商務(wù)英語翻譯3

1、商商 務(wù)務(wù) 英英 語語 翻翻 譯譯第一章第一章 翻譯理論與技巧翻譯理論與技巧第三講第三講 翻譯過程及常用翻譯方法翻譯過程及常用翻譯方法主講：主講： 李璐李璐The process of translation is a very complex one. Nida (奈達) thinks that “The process of translating is always a matter of choosing the best or the better rendering from various alternatives (翻譯過程是不斷從各種不同譯文中選擇最佳或較佳譯文的過程)。”

2、Usually there are three steps:First of all, accurate comprehension is always the foremost concern in translation. Without an accurate comprehension of the original, there can be no translation faithful to the original. So comprehension is the prerequisite of representation. In order to achieve a tho

3、rough comprehension of the original, we should pay attention to the following points.1. Comprehension(1) Have a good grasp of the linguistic phenomena, the meaning of the vocabulary, the sentence construction and the idiomatic usages.e.g. The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of com

4、ing to visit the poor.新市長來看望了城市貧民，這一表示關(guān)心的舉動贏得了他們的某種好感。 courtesy一詞除表示a polite action外，還可表示a kind action。e.g. Suddenly the line went limp. “Im going back,” said Kurth. We must have a break somewhere. Wait for me. Ill be back in five minutes.引爆電線突然耷拉下來。庫爾思說，“我回去看看。一定是哪個地方斷了。等一等，我五分鐘就回來?！?多義詞break既可作“斷”

5、解，又可作“休息”解，這里應(yīng)作“斷”解。e.g. It will strengthen you to know that your distinguished career is so widely respected and appreciated.譯文：譯文：當(dāng)您認識到您的崇高事業(yè)受到人們?nèi)绱藦V泛的尊敬和贊賞時，您就力量倍增。(或：您就有了力量。)該 句 的 不 定 式 短 語 t o k n o w t h a t appreciated 是句子的主語，由先行詞it引導(dǎo)。翻譯時，要對該句的句子結(jié)構(gòu)進行正確分析與理解。e.g. John is now with his parents in

6、 New York City; it is already three years since he was a bandmaster.約翰現(xiàn)在同父母住在紐約市；他不擔(dān)任樂隊指揮已三年了。要正確理解since在這種情況下的慣用法即since從句中的過去式聯(lián)系動詞was或were是指一種狀態(tài)的結(jié)束。e.g. They can fish. 他們會捕魚。他們會捕魚。 他們把魚制成罐頭食品。他們把魚制成罐頭食品。(2) Have a thorough comprehension of the underlying logic of the original. The logical relations

7、hips can help you to comprehend what the grammatical relationships cannot.e.g. It is good for him to do that.這句話可以有兩種意思： (a) 這樣做對他有好處； (b) 他這樣做是件好事。這時，譯者必須從上下文來推理，選用一種合乎邏輯的譯法。e.g. By the first evening, the number of Germans on the island had been more than doubled, and was progressively reinforced b

8、y parachute drop, by glider, and, from the second evening onward, by troop carriers.第一天晚上，島上的德國人增加了一倍以上，并且不斷地用空投和滑翔機增援，從第二天晚上起，還用運輸機來增援。這里carriers的意思可以是“運輸機”，也可以是“運輸艦”或“航母”；但這句話的上文是“這次空中襲擊是出乎意外的”，下文是“這些飛機開始在被占領(lǐng)的機場降落”。因此從上下文邏輯關(guān)系看，carriers應(yīng)作“運輸機”解。e.g. After all, all living creatures live by feeding o

9、n something else, whether it be plant or animal, dead or alive.因為，畢竟所有活著的生物，不論是植物還是動物，死的還是活的都靠吃某種別的東西生存。原譯中“活著的生物”竟然還包括“死的”而“死的”還要“靠吃別的東西生存”，這顯然是不合邏輯的。所有活的動物畢竟都靠吃別的東西來生存的，而不管這些東西是植物或動物，是死的還是活的。(3) Try to have a thorough understanding of the subject matter concerned. A translator should be familiar w

10、ith the cultural background of the language, this includes historical, literary, philosophical and even religious references and allusions. In translation, some words or phrases need to be traced back to their origins before they can be understood exactly.e.g. John can be relied on. He eats no fish

