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1、葉俊麗葉俊麗Mail to 肺病理生理學(xué)肺病理生理學(xué)(Pulmonary Insufficiency)Department of pathophysiologyContents Introduction Etiology and pathogenesis Alterations of function and metabolism IntroductionNormal physiological function of lung External respiration Defensive function Filter function Metabolic functionDefensive
2、 function肺泡表面積肺泡表面積80m80m2 2,接觸空氣,接觸空氣15000L/15000L/天天Defensive function 非特異性:氣道異物的清除(顆粒、氣體)。 (溶酶體和蛋白水解酶溶酶體和蛋白水解酶)氣體的清除:噴嚏、咳嗽。MT抗原信息淋巴因子免疫反應(yīng)吸引、激活抗原抗原量少,引起局部免疫反應(yīng);抗原量大,引起全身免疫反應(yīng)。Defensive functionPCFilter functionarterialsuperior venainferior vena(2010) IF= 47.05Metabolic function肺組織參與糖、脂肪、蛋白質(zhì)的代謝。Surfa
3、ctantT肺泡T 無表面活性物質(zhì)塌陷有表面活性物質(zhì)充盈Metabolic functionMetabolic functionMetabolic function血管活性物質(zhì)能生成、滅活的有5-HT、NE等。能生成、極少滅活的有組胺、E等。肺是合成、釋放、滅活PGs和LTs的重要場所。收縮肺血管:LTs、TXA2、PGF2、擴(kuò)張肺血管:PGI2、PGE2等。Metabolic function 肽類:血管緊張素、緩激肽、血管活性腸肽、P物質(zhì)等。 Pulmonary dysfunction External respiratory Defensive function Filter funct
4、ion Metabolic functionIn the study ? ? ?The respiration process in normal bodyExternal respirationHypotonic hypoxiaRespiratory failureInternal respirationHistogenous hypoxiaTransport of gasBlood gascirculationTissue gasFresh airAlveolar gasHemicCirculatoryhypoxiaventilationexchangeThe abnormal respi
5、ration processCase study 病史:病史:患者男,患者男,4545歲。因車禍致全身多發(fā)傷入院。手術(shù)歲。因車禍致全身多發(fā)傷入院。手術(shù)搶救后次日(傷后搶救后次日(傷后23 23 h h),),患者呼吸困難加重,胸悶,口唇患者呼吸困難加重,胸悶,口唇紫紺。紫紺。 體檢:體檢:呼吸呼吸35-4035-40次次/ / minmin,脈搏脈搏138138次次/ / minmin,血壓血壓97.5/45.0 mmHg97.5/45.0 mmHg,并且無尿,并且無尿, 實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查:實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查:SaOSaO2 20.70-0.780.70-0.78, ,pH7.216pH7.216;PaCO
6、PaCO2 2 35.2mmHg35.2mmHg,PaOPaO2 2 39.0mmHg39.0mmHg。拍拍X X光片:右肺上葉不張,左肺光片:右肺上葉不張,左肺下葉纖細(xì)陰影,間質(zhì)水腫,肺不張。下葉纖細(xì)陰影,間質(zhì)水腫,肺不張。 思考:思考:患者的主要病理過程是什么患者的主要病理過程是什么? ?機(jī)制機(jī)制是什么?如何糾正該患者的缺氧問題?是什么?如何糾正該患者的缺氧問題?Conception of respiratory failure外呼吸功能PaO2/ PaCO2病理過程 (呼吸衰竭)FiO2 20%, RFI 300 ( RFI= PaO2 / FiO2 ) PaO2 50mmHgDiagn
7、osis of respiratory failureAccording to PaCO2Type I, hypoxemic (低氧血癥型)Type II, hypercapnic (高碳酸血癥型)Hypoxemia, no hypercapnia existsHypoxemia,accompanied with hypercapniaClassification of respiratory failureClassification of respiratory failureAccording to pathogenesisAccording to primary siteAccordi
8、ng to durationContents Introduction Etiology and pathogenesis Alterations of function and metabolismPiO2 150mmHgPAO2 105PACO2 40外呼吸外呼吸PvO2 40mmHgPvCO2 46mmHgPaO2 100mmHgPaCO2 40mmHg肺換氣肺換氣肺通氣肺通氣 Ventilatory disorder Pathogenesis of Respiratory Failure Disorder of air exchange 肺通氣功能障礙肺通氣功能障礙肺換氣功能障礙肺換氣
