高中化學(xué)方程式及離子方程式總結(jié)(最新)

1、高中化學(xué)方程式總結(jié)目錄第一部分金屬一堿金屬鈉 (1鉀 (2鋰 (3二常見(jiàn)金屬鎂 (3鋁 (3鐵 (3三其他金屬錳 (4銅 (4鈣 (5鋇 (5鉛 (5鋅 (5鈹 (5汞 (5第二部分鹵族元素、氮族元素一鹵族元素氟 (5氯 (6溴 (6碘 (6二氮族元素氮 (6磷 (7砷 (8第三部分碳族元素、氧族元素一碳族元素碳 (8硅 (8二氧族元素氧 (8硫 (9第四部分有機(jī)反應(yīng)一烴甲烷 (10乙烯 (11乙炔 (11苯 (11甲苯 (12二烴的衍生物溴乙烷 (12乙醇 (12苯酚 (13乙醛 (13乙酸 (14乙酸乙酯 (15三糖類(lèi)、油脂、蛋白質(zhì)葡萄糖 (15蔗糖、麥芽糖 (15淀粉、纖維素 (15油脂

2、 (16氨基酸 (16第五部分離子反應(yīng) (17第六部分電極反應(yīng)方程式 (20第七部分熱反應(yīng)方程式 (22第一部分金屬一、堿金屬1.鈉Na4Na+O2=2Na2O2Na+O2點(diǎn)燃Na2O2Cl2+2Na點(diǎn)燃2NaCl2Na+S=Na2S(爆炸2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H22Na+H22NaH2Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4(熔融=4NaCl+Ti Na2ONa2O+H2O=2NaOH2Na2O+O22O2Na2O+SO3=Na2SO4Na2O+CO2=Na2CO3Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2ONa2O2+2Na=2Na2O(此反應(yīng)用于制備N(xiāo)a2O2Na2O2+2

3、H2O=4NaOH+O2(此反應(yīng)分兩步Na2O2+2H2O =2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O2=2H2O+O2。H2O2的制備可利用類(lèi)似的反應(yīng) 2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀=Na2SO4+H2O2NaHNaH+H2O=NaOH+H2NaOH2NaOH+Si+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H26NaOH+3S2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O2NaOH+2Al+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H22NaOH(過(guò)量+CO2=Na2CO3+H2ONaOH+CO2(過(guò)量=NaHCO32NaOH+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2O(常溫下強(qiáng)堿緩慢腐蝕玻璃 2NaOH+

4、Al2O3=2NaAlO2+H2O2NaOH+Cl2=NaCl+NaClO+H2ONaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2ONaOH+H2S(足量=NaHS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量=Na2S+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3=Al(OH3+3NaClNaOH+Al(OH3=NaAlO2+2H2ONaOH+NH4Cl NaCl+NH3+H2O2NaOH+P2O5=2NaPO3+H2O6NaOH+P2O5=2Na3PO3+3H2ONaAlO22NaAlO2+CO2+3H2O=2Al(OH3+Na2CO3 3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O=4Al(OH3NaCl、NaClO、NaBr、NaINaC

5、l+H2SO4(濃4+HClH2SO4(濃+2NaCl Na2SO4+2HCl2NaI+Cl2=2NaCl+I2NaBr+H3PO4(濃=NaH2PO4+HBrNaI+H3PO4(濃=NaH2PO4+HINa2CO3、NaHCO3Na2CO3+SiO2高溫Na2SiO3+CO2Na2CO3+HCl=NaHCO3+NaClNaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+H2O+CO23Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O=2Al(OH3+3CO2+6NaCl 3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O=2Fe(OH3+3CO2+6NaCl 3NaHCO3+AlCl3=Al(OH3+3CO23NaHCO3+FeCl3

6、=Fe(OH3+3CO2NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+CO2+H2O2NaHCO3Na2CO3+CO2+H2O3Na2CO3+2Br2+H2O=2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2NaHCO3+Br2=NaBr+HBrO+CO2NaNO3、NaNO22NaNO32+O2H2SO4(濃+NaNO34+HNO3KClO3+6HCl=KCl+3Cl2+3H2ONaNO2+NH4Cl=NaCl+N2+2H2ONa3PO4、NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4Na3PO4+HCl=Na2HPO4+NaClNa2HPO4+HCl=NaH2PO4+NaClNaH2PO4+HCl=H3PO4+NaCl