11、and plays the game.約翰為人可靠，他既又?！癟o eat no fish”comes from an allusion. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, protestants refused to keep the customs that only fish was eaten on Friday because that was the practice of Roman Catholic, who were against the Elizabethan government. The protestants refuse

12、d to follow the custom in order to show their loyalty to their government. Consequently, “ to eat no fish”means “to be loyal and honest.” (既忠誠又老實)?！癟o play the game” means “to play fair” (規(guī)規(guī)矩矩地比賽；公平對待；舉止光明正大；為人正直。)As a result, whenever you get an article to translate, youd better read it through to

13、the end, so as to have a general idea of the whole piece. Then you have to try to know the background knowledge as much as possible. Good dictionaries are absolutely needed, including not only English-Chinese dictionaries, but also English-English dictionaries. New words have to be looked up in dict

14、ionaries; words which are not new to you may have new meanings in a certain context. When you begin translating the piece, the sentence structure must be made clear to you. That is to say, make a clear grammatical analysis of each sentence, long sentences in particular. A thorough understanding of t

15、he sentence structure is not enough. You are required to make sure of the meanings of the words. No context, no text. Sometimes from the context, the meaning of a word may be figured out.2. RepresentationRepresentation is the result of comprehension, but accurate comprehension does not mean adequate

16、 representation. It seems that sometimes you understand the meaning of the sentence, but you dont know how to represent it in appropriate words. At this stage, words chosen and sentences constructed must all be expressed to convey the accurate meaning of the original. Here, we advocate the use of li

17、teral translation (直譯) and free (liberal)translation (意譯) flexibly and appropriately in the process of translation. Both literal translation and free translation are widely adopted translation methods. In fact, the two methods are both necessary. Sometimes you may use the method of literal translati

18、on, sometimes that of free translation, and sometimes both of them must be employed together.(1) Literal TranslationLiteral translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in gram

19、matical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation can be used. Literal translation may be defined as having the following characteristics: Literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. Literal tr

20、anslation strives to reproduce both the ideological content and style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech and sentence structures of patterns.e.g. He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big

21、 handkerchief.他走在送葬隊伍的前頭，還不時用一條大手絹抹去他那鱷魚的眼淚。e.g. Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the second World War, but in a few years, he was completely defeated.譯文譯文：希特勒在發(fā)動第二次世界大戰(zhàn)時是武裝到牙齒的，可是不過幾年，就被徹底擊敗了。 下面幾個詞組和句子的原文與譯文在思想內(nèi)容和語言形式兩方面都完全相等，自然采取直譯法為好。pour oil on fire 火上加油火上加油have something at ones

22、finger-ends 了如指掌了如指掌Better is a neighbour that is near than a brother far off.遠親不如近鄰。遠親不如近鄰。You cant clap hands with one palm.孤掌難鳴。孤掌難鳴。類似的直譯還有：類似的直譯還有： hot line 熱線熱線； chain stores 鏈鎖商店鏈鎖商店； round-table conference 圓桌會議圓桌會議； baptism of war 戰(zhàn)爭洗禮戰(zhàn)爭洗禮To sum up, literal translation means “ not to alter t

23、he original words and sentences”, it strives “ to keep the sentiments and style of the original.” You must try to find a corresponding and appropriate expression for it when you translate something literally. It would be “ dead” translation if you should mechanically move the definition into your tr

24、anslation regardless of whether it is well-collocated or not in the target language. You cant mistake “ dead”translation for “ literal ”translation. Thats a great confusion.(2) Free TranslationFree translation is also called liberal translation because it does not adhere strictly to the form or word

25、 order of the original. Its a supplementary means to mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech. When there exist dissimilarities or great differences between English and Chinese in the sequence of vocabulary, in gramma

26、tical structure and artistic devices, free translation should be adopted.e.g. If you see any green in his eye, you are wrong.如果你以為他是幼稚可欺的話，那你就如果你以為他是幼稚可欺的話，那你就錯了。錯了。+The above sentence means: “ If you think he is so simple as to be easily deceived, you are wrong.”e.g. He was up to his neck in debt.他

27、深深地陷入債務(wù)之中。他深深地陷入債務(wù)之中。( (或：他負債累累?；颍核搨劾?。) )+Many English words in general, and phrases and idioms in particular, cannot be translated word for word. Attention should be paid to them in translation.e.g. Thats all Greek to me.誤譯：誤譯：那對我來說全是希臘語。那對我來說全是希臘語。改譯改譯：那個我可一竅不通。那個我可一竅不通。e.g. Insecurity and unemp