9、功能障礙 Ventilatory disorder 肺通氣功能障礙肺通氣功能障礙Alveolar ventilation(4L / min )dead spacePulmonary ventilation( 6L / min )Normal respiratory movement3543211. Center2. Muscles3. Chest wall4. Alveoli5. Airway325Causes of impaired ventilation& Restrictive hypoventilation (限制性通氣不足)呼吸中樞抑制脊髓高位損傷脊髓前角細(xì)胞受損運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)受損
10、呼吸肌 無力(1) 呼吸肌麻痹呼吸肌麻痹神經(jīng)肌肉接頭處病變Z 胸廓畸形胸廓畸形Z 胸膜纖維化胸膜纖維化Thickened pleura(2) 胸廓順應(yīng)性下降胸廓順應(yīng)性下降胸腔胸腔積液積液(3)氣胸氣胸胸腔積液胸腔積液(4)肺肺順應(yīng)性下降順應(yīng)性下降肺纖維化肺纖維化Diffuse Fibrosis(white-tan tissue)Caused by ARDS, hyperventilation and alveolar edema,etc.normalLack of surfactant(4)肺肺順應(yīng)性下降順應(yīng)性下降Causes of restrictive ventilatory disord
11、er 呼吸肌無力呼吸肌無力(Paralysis of respiratory muscles) 胸廓順應(yīng)性降低(胸廓順應(yīng)性降低(Decreased compliance of chest wall) 肺順應(yīng)性降低(肺順應(yīng)性降低(Decreased compliance of lung) 胸腔積液和氣胸(胸腔積液和氣胸(Hydrothorax or pneumothorax)呼吸中樞抑制呼吸中樞抑制脊髓高脊髓高位損傷位損傷脊髓前角脊髓前角細(xì)胞受損細(xì)胞受損運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)受損運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)受損呼吸肌呼吸肌 無力無力彈性阻彈性阻力增加力增加 胸壁損傷胸壁損傷氣道狹窄氣道狹窄 或阻塞或阻塞神經(jīng)肌肉接神經(jīng)肌肉接頭處病
12、變頭處病變Causes of impaired ventilation& Restrictive hypoventilation (限制性通氣不足)& Obstructive hypoventilation (阻塞性通氣不足)Factors influencing the airway resistance Inner diameters Length and shape Airflow rate and pattern80% of the airway resistance comes from central airway (2mm), 20% from periphera
13、l small airway (2mm). Obstruction of central airway ( (中央性氣道阻塞)中央性氣道阻塞) Obstruction of peripheral airway ( (外周性氣道阻塞外周性氣道阻塞) )Causes of obstructive ventilatory disorder氣道內(nèi)壓大氣壓ExpirationInspiration大氣壓氣道內(nèi)壓 Obstruction of extrathoracic airway Obstruction of intrathoracic airway Intra-thoracic pressureIn
14、tra-thoracic pressureExpirationInspirationIntraairway pressureIntraairway pressure Obstruction of central airway ( (中央性氣道阻塞)中央性氣道阻塞) Obstruction of peripheral airway (外周性氣道阻塞外周性氣道阻塞)Causes of obstructive ventilatory disorder Obstruction of peripheral airway Intra-thoracic pressureIntra-thoracic pres
15、sureExpirationInspirationIntraairway pressureIntraairway pressurenormalCOPD Equal pressure point shifts up leading to airway closure caused by forced expiration0+10+20+30+35+20+20+10+20+35+50+20+20Atmosphere pressureIntrathoracic pressureIntraairway pressure呼吸中樞抑制脊髓高位損傷脊髓前角細(xì)胞受損運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)受損呼吸肌 無力彈性阻力增加 胸壁損