7、Na2S、NaHSNa2S+Cl2=2NaCl+S3Na2S+8HNO3(稀=6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O 3Na2S+Al2(SO43+6H2O=2Al(OH3+3H2SNa2SO4、Na2SO3、Na2S2O33Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀=3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O 2Na2SO3+O2=2Na2SO4Na2S2O3+H2SO4=Na2SO4+S+SO2+H2ONa2SO3+SO2+H2O=2NaHSO32NaHSO3Na2SO3+SO2+H2ONa2SiO3Na2SiO3+2HCl=H2SiO3+2NaClC6H5ONaC6H5ONa+CO2+H2O=C6H5OH+NaHC

8、O32.鉀KK+O2KO22K+2H2O=2KOH+H2K2O、K2O2K2O+H2O=2KOHK2O+CO2=K2CO32K2O2+2CO2=K2CO3+O22K2O2+2H2O=4KOH+O2KOH2KOH+CO2=K2CO3+H2OKOH+CO2=KHCO3K2CO3K2CO3+2HCl=2KCl+CO2+H2OK2CO3+CaCl2=CaCO3+2KCK2CO3+2AgNO3=Ag2CO3+2KNO3KHCO3KHCO3+HCl=KCl+CO2+H2O2KHCO3K2CO3+CO2+H2OKClO32KClO32KCl+3O2KClO3+6HCl=KCl+3Cl2+3H2OKI2KI+

9、Cl2=2KCl+I2KI+AgNO3=AgI+KNO3KAl(SO422KAl(SO42+6NaOH=K2SO4+3Na2SO4+2Al(OH32KAl(SO42+3Ba(OH2=K2SO4+3BaSO4+2Al(OH3KAl(SO42+2Ba(OH2=KAlO2+2BaSO4KSCN3KSCN+FeCl3=Fe(SCN3+3KClKHKH+H2O=KOH+H23.鋰LiLi+O22O2Li+2H2O=2LiOH+H2Li2OLi2O+CO2=Li2CO3Li2O+H2O=2LiOH LiOH 2LiOH+CO2=Li2CO3+H2O LiOH+CO2=LiHCO3Li2CO3Li2CO3+

10、2HCl=2LiCl+CO2+H2O LiHCO3LiHCO3+HCl=LiCl+CO2+H2O 2LiHCO32CO3+CO2+H2O二、常見(jiàn)金屬1.鎂Mg2Mg+O2點(diǎn)燃2MgOMg+2H2O=2Mg(OH2+H2Mg+Cl2點(diǎn)燃MgCl22Mg+CO2點(diǎn)燃2MgO+CMg+S=MgSMg+Br2=MgBr2Mg+2HCl=MgCl2+H2Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H22Mg+TiCl4(熔融=Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl(熔融=MgCl2+2Rb MgOMgO+2HCl=MgCl2+H2OMgO+H2O=Mg(OH2Mg(OH2Mg(OH2+2HCl=MgCl2+2H2O Mg

11、CO3MgCO3+2HCl=2MgCl2+CO2+H2OMgCO3+2H2O Mg(OH2+CO2MgCO3CO2+MgOMg(HCO32Mg(HCO32+2HCl=MgCl2+2CO2+2H2O2Mg(HCO32Mg(OH2+CO2+H2OMgSO4MgSO4+Ba(OH2=Mg(OH2+BaSO4MgSO4+2NaOH=Mg(OH2+Na2SO42.鋁AlAl+3O2點(diǎn)燃2Al2O32Al+3SAl2S32Al+3Cl22AlCl34Al+3MnO2高溫2Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3高溫Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3高溫Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeOAl2O3+3Fe2A

