從句中,

15、也表示非真實的臆想I wish it were spring all the year round.Id rather I were not at the site of the accident.Suppose the earth were falt.Just imagine everyone were to give up smoking.16.3 假設意義表示法綜述1)表示假設意義的一些結(jié)構(gòu)A) Its time that e.g. Its time we went to bed. Youve been working hard. Its time you took a rest. It

16、s high time we left this place.B) I would rather/ sooner that e.g. I would rather she got home a little earlier. Id rather he told me the truth.C) If only If only I knew her address.D) behaves as if/ as though He behaves as if he owned this place. She was sitting quietly in the garden as if / as tho

17、ugh nothing had happened to her.E) I wish I wish I didnt have to go to work today. I wish I hadnt said that.注意：含蓄條件句 But for your help, I couldnt have achieved anything. In different circumstances, I might have agreed.用于其他語境That she should forget me so quickly was rather a shock.Who would have thoug

18、ht that things should come to such a tragic end.The door was pushed open; who should come in but the woman they were talking about.He stepped into a cave and what should he see but a tigress with her baby tigers.特別強調(diào)：非真實條件句所表假設是不可能或不大可能發(fā)生或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的,句中的條件從句與結(jié)果主句皆須用虛擬語氣.1) 與現(xiàn)在事實相反的非真實條件句,條件從句的謂語用動詞的過去式,結(jié)果主句

19、的謂語是should/ would +動詞原形 If we left now, we should arrive in good time. Even if he had the money, he wouldnt buy it.2) 與過去事實相反的非真實條件句,條件從句的謂語用過去完成,結(jié)果主句用should/ would +現(xiàn)在完成 If we had had time, we would have dropped by. If I hadnt said that, the meeting would have succeeded .3)與將來事實可能相反的非真實條件句,從句的謂語用過去

20、式或were to +動詞原形,結(jié)果主句的謂語用should/ would +動詞原形If you dropped the glass, it would break.If you lived there for a while, you would change your mind about that.If he were to visit our dormitory, we should get the news.If it were to rain tomorrow, what should we do?Exercise 16D1. 如果有必要,我自然會帶你去.A: 2. 要是我來做這

21、事,我要采用不同的方法.A:3. 總統(tǒng)命令所有武裝部隊立即動員起來.A: I would certainly take you there if need be.If I were to do this, I would adopt a different method.The president ordered that all the armed forces be mobilized at once.4. 董事會決定任命約翰遜為總經(jīng)理. A: 5. 如果我是你,我會勇敢地正視這一問題. A: 6. 假如我身體好一些,我早就離開這里了. A: The board decided that

22、Johnson be appointed general manager.If I were you, I would face up to the problem.If I were in better health, I would have long left this place.7. 我非常不愿意眼看他犯錯誤.A: 8. 我多么希望我們廠裝備得好一些.A: 9. 要不是我們明天有測驗,我今晚就去看電影了.A: If we werent to have our test tomorrow, I would go and see a film this evening.How I wis

23、h our factory were better equipped.Far be it from me to see him make a mistake.Chapter 17 -18 Auxiliaries助動詞u情態(tài)助動詞 （P191-209）Modal meanings:Ability and possibility(能力、可能)Permission & prohibition（許可、不許）Obligation& necessity（義務、必然）Prediction & predictability（預見、推測）Willingness, intention, a

24、nd determination（意愿、意圖、決心）Other modal meanings u 半助動詞半助動詞 P210 半助動詞在功能上介乎主動詞和助動詞之間的一類結(jié)構(gòu)，稱為半助動詞。它們可與主動詞搭配構(gòu)成復雜動詞詞組并表示情態(tài)意義，有時也可與助動詞搭配。三類：以be為中心； 以have 為中心； 以seem 為中心 e.g. be able to, have to, seem to帶有半助動詞作為動詞詞組的組成部分的句子，有的可以轉(zhuǎn)換“ Itthat-分句”結(jié)構(gòu)，而有的卻不可以。從這個角度看，半助動詞可分為兩類：一類是可以作上述轉(zhuǎn)換的 ，另一類半助動詞不可以作上述轉(zhuǎn)換 。 半助動詞 P

25、210They are certain to win the game他們肯定會在比賽中獲勝。 It is certain that they will win the game He is likely to let you down他可能使你失望。 It is likely that he will let you down He appears to have many friends看來他有許多朋友。 It appears that he has many friendsHe seems to be enjoying himself看來他玩得很快活。 It seems that he

26、is enjoying himself 半助動詞 P210Some members of the committee seem to have been bribed.委員會的一些成員看來是受了賄賂。 It seems that some members of the committee have been bribed I happen to have had some nasty experiences in dealing with him 我恰巧有過一些和他打交道的不愉快的經(jīng)歷。 It happens that I have had some nasty experiences in

27、dealing with him 半助動詞 P210He is about to arrive他即將到達。 He is bound to win他一定會獲勝。 The boy tended to be late這孩子老是遲到。 不可以轉(zhuǎn)換為： *It is about that he will arrive *It bound that he will win *It tended that the boy was lateChapter 19-22 Non-finite verb 非限定動詞：u Infinitiveu -ing Participleu -ed Participle非限定動詞