16、傷氣道狹窄 或阻塞Changes of blood gas in alveolar hypoventilationAlveolar hypoventilationPAO2 ,PACO2PaO2 , PaCO2Changes of blood gas in alveolar hypoventilation2. PaCO2 is the best index of alveolar ventilation of total lungPaCO2 = PACO2 = 0.863 VCO2VA.R = PACO2 VA ( PiO2 PAO2) VA.= 0.81. The ratio of the i
17、ncreased value of to the decreased value of is equal to the respiratory quotientv Ventilatory disorder (肺通氣功能障礙肺通氣功能障礙) Causes of Respiratory Failurev Disorder of air exchange (肺換氣功能障礙肺換氣功能障礙 )Normal gas exchange1. Normal diffusionVQ2. Normal V/QCauses of disorder of air exchange Impaired Gas Diffus
18、ion (彌散障礙)(彌散障礙) Ventilation- Perfusion Imbalance (通氣(通氣/血流比例失調(diào))血流比例失調(diào)) Increased anatomic shunt (解剖分流增加)(解剖分流增加) Impaired Gas Diffusion (彌散障礙)(彌散障礙)Factors influencing gas diffusion speed MW and dissolubility of the gas Gas partial pressure difference The area and thickness of the membrane The time
19、 of the processthickness:-2.5cmH2O -10cmH2OVQ3.0VQ0.6apexapex:V Vbasebase:V VQ QQ QV VS SQSSV VL LQ QLLLL Partial alveolar hypoventilation Partial alveolar hypoperfusionClassification of Ventilation- Perfusion ImbalanceACBA:V/Q normalB:V/Q (perfusion, no ventilation)C:V/Q ( ventilation, no perfusion
20、 ) Partial alveolar hypoventilationPartial alveolar hypoventilation( functional shunt)Functional shuntPhysiological shuntPhysiological shunt:3% 3% of of pulmonary perfusion pulmonary perfusionPathoPhysiologicalPathoPhysiological shunt shunt :30-50% 30-50% ofof pulmonary perfusion pulmonary perfusion
21、 Local hypoventilationFunctional shunt(venous admixture)normalairwayPulmonary veinPulmonary arterycapillaryalveolihypoxiaHypoven-tilationPartial alveolar hypoperfusion PhysiologicalPhysiological:30% 30% of alveolar ventilationof alveolar ventilationPathophysiologicalPathophysiological:60-70%60-70%Lo
22、cal hypoperfusionnormalhypoxiahypoperfusionchanges of blood gas in Ventilation-Perfusion ImbalanceVentilation-Perfusion ImbalancePaO2 ,PaCO2normal,or or PaO2Abnormal PaCO2NormalPaO2PaCO2Total lungPaO2 , PaCO2 normal, or or氣少血多氣多血少(depend on compensatory degree)changes of blood gas in functional shun
23、tPaO2PaCO2正常,或 或 氧離曲線決定 CO2解離曲線決定代償過度, PaCO2降低代償不足, PaCO2升高代償適度, PaCO2正常changes of blood gas in functional shuntHbO2H2CO3海平面各部分氣體分壓(mmHg)大氣肺泡氣靜脈氣動(dòng)脈氣O2158.0104.040.0100.0CO20.340.046.040.0PaO2AbnormalPaCO2NormalPaO2PaCO2TotalPaCO2,normal, , or氣少血多氣多血少(取決于代償程度)(hypoventilation)(hyperventilation)PaO2ch
24、anges of blood gas in functional shuntabnormalPaO2PaCO2normalPaO2totalPaO2 , PaCO2,normal,or,PaCO2氣少血多氣多血少changes of blood gas in VDfPaO2病變肺PaCO2健側(cè)肺PaO2PaCO2全肺PaCO2,正常 ,或氣少血多氣多血少(取決于代償程度)( hypoventilation ) ( hyperventilation )PaO2changes of blood gas in VDf肺換氣功能障礙的基本原因肺換氣功能障礙的基本原因 彌散障礙 (Impaired Ga