12、l+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H22Al+3H2SO4=Al2(SO43+3H22Al+6H2SO4(濃Al2(SO43+3SO2+6H2OAl+4HNO3(稀=Al(NO33+NO+2H2O(Al、Fe在冷、濃的H2SO4、HNO3中鈍化2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2Al2O3、Al(OH3Al2O3+3H2SO4=Al2(SO43+3H2O(Al2O3是兩性氧化物Al2O3+2NaOH=2NaAlO2+H2O2Al(OH3Al2O3+3H2OAl(OH3+3HCl=AlCl3+3H2O2Al(OH3+3H2SO4=Al2(SO43+6H2OAl(OH3+NaOH=Na

13、AlO2+2H2O鋁鹽AlCl3+3NaOH=Al(OH3+3NaClAlCl3+3NH3H2O=Al(OH3+3NH4Cl2AlCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O=2Al(OH3+3CO2+6NaClAlCl3+3NaHCO3=Al(OH3+3CO2AlCl3+3NaAlO2+6H2O=4Al(OH3Al2(SO43+3Na2S+6H2O=2Al(OH3+3H2SAl4C3+12H2O=4Al(OH3+3CH43.鐵Fe2Fe+3Cl2點(diǎn)燃2FeCl33Fe+2O2點(diǎn)燃Fe3O4Fe+SFeS2Fe+3Br2=2FeBr3Fe+I2FeI2Fe+S3Fe+4H2O(g高溫Fe3O4+4H2Fe

14、+2HCl=FeCl2+H2Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+CuFe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2Fe+H2S=FeS+H22Fe+6H2SO4(濃=Fe2(SO43+3SO2+6H2O Fe+H2SO4(稀=FeSO4+H2Fe+6HNO3=Fe(NO33+3NO2+3H2OFe+4HNO3=Fe(NO33+NO+2H2O8Fe+30HNO3=8Fe(NO33+3N2O+15H2O 10Fe+36HNO3=10Fe(NO33+3N2+18H2O 8Fe+30HNO3=8Fe(NO33+3NH4NO3+9H2O Fe+(CH3COO2Cu=Cu+(CH3COO2Fe FeO3FeO+2Al

15、 Al2O3+3Fe6FeO+O23O4FeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO33+NO2+2H2O Fe2O3Fe2O3+2Al高溫Al2O3+2FeFe2O3+3CO 2Fe2O3+3H2=2Fe+3H2O(制還原鐵粉 Fe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2OFe3O4Fe3O4+4H23Fe+4H2OFe3O4+8HCl(濃FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe(OH2、Fe(OH34Fe(OH2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH32Fe(OH3Fe2O3+3H2OFeCl22FeCl2+Cl2=2FeCl3FeCl2+Mg=Fe+MgCl2FeCl32FeCl3+Fe=3FeCl22FeCl3

16、+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2(用于雕刻銅線路版2FeCl3+H2SO3+H2O=H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl2FeCl3+Zn=2FeCl2+ZnCl22FeCl3+H2S=2FeCl2+2HCl+S2FeCl3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KCl+I2FeCl3+3NH3H2O=Fe(OH3+3NH4Cl2FeCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O=2Fe(OH3+3CO2+6NaCl FeCl3+3NaHCO3=Fe(OH3+3CO22FeCl3+SO2+2H2O=2FeCl2+H2SO4+2HClBaCl2+H2SO4=BaSO4+2HClFeCl3+3KSCN=Fe(SCN3+3KCl

17、FeSFeS+2HCl=FeCl2+H2SFeS+H2SO4=FeSO4+H2S4FeS2+11O2=2Fe2O2+8SO2H2FeO44H2FeO4+2H2O=4Fe(OH3+3O24Na2FeO4+10H2O=4Fe(OH3+3O2+8NaOH2Fe(OH3+3NaClO+4NaOH=2Na2FeO4+3NaCl+5H2O Fe2O3+3Na2O2=2Na2FeO4+Na2O其它Fe化合物Fe2(SO43+2Ag=FeSO4+Ag2SO4(較難反應(yīng)三、其他金屬1.錳KMnO42KMnO4K2MnO4+MnO2+O22KMnO4+16HCl=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O2KMn