28、loyment, the “ rat race” of American life place heavy strains on marriage and the family.誤譯：不安全，失業(yè)和美國生活的誤譯：不安全，失業(yè)和美國生活的“耗子賽跑耗子賽跑”給婚姻和家庭制造緊張局勢。給婚姻和家庭制造緊張局勢。改譯：失業(yè)和缺乏保障，美國生活的改譯：失業(yè)和缺乏保障，美國生活的“激烈競激烈競爭爭”給婚姻和家庭帶來沉重的壓力。給婚姻和家庭帶來沉重的壓力。e.g. Dont cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必擔(dān)心太早。不必擔(dān)心太早。( (不必自尋煩惱。不必自尋

29、煩惱。) )e.g. 寄人籬下寄人籬下誤譯：誤譯：to live under someones fence改譯：改譯：to live under subjugatione.g. 袖手旁觀袖手旁觀誤譯：誤譯：to look on with hands in sleeves改譯：改譯：to look on with folded armse.g. 大刀闊斧大刀闊斧誤譯：誤譯：a great knife and broad axe 改譯：改譯：in a bold and resolute wayTo sum up, the correct attitude should be: When you t

30、ranslate sentences which are similar in structure or in figure of speech in the two languages, literal translation should be used; when you translate sentences which are dissimilar in structure or figure of speech, free translation should be used; and when you translate sentences which are partly si

31、milar and partly dissimilar in structure or figure of speech, the two methods should be flexibly and cleverly combined.e.g. I want a man who will throw his hat over the Chindwin and then lead his troops after it.譯文：譯文：我要是這樣一個人，我要是這樣一個人，他決心在欽敦江破他決心在欽敦江破釜沉舟釜沉舟，然后率領(lǐng)部隊前進。，然后率領(lǐng)部隊前進。在這里，主句以及定語從句的后半部分用直譯法處

32、理，定語從句的前半部分則用意譯法處理。定語從句中的who will throw his hat over the Chindwin 是習(xí)語to throw ones hat into the ring (原指斗士在參加競賽前先把帽子丟進競技圈內(nèi)，表示爭一高低的決心 )的變體。In a word, literal translation and free translation are both indispensable and supplementary to each other. In our translation, we should adopt these two methods

33、flexibly and cleverly.在翻譯中如何做到表達得體呢？要注意以下幾條：在翻譯中如何做到表達得體呢？要注意以下幾條： 一定要聯(lián)系上下文，這是確定詞義，表達得體的基礎(chǔ)。 注意文字表達的分寸與褒貶。 活用詞典，即不能照抄詞典上的譯文。要根據(jù)各種詞典所賦予的基本意思，融會貫通，創(chuàng)造出恰如其分的措詞或詞典上碰巧合適的譯文。 充分發(fā)揮漢語和英語的優(yōu)勢，使譯文更地道，做到精益求精。3. Checking upGuesswork or carelessness always causes a translator to make foolish mistakes. So at the fin

34、al stage of translating, we should do the following things carefully:(1) Check the names of persons, places, dates, direction, numerals and so on with the original work.(2) Make sure there is no omission of paragraphs, sentences or words in your version.(3) Revise those words or sentences that are n

35、ot properly translated.(4) Try to avoid rarely used words, and hackneyed or stereotyped expressions.(5) Generally speaking, we should check our translation work twice. The first time lay the stress on checking the content. The second time, polish the version so as to make it pleasing to the readers.

36、+Only by solving all these problems can we claim to have the final version.e.g. uniformed容易誤認為是容易誤認為是 uninformed soup 誤看成誤看成soap south Africa 誤譯為誤譯為“南非南非”，應(yīng)為，應(yīng)為“非洲南部非洲南部” South Africa 才是才是“南非南非” out of question (毫無問題毫無問題)與與out of the question (絕不可能絕不可能)混淆混淆25of invoice value (發(fā)票金額的發(fā)票金額的25)與與25off in