25、s Diffusion) 通氣血流比例失調(diào)(Ventilation- Perfusion Imbalance) 解剖分流增加(Increased anatomic shunt)Pulmonary arteryBronchial veinsCapillary netA-v shuntPulmonary vein解剖分流解剖分流(anatomic shunt)anatomic shuntnormalairwayhypoxiaPulmonary arteryPulmonary veins解剖分流增加解剖分流增加功能性分流功能性分流功能性分流功能性分流(VA= 0)解剖分流解剖分流No gas exc
26、hange真性分流真性分流真正分流真正分流功能性分流功能性分流解剖上不允許氣體交換,吸入純氧無效部分肺泡氣體交換減少,吸入純氧有效如何鑒別功能性分流與真正分流如何鑒別功能性分流與真正分流肺泡通氣與血流比例失調(diào)肺泡通氣與血流比例失調(diào)氣氣道道肺動(dòng)脈肺動(dòng)脈肺靜脈肺靜脈肺泡肺泡毛細(xì)血管毛細(xì)血管1. 正常正常2. 解剖分流解剖分流3. 功能分流功能分流4. 死腔樣通氣死腔樣通氣分流分流低氧低氧通氣不足通氣不足血流不足血流不足低氧低氧低氧低氧返回返回Acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS(急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(急性呼吸窘迫綜合征)-Acute respirator
27、y failure caused by acute lung injury 1992年歐美ARDS聯(lián)席會(huì)議認(rèn)為,ARDS不是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的疾病而是一個(gè)連續(xù)的病理過程。 *早期為急性肺損傷(ALI),重度ALI即為ARDS ARDSEpidemiology Incidence: 5 71 per 100,000 Financial cost: $5,000,000,000 per annum Fatality: 40%-60%ARDSEtiologyARDS-EtiologyARDSPathophysiology 肺間質(zhì)/肺泡水腫 進(jìn)行性缺氧 due to intra-pulmonary shunt
28、 (V/Q = 0) shunt 25% - 50% 氣道阻力增加病因病因直接損傷直接損傷急性肺泡毛細(xì)血管膜損傷急性肺泡毛細(xì)血管膜損傷間接激活炎癥細(xì)胞間接激活炎癥細(xì)胞急性呼吸衰竭急性呼吸衰竭?Causes and mechanisms of ARDSSIRSMechanism of cell injury and repair單核巨噬細(xì)胞單核巨噬細(xì)胞 ARDS發(fā)病624,肺巨噬細(xì)胞數(shù)量速增,且持續(xù)時(shí)間長。肺巨噬細(xì)胞來自骨髓單核細(xì)胞,是肺的正常細(xì)胞成分。分為型:肺泡巨噬細(xì)胞(AM):其數(shù)量為肺泡常駐細(xì)胞80;肺間質(zhì)巨噬細(xì)胞;樹突狀細(xì)胞(dendritic cell);肺血管內(nèi)巨噬細(xì)胞(pulmo
29、nary intravascular macro phage, PIM) Pathophysiology of ARDS Bello證實(shí),支氣管肺泡灌注液,PMNs凋 亡延遲: * 粘細(xì)胞-巨噬細(xì)胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF) * 粘細(xì)胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF) * TNF-2、IL-1、IL-6 延長PMNs生命周期 維持了白細(xì)胞的多種功能。 3. 3. NF-NF-BB活性顯著增高活性顯著增高, , 促進(jìn)蛋白質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)錄。促進(jìn)蛋白質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)錄。 4. 4. 在炎性介質(zhì)作用下在炎性介質(zhì)作用下, ,中性粒細(xì)胞流變學(xué)特性的改變(如變中性粒細(xì)胞流變學(xué)特性的改變(如變形性降低、體積增加形性降低、體積增加, ,
30、聚集聚集) 肺循環(huán)低灌注壓、大容量、分枝少,肺血管中性粒細(xì)胞含量較其他部位大血管高4080倍。 中性粒細(xì)胞通過肺毛細(xì)血管時(shí)間延長:26s(2120s),紅細(xì)胞12s。 2.2.多形核中性粒細(xì)胞(多形核中性粒細(xì)胞(PMNsPMNs)凋亡延遲或抑制的調(diào)控作用凋亡延遲或抑制的調(diào)控作用 Pathophysiology of ARDS Drost用細(xì)胞通過分析儀研究膿毒血癥病人中性粒細(xì)胞流變學(xué)特性 ,這些細(xì)胞通過直徑為8um,長為20um微管。* * 移動(dòng)方式:跳躍式快速移動(dòng)與停頓,變形,在5.3 m毛細(xì)血管變形時(shí)間延長。 硬化(rinidity),變形性降低,體積增大20100%。 (Na+/H+)*