18、O4+5H2O2+6HCl=2KCl+2MnCl2+5O2+8H2O MnO2MnO2+4HCl(濃MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O2.銅Cu2Cu+O22CuO2Cu+SCu2SCu+Cl2CuCl23CuO+2NH33Cu+N2+3H2OCuO+2HCl=CuCl2+H2OCuO+H2SO4=CuSO4+H2OCu(OH2+2HCl=CuCl2+2H2O Cu(OH2+H2SO4=CuSO4+2H2OCu(OH2CuO+H2OCuCl2+H2S=CuS+2HClCuCl2+2NaOH=Cu(OH2+2NaClCuSO4+H2S=CuS+H2SO4CuSO4+2NaOH=Cu(OH2+Na2SO

19、4CuSO4+Ba(OH2=Cu(OH2+BaSO43.鈣CaCaO+H2O=Ca(OH2CaO+SiO2高溫CaSiO32Ca(OH2+2Cl2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO2+2H2OCa(OH2+SO3=CaSO4+H2OCaCO3+2HNO3=Ca(NO32+H2O+CO2(用HNO3和濃H2SO4不能制備H2S、HI、HBr、SO2等還原性氣體 CaCO3+SiO2高溫CaSiO3+CO2CaF2+H2SO4(濃=CaSO4+2HFCa3(PO42+3H2SO4(濃=3CaSO4+2H3PO4Ca3(PO42+2H2SO4(濃=2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO42Ca3(PO42+4H3PO

20、4=3Ca(H2PO42(重鈣CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH2+2H24.鋇BaBa(OH2+CO2=BaCO3+H2OBa(OH2+2CO2(過(guò)量=Ba(HCO32Ba(OH2+H2SO4=BaSO4+2H2O3Ba(OH2+2H3PO3=Ba3(PO42+6H2OBaCl2+H2SO4=BaSO4+2HClBaCl2+Na2SO4=BaSO4+2NaClBaCO3+2HCl=BaCl2+CO2+H2OBaCO3+2HNO3=Ba(NO32+CO2+H2OBaO2+H2SO4(稀=BaSO4+H2O2 5.鉛Pb、PbO2Pb+2HCl=PbCl2+H2PbO2+4HCl(濃PbCl2+Cl

21、2+2H2O鉛鹽Pb(NO32+H2S=PbS+2HNO3(CH3COO2Pb+H2S=PbS+CH3COOH6.鋅ZnZn+SZnSZn+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2Zn+H2SO4=ZnSO4+H2Zn+2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+H2Zn+2FeCl3=2FeCl2+ZnCl2ZnOZnO+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2OZnO+2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+H2OZn(OH2Zn(OH2+2HCl=ZnCl2+2H2OZn(OH2+2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+2H2OZn(OH2+4NH3H2O=Zn(NH34(OH2+4H2O Zn(OH2ZnO+H2O7.鈹BeBe+2HCl=BaCl2+

22、H2Be+2NaOH=Na2BO2+H2BeCl2+2NaOH=Be(OH2+2H2OBe(OH2+2HCl=BeCl2+2H2OBe(OH2+2NaOH=Na2BO2+2H2O8.汞Hg3Hg+8HNO3(稀=3Hg(NO32+2NO2+4H2O Hg+4HNO3(濃=Hg(NO32+2NO2+2H2O第二部分鹵族元素、氮族元素一、鹵族元素1.氟F2F2+H2=2HF 2F2+2H2O=4HF+O2 HF4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O2.氯Cl 2Cl 2+H 2=2HCl(光照或點(diǎn)燃 Cl 2+2Na 2NaCl 3Cl 2+2P 2PCl 3 Cl 2+PCl 3PCl 5 3Cl

23、 2 +2Fe 2FeCl 3 Cl 2+CuCuCl 2Cl 2+2FeCl 2=2FeCl 3 2Cl 2+2NaBr =2NaCl+Br 2 Cl 2+2KI =2KCl+I 25Cl 2+I 2+6H 2O =2HIO 3+10HCl Cl 2+Na 2S =2NaCl+S Cl 2+H 2S =2HCl+S Cl 2+SO 2+2H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HCl Cl 2+H 2SO 3+H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HCl Cl 2+H 2O =HCl+HClO Cl 2+H 2O 2=2HCl+O 2Cl 2+2NaOH =NaCl+NaClO+H 2O2Cl 2+2Ca(O