28、也叫非謂語動詞，具有雙重性質(zhì):1) 動詞性質(zhì)have breakfast fastHaving breakfast fast is bad for health.）非動詞性質(zhì),即名詞及形容詞性質(zhì)不定式 infinitive 具有名詞及形容詞性 -ing Participle具有名詞詞性、形容詞詞性 -ed Participle 具有形容詞詞性Chapter19-22 Non-finite verb（非限定動詞)具有名詞詞性的非謂語動詞, 可作句子主語,賓語,表語等, 1. 兩者作主語時的差異1) 不定式強調(diào)結(jié)果, -ing Participle強調(diào)過程 To see is to believe

29、. Seeing is believing.2) 不定式側(cè)重具體某次動作, -ing Participle指抽象多次動作To smoke so much is not good for you.Smoking is not good for our health.3)在含有no, -less 等否定詞的句子中,一般都用ing-Participle作真實主語. It is no use asking her advice.4)在某些名詞或形容詞后,用ing-Participle作真實主語.Its a waste of time discussing such matters.It is wort

30、hwhile waiting for another 2 days.a waste of time/ an awful job/ not an easy work/ good / better/ interesting/ fun/ odd/ enjoyable/ worthwhile5) 在某些名詞或形容詞后,用不定式作真實主語It is very important to read aloud in learning a foreign language.It is considerate of you to give me a hand.important/ easy/ hard/diff

31、icult/ nice clever/ foolish/ wrong/ considerate/ rude/ impolite/ pleasure/ mistake/ pity/ shame/ honor6) there be句型的一種特殊情況There be no doing sth. = It is impossible to do sthThere is no telling what would be the punishment at the moment.7) 表語和主語應平衡To live is to struggle.Living is struggling.2.非謂語動詞作賓

32、語非謂語動詞作賓語1) 不定式是 “未發(fā)生” 或 “將發(fā)生”; -ing Participle 是 “已完成”remember to turn off the lightremember turning off the light2)部分動詞只用不定式作其賓語 aim to/ arrange to/ ask to/ afford to/ agree to/ apply to/ beg to/ claim to/ choose to/ dare to/ decide to/ decline to/ demand to/ desire to/ determine to/ endeavor to/

33、expect to/ pretend to/ proceed to/ promise to/ refuse to/ request to/ resolve to/ seek to/ strive to/ swear to/ undertake to/ volunteer to/ wish toHe expected to see him at once.I cant afford to buy a house now.3)部分動詞只用ing-Participle作賓語acknowledge/ admit/ advise/ advocate/ allow/ anticipate/ appreci

34、ate/ avoid/ complete/ confess/ consider/ contemplatedefer/ delay/ deny/ detest/ endure/ enjoy/ escape/ evade/ excuse/ fancy/ forbid/ favor/ finish/ imagine/ include/ involve/ justify/ mention/ mind/ miss/ necessitate/ pardon/ permit/ postpone/ practice/ prevent/ quit/ recall/ renounce/ require/ rese

35、nt/ resume/ risk/ stand/ suggest/ warrant/ cant help4) 既可接不定式，又可接動名詞作賓語的動詞like / dislike / love / hate / prefer / begin / start / forget / continue / cease / attempt / propose / want / need / remember / regret / neglect有的意義略有差別I scorn telling lies.(抽象行為)I scorn to tell a lie.(某次行為)有的意義相差明顯You must r

36、emember to write to me often.I remember seeing her once somewhere.I regret missing the film.(已經(jīng)錯過)I regret to say that I cannot come.(將要說)try, propose, etc.5) 主動表被動的ing-Participle常用在下列幾個動詞后require / need / want / deserveDoes your car require mending?The flat is dirty. It needs cleaning6) 有些動詞后可用疑問詞帶

37、不定式作賓語consider / decide / explain / forget / know / tell / remember / wonder e.g. I have to consider where to go. Can you decide which county to invest to.7)ing-Participle的復合結(jié)構(gòu),物主代詞限定動名詞,如果不是所屬關系,代詞用賓格和屬格皆可Do you mind my making a suggestion?Pardon me saying it.She forgave him doing it.3.非謂語動詞作狀語1)不定

38、式通常作目的狀語,分詞一般不作目的狀語Many farmers left home to seek job in big cities.When he was young, he went to Japan to study medicine.2) 時間和伴隨狀語一般用分詞,不定式不用作時間狀語Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.3). 原因狀語一般由Being 和Seeing that引導e.g.Being sick, I st

39、ayed at home.Seeing that it was raining, he took an umbrella.Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes.4. 非謂語動詞作定語不定式作定語,通常代表動作未完成 e.g. I have a lot of work to do.ing-Participle作定語,代表正進行或主動;功能 e.g. a sleeping child a sleeping car過去分詞作定語,表已完成或被動 e.g. the door unlockedPay special attention to Dangling Participle(P256-257)Exercise 22DPractice1.環(huán)境污染是一項難以應付的問題。A：2.時間緊迫，我們必須馬上動身。A：Environmental pollution is a hard problem to be coped with.There is no time to lose. We mus