31、 粘附形成雙聯(lián)體。 幼稚粒細(xì)胞增加。 Normal Cell Apoptotic cell Cell undergoing apoptosis5.5.血小板血小板: 釋放AAM、5-羥色胺(5-HT),血小板激活因子(PAF),表皮生長因子(EGF)、轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子(TGF)等。 Pathophysiology of ARDS6. 血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞: 可選擇性地代謝生物活性物質(zhì),如5-HT、去甲腎上腺素、緩激肽、血管緊張素等;可釋放氧自由基、花生四烯酸、前炎癥因子和生長因子;也可表達(dá)某些粘附分子。7. 肺泡上皮細(xì)胞肺泡上皮細(xì)胞 分為型肺泡細(xì)胞(pneumocyte type,PC-)和型
32、肺泡細(xì)胞(PC-)。它們?cè)贏RDS發(fā)病中的變化,包括直接受損和PC-表面活性物質(zhì)(PS)代謝異常兩個(gè)方面。 Pathophysiology of ARDSARDS Acute Exudative PhaseARDSProliferative Phase Type II pneumocyte proliferate differentiate into Type I cells reline alveolar walls Fibroblast proliferation interstitial/alveolar fibrosisARDSFibrotic Phase Characterized
33、by: local fibrosis vascular obliteration Repair process: resolution vs fibrosis *ARDS發(fā)病的三個(gè)階段發(fā)病的三個(gè)階段 局部炎癥反應(yīng)階段: 有限全身炎癥反應(yīng)階段:介質(zhì)入血 SIRS/CARS失衡階段: 瀑布樣釋放炎癥擴(kuò)散,失控。 細(xì)胞因子,保護(hù)自身破壞。Pathophysiology of ARDSCausesInflammatory responseMODSPrimary inflammationSIRSCARS抗炎因子大抗炎因子大量釋放量釋放致炎因子大致炎因子大量釋放量釋放BalanceAnti-inflamm
34、atory responseCoagulation cascadeProstaglandinsleukotrienesComplementcascade DIC MODSProinflammatory cytokinesSecondary mediators agents(chemical, physical or biological) inflammationPulmonary edema atelectasis bronchospasm vasoconstriction thrombosisDiffusion disorder shunt dead space like ventialt
35、ion hypoxiaType I RFARDSClinical Phases I. Injury Phase II. Latent/Lag Phase III. ARF Phase IV. Recuperative/Terminal Phase ALI的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn): 1.急性起病; 2.氧合指數(shù)PaO2/FIO2300mmHg( 40kPa ) 3.正位胸片兩肺斑片狀陰影; 4.PAWP18mmHg(2.4kPa),或無左房壓力增高ARDS的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn): ALI診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)基礎(chǔ)+氧合指數(shù)200mmHg(26.67kPa)1.血清表面活性蛋白-A (SP-A) ARDSARDS早期預(yù)測早期預(yù)
36、測 ARDS病人支氣管肺泡灌洗液(BALF) 中(SP-A)水平降低,而血清水平明顯增高。因此,血清SP-A可以作為預(yù)測ARDS發(fā)生的高危因素。 2. 抗IL-8/IL-8復(fù)合物 具有ARDS高危因素的病人中,BALF抗IL-8/IL-8復(fù)合物含量越高,發(fā)生ARDS的幾率越大,死亡率也越高。與PMNs在肺泡的濃度呈正相關(guān)。 3. HT156 ALI發(fā)病機(jī)理中,肺泡上皮屏障的損傷處于中心位置,HT156是人類I型肺泡上皮細(xì)胞膜蛋白成分。ALI病人肺水腫液及血漿中含量數(shù)倍于正常人,表明HT156可以作為肺泡上皮損傷的生化標(biāo)記物,有助于預(yù)測ALI的發(fā)生。目前正在進(jìn)行的治療探索n抗氧化劑: N乙酰半胱
37、氨酸(NAC),谷胱甘肽、VitE、VitCn高頻通氣n腎上腺素能受體興奮劑n蛋白酶抑制劑n中心粒細(xì)胞內(nèi)皮黏附抑制劑n補(bǔ)體抑制劑、彈性蛋白酶抑制劑nIL10、布洛酚n持續(xù)大流量CVVH的作用Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)Chronic bronchitisEmphysemaChronic airway obstruction(diameter2mm)COPD 患病率(患病率(1990年)年)nIndia4.383.44nChina26.2023.70nOther Asia 2.891.79nSub-Saharan Africa4.412
38、.49nLatin America and Caribbean3.362.72nMiddle Eastern Crescent2.692.83nWorld9.347.33*From Murray & Lopez, 1996男/1000女/1000中國城市十大死亡原因 (2003)RankDiseaseMortality(per 105)1Malignant tumor134.52Cerebrovascular diseases105.434Heart diseases76.25Trauma/Poisoning32.66Digestive diseases19.37Endocrinal,