24、H2=CaCl 2+Ca(ClO2+2H 2O 3Cl 2+6KOH(熱、濃=5KCl+KClO 3+3H 2O HCl6HCl+2Al =2AlCl 3+3H 2 2HCl+Fe =FeCl 2+H 2 4HCl(濃+MnO 2MnCl 2+Cl 2+2H 2O4HCl(g+O 2 2Cl 2+2H 2O 16HCl+2KMnO 4=2KCl+2MnCl 2+5Cl 2+8H 2O 14HCl+K 2Cr 2O 7=2KCl+2CrCl 3+3Cl 2+7H 2O HCl+NH 3=NH 4Cl(白煙 2HCl+FeO =FeCl 2+3H 2O 6HCl+Fe 2O 3=2FeCl 3+3

25、H 2O 8HCl(濃+Fe 3O 4 FeCl 2+2FeCl 3+4H 2OHCl+Na 3PO 4=Na 2HPO 4+NaCl HCl+Na 2HPO 4=NaH 2PO 4+NaCl HCl+NaH 2PO 4=H 3PO 4+NaCl HCl+Na 2CO 3=NaHCO 3+NaCl HCl+NaHCO 3=NaCl+H 2O+CO 2 HClOHClO=HCl+O23.溴Br 2Br 2+H 2 Br 2+Fe =FeBr 3 Br 2+2FeBr 2=2FeBr 3 Br 2+NaI =NaBr+I 2 Br 2+HI =HBr+I 2 Br 2+H 2O =HBr+HBrO

26、Br 2+NaOH =NaBr+NaBrO+H 2O Br 2+SO 2+2H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HBrBr 2+H 2S =S +2HBr2Br 2+3Na 2CO 3+H 2O =2NaHCO 3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO 2 HBrHBr+NaOH =NaBr+H 2O 2HBr+Cl 2=2HCl+Br 24.碘I 2 I 2+H 22HII 2+Fe FeI 2I 2+2NaOH =NaI+NaIO+H 2O HI 2HIH 2+I 22HI+Cl 2=2HCl+I 2 HI+NaOH =NaI+H 2O二、氮族元素 1.氮N 2 N 2+3H 2催化劑 高溫高壓2NH

27、 3N 2+O 22NON 2+3Mg點(diǎn)燃Mg 3N 2N 2+6Na =2Na 3NNO 、NO 2、N 2O 5 2NO+O 2=2NO 2NO+NO 2+2NaOH =2NaNO 2(用于制硝酸工業(yè)中吸收尾氣中的NO 和NO 26NO+4NH 3 催化劑 5N 2+6H 2ONO2+2KI+H2O=NO+I2+2KOH(不能用淀粉KI溶液鑒別溴蒸氣和NO24NO2+H2S=4NO+SO3+H2ONO2+SO2=SO3+NO3NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O=2HNO3HNO33HNO3+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3AgNO3Al+4HNO3(稀=Al(NO33+NO+2H

28、2O3As2S3+28HNO3+4H2O=6H3AsO4+9H2SO4+28NO4HNO3(濃+C CO2+4NO2+2H2O2HNO3+CaCO3=Ca(NO32+H2O+CO26HNO3+Fe=Fe(NO33+3NO2+3H2O4HNO3+Fe=Fe(NO33+NO+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO33+3N2O+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe=10Fe(NO33+3N2+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO33+3NH4NO3+9H2OFeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO33+NO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3(稀=3S+2NO+4H2O4HNO3=4NO2+O2+2H2

29、O(見(jiàn)光或受熱分解NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3(白煙(用HNO3和濃H2SO4不能制備H2S、HI、HBr、(SO23Na2S+8HNO3(稀=6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀=3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O5HNO3(濃+P=H3PO4+5NO2+H2OP4+20HNO3(濃=4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2OS+6HNO3(濃=H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀=3SO2+4NO+2H2OS+6HNO3(濃=H2SO4+6NO2+2H2ONH32NH3+3CuO 3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2=