37、voice value (發(fā)票金額減去發(fā)票金額減去25) the School of the air 廣播學(xué)校廣播學(xué)校(誤：空軍學(xué)校誤：空軍學(xué)校)a family tree 家譜家譜 (誤：一棵家庭樹誤：一棵家庭樹)Miss Universe 美人皇后或世界小姐美人皇后或世界小姐協(xié)議書：協(xié)議書：Agreement (或：或：Written Agreement 誤：誤：Agreement Book)家政學(xué)：家政學(xué)：Home Economics (誤：誤：the learning of home governing)Exercise: Translate the following English

38、 sentences into Chinese.1. John is a bull in a china shop. 約翰是個好闖禍的人。約翰是個好闖禍的人。2. Actions speak louder than words. 行動比語言更響亮。行動比語言更響亮。(直譯直譯) (不如意譯更符合漢語習(xí)慣不如意譯更符合漢語習(xí)慣)事實勝于雄辯。事實勝于雄辯。(意譯意譯)3. The best answer is to roll up your sleeves and do the job yourself. 最好的辦法是卷起袖子自己干。最好的辦法是卷起袖子自己干。(直譯直譯) 求人不如求自己。求人

39、不如求自己。(意譯意譯) 由于漢語找不到類似的比輸，自然的直譯為由于漢語找不到類似的比輸，自然的直譯為好；而意譯只是根據(jù)這個比喻的含義所做的好；而意譯只是根據(jù)這個比喻的含義所做的解釋，并不能形象地反映原文的意味。解釋，并不能形象地反映原文的意味。4. To believe in man is the first step toward helping him. 相信人是幫助人的第一步。相信人是幫助人的第一步。(直譯直譯) 要幫助人首先要相信人。要幫助人首先要相信人。(意譯意譯)直譯是很好的譯文；意譯也同樣是很好的譯直譯是很好的譯文；意譯也同樣是很好的譯文，而且富于表現(xiàn)力。文，而且富于表現(xiàn)力。5

40、. She didnt like him much, but if she went out with him, itd be one in the eye for Kath. 她并不怎么喜歡他，可是如果她跟他一起出去玩，那倒可以讓凱絲心中感到不是滋味?！?To be one in the eye ”原指擊拳時眼上被擊了一拳。如把itd be one in the eye for kath直譯為“那倒可以給凱絲眼上擊一拳”，貌似忠實，實際上反而背叛原義，所以意譯為“那倒可以讓凱絲心中感到不是滋味?！痹淦溆嗖糠质侵弊g。6. Ruth was upsetting the other childr

41、en, so I showed her the door. 魯絲一直在擾亂別的孩子，我就把他攆了出去。這是在一個句子中同時兼用直譯法和意譯法處理的譯例。7. This film is a dramatic treatment of a threatened stoppage in a factory. 本片用戲劇手法，表現(xiàn)一家工廠面臨罷工威脅的情況。通過變換句型和一些詞性，并添幾個詞，就可以使譯文“前后引襯，以顯其意”。8. “How loyal is that man?” he asked a White House staffer about a potential hand. 在起用某人

42、以前，他向一位白宮人員探詢，在起用某人以前，他向一位白宮人員探詢，“此人在忠誠方面怎么樣此人在忠誠方面怎么樣”(意譯意譯)9. With old plaster-casting, the bone takes longer to knit and crippling effects from muscle inactivity result. 如果用上石膏模子的老辦法如果用上石膏模子的老辦法,得很長時間骨頭得很長時間骨頭才能愈合才能愈合,同時肌肉不能活動，還會造成殘廢同時肌肉不能活動，還會造成殘廢的后果的后果.10. Tremendous research work is required t

43、o bring about fantastic speeds. 要達到要達到這種神奇的速度這種神奇的速度,就需要進行巨大的研就需要進行巨大的研究工作究工作.11. The composer began his musical career as a violinist. 作曲家的音樂生涯是作曲家的音樂生涯是從小提琴手開始的從小提琴手開始的。12. The custom had its spring in another country. 這種風(fēng)俗這種風(fēng)俗起源于起源于別的國家。別的國家。13. The elevator girl reads books between passengers. 這位開電梯的姑娘在這位開電梯的姑娘在沒有客人乘電梯的時沒有客人乘電梯的時抽抽空讀書?？兆x書。14. Dont do your own thing, or you will meet with failure. 不要一意孤行。否則，你會遭到失敗的。不要一意孤行。否則，你會遭到失敗的。15. The elevator boys ooze the spit and polish of West Point