39、 Nutritional & Metabolic Disorders14.18Genitourinary diseases7.19Neurological diseases4.810Perinatal diseases162.1中國農(nóng)村十大死亡原因 (2003)RankDiseaseMortality (per 105)1Malignant tumor95.72Cerebrovascular diseases89.934Heart diseases45.55Trauma/Poisoning21.56Endocrinal, Nutritional & Metabolic Diso
40、rders14.57Digestive diseases10.58Genitourinary diseases7.29Perinatal diseases372.210Pulmonary TB4.2WHO和中國呼吸界關(guān)注和中國呼吸界關(guān)注COPD 世界世界COPD日:日:11月月 世界戒煙日:世界戒煙日:5月月31日日 GOLD:Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease(2002,2004,2009) 中國中國COPD診治規(guī)范(診治規(guī)范(1997) 中國慢性阻塞性肺疾病診治指南中國慢性阻塞性肺疾病診治指南(2002年年-2009
41、版版)2010 - The Year of the Lung: Measure your lung health Ask your doctor about a simple breathing test called spirometry SymptomsWhen its hard to breathe, its hard to do anything People with COPD: avoid activities that they used to do more easily limit activity to accommodate shortness of breath and
42、 other symptoms. Some activities include: Take elevator instead of stairs. Park close by instead of walking. Avoid shopping or other similar day-to-day tasks. Stay home rather than go out with friends.u不可逆的氣流受限的疾病不可逆的氣流受限的疾病u支氣管擴(kuò)張癥u囊性纖維化u肺結(jié)核u支氣管哮喘 除非與COPD重疊的部分外均不屬于COPD的范疇發(fā)發(fā) 病病 機(jī)機(jī) 制制 炎癥炎癥/ /免疫與免疫與COP
43、DCOPD炎癥炎癥/ /免疫與免疫與COPDCOPDantitrypsin與與COPDROS與與COPDChun-zhen Zhao et al. Respiratory Medicine (2010) 104, 1391-1395.分級(jí)特征分級(jí)特征0:危險(xiǎn)狀態(tài)肺功能正常慢性癥狀(咳嗽、咳痰):輕度COPDFEV1/FVC70%FEV180%的預(yù)計(jì)值有或沒有慢性癥狀(咳嗽、咳痰):中度COPDFEV1/FVC70%30%FEV180%的預(yù)計(jì)值(A:50%FEV180%的預(yù)計(jì)值B:30%FEV150%的預(yù)計(jì)值)有或無慢性癥狀(咳嗽咳痰、呼吸困難):重度COPDFEV1/FVC70%FEV130%
44、的預(yù)計(jì)值或FEV150%的預(yù)計(jì)值伴有呼吸衰竭或右心衰的臨床表現(xiàn)COPDAirway obstruction, constriction or EPP Shift upObstructive hypoventilation Type II RFLack of surfactant,dysfunction of respiratory musclesDiffision memembrane area V/Q imbalanceRestrictive hypoventilationDiffusion disorderFunctional shunt or dead space like ventil
45、ationPathophysiology of COPD-induced RF 3Alterations of function and metabolism外呼吸障礙血?dú)猱惓Q獨(dú)猱惓K釅A、電解質(zhì)異常酸堿、電解質(zhì)異常各系統(tǒng)各系統(tǒng)器官反應(yīng)器官反應(yīng)代償代償失失代償代償總體變化趨勢總體變化趨勢Acid-base imbalance and electrolyte disturbances呼吸衰竭呼吸衰竭缺缺 氧氧COCO2 2潴留潴留代酸代酸呼酸呼酸呼堿呼堿代償性通氣增強(qiáng)時(shí)代償性通氣增強(qiáng)時(shí)醫(yī)源性醫(yī)源性代堿代堿(血鉀升高)(血鉀升高)(血氯升高(血氯升高)(血鉀升高)(血鉀升高)(血氯降低)(血氯降低)(血鉀降低)(血鉀降低)(血氯升高)(血氯升高)(血鉀降低)(血鉀降低)(血氯降低)(血氯降低)Effects on respiratory system低氧血癥外周化感器(PaO2 8KPa)呼吸中樞+直接作用(PaO2 4KPa)_高碳酸血癥中樞化感器(PaC
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