30、N2+6NH4Cl4NH3+3O2(純氧點(diǎn)燃2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O2催化劑4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO催化劑5N2+6HO(用氨清除NO NH3+HCl=NH4Cl(白煙NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3(白煙2NH3+H2SO4=(NH42SO4NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2=NaHCO3+NH4Cl(侯氏制堿法 2NH3+SO2+H2O=(NH42SO3NH3H2ONH3+H2ONH3+H2O NH3H2O NH4+OH-NH4HCO3、(NH42CO3NH4HCO3=NH3+H2O+CO2(NH42CO3=2NH3+H2O+CO2NH4ClNH4Cl=NH3+HCl2NH4Cl

31、+Ca(OH2CaCl2+NH3+H2ONH4Cl+NaOHNaCl+NH3+H2ONH4Cl+NaOH=NaCl+NH3H2ONH4NO3NH4NO3+NaOH=NaNO3+NH3H2ONH4NO3+NaOHNaNO3+NH3+H2O5NH4NO32HNO3+4N2+9H2O(NH42SO3、(NH42SO4(NH42SO3+SO2+H2O=2NH4HSO3(NH42SO4+2NaOH=Na2SO4+2NH3H2O(NH42SO4+2NaOHNa2SO4+2NH3+2H2O2.磷P2P+3Cl2點(diǎn)燃2PCl3PCl3+Cl2PCl5P4+6H234P+5O2點(diǎn)燃P4O10(常寫(xiě)成P2O5P4

32、+20HNO3(濃=4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O11P+15CuSO4+24H2O=5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4PH3+2O2=H3PO4P2O3、P2O5P2O5+H2O(冷=2HPO3P2O5+3H2O(熱=2H3PO4(P2O5極易吸水、可作氣體干燥劑P2O5+3H2SO4(濃=2H3PO4+3SO3P2O5+2NaOH=2NaPO3+H2OP2O5+6NaOH=2Na3PO3+3H2OH3PO44H3PO4+Ca3(PO42=3Ca(H2PO42(重鈣H3PO4(濃+NaBr=NaH2PO4+HBrH3PO4(濃+NaI=NaH2PO4+HI 3.砷As As2O3+

33、6Zn+12HCl=2AsH3+6ZnCl2+3H2O3As2S3+28HNO3(稀+4H2O=6H3AsO4+9H2SO4+28NOAs2S3+28HNO3(濃=2H3AsO4+3H2SO4+28NO2+8H2O第三部分碳族元素、氧族元素一、碳族元素1.碳CC+2F2=CF4C+2Cl2=CCl42C+O2(少量點(diǎn)燃2COC+O2(足量點(diǎn)燃CO2C+CO2C+H2O高溫CO+H2(生成水煤氣2C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅C+Si SiC(金剛砂C+2S CS23C+CaO 電爐CaC2+CO3C+SiO2電爐C+2H2SO4(濃CO2+2SO2+2H2OC+4HNO3(濃CO2+4NO

34、2+2H2OCO2CO+O2點(diǎn)燃2CO2CO+CuO 23CO+Fe2O32CO+H2O催化劑CO2+H2CO2CO2+2Mg點(diǎn)燃2MgO+CCO2+H2O=H2CO3CO2+2NaOH(過(guò)量=Na2CO3+H2O CO2(過(guò)量+NaOH=NaHCO3CO2+Ca(OH2(過(guò)量=CaCO3+H2O 2CO2(過(guò)量+Ca(OH2=Ca(HCO32CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O=2Al(OH3+Na2CO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O=C6H5OH+NaHCO3CO2+Na2O=Na2CO32CO2+2Na2O2=2Na2CO3+O2CO2+NH3+NaCl+H2O=NaHCO3+NH4Cl(

35、侯氏制堿法 H2CO3H2CO3=CO2+H2O2.硅SiSi(粗+2Cl24SiCl4+2H2Si(純+4HClSi(粉+O2SiO2Si+CSiC(金剛砂Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H2SiO22C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅3C+SiO2電爐SiC+2CO2Mg+SiO2點(diǎn)燃2MgO+Si4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2OSiO2+2H2Si+2H2OSiO2+2MgSiO2+CaO高溫CaSiO3SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H2O(常溫下強(qiáng)堿緩慢腐蝕玻璃 SiO2+Na2CO3高溫Na2SiO3+CO2SiO2+CaCO3高溫CaSiO3+CO22NaO

36、H+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2O二、氧族元素1.氧O2O2+2H2點(diǎn)燃2H2OO2+K KO22O2+3Fe點(diǎn)燃Fe3O4O2+S點(diǎn)燃SO2O2+N 22NO3O22O34P+5O 2點(diǎn)燃2P 2O 5C+O 2(足量點(diǎn)燃CO 2 Si+O 2SiO 24Na+O 2=2Na 2O 2Na 2O+O 22O 2 2Na+O 2=Na 2O 22Mg+O 2 點(diǎn)燃2MgO4Al+3O 2 點(diǎn)燃2Al 2O 3 4NH 3+5O 2 催化劑 4NO+6H 2O2SO 2+O 22SO 3 2CO+O 2點(diǎn)燃2CO 26FeO+O 2 3O 4 2H 2SO 3+O 2=2H 2SO 44Fe(

37、OH2+O 2+2H 2O =4Fe(OH3 2Na 2SO 3+O 2=2Na 2SO 4 O 32O 3=3O 2O 3+2HI =I 2+O 2+H 2O H 2O2F 2+2H 2O =4HF+O 2 Cl 2+H 2O =HCl+HClO 2Na+2H 2O =2NaOH+H 2 Mg+2H 2O =Mg(OH2+H 23Fe+4H 2O(g 高溫Fe 3O 4+4H 2 2H 2O 電解 2H 2+O 2 SO 2+H 2O =H 2SO 3 SO 3+H 2O =H 2SO 4 3NO 2+H 2O =2HNO 3+NO N 2O 5+H 2O =2HNO 3 P 2O 5+H

38、2O(冷=2HPO 3 P 2O 5+3H 2O(熱=2H 3PO 4 CO 2+H 2O =H 2CO 3 H 2O 22H 2O 2=2H 2O+O 2 H 2O 2+Cl 2=2HCl+O 25H 2O 2+2KMnO 4+6HCl =2MnCl 2+2KCl+5O 2+8H 2O2.硫SS+H 2H 2S 2S+C CS 2S+FeFeS S+2CuCu 2S 3S+2AlAl 2S 3S+Zn ZnSS+O 2 點(diǎn)燃SO 2S+6HNO 3(濃=H 2SO 4+6NO 2+2H 2O 3S+4HNO 3(稀=3SO 2+4NO +2H 2O 3S+6NaOH 2Na 2S+Na 2S

39、O 3+3H 2O S+2Na =Na 2S(爆炸 S+Mg =MgSS+Fe FeSS+2H 2SO 4(濃=3SO 2+2H 2O SO 2SO 2+2H 2S =3S+2H 2O 2SO 2+O 2 2SO 32SO 2+O 2+2H 2O =2H 2SO 4 SO 2+Cl 2+2H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HCl SO 2+Br 2+2H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HBr SO 2+I 2+2H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HI SO 2+NO 2=SO 3+NO SO 2+2H 2S =3S+2H 2O SO 2+H 2O =H 2SO 3SO 2+2NH 3+H 2O =(NH

40、42SO 3 SO 2+(NH 42SO 3+H 2O =2NH 4HSO 3 SO 2+Ca(OH2=CaSO 3+H 2O(不能用澄清石灰水鑒別SO 2和CO 2.可用品紅鑒別 2NaOH+SO 2(少量=Na 2SO 3+H 2O NaOH+SO 2(足量=NaHSO 3 Cl 2+SO 2+2H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HCl SO 3SO 3+H 2O =H 2SO 4 SO 3+MgO =MgSO 4 SO 3+Ca(OH2=CaSO 4+H 2O SO 3+Na 2O =Na 2SO 4 SO 3+2KI =K 2SO 3+I 2 H 2SH 2S+Cl 2=2HCl+S H

41、2S+Mg =MgS+H 22H 2S+3O 2(足量=2SO 2+2H 2O 2H 2S+O 2(少量=2S+2H 2O 2H 2S+SO 2=3S+2H 2OH 2S+H 2SO 4(濃=S +SO 2+2H 2O H 2S 2+S3H 2S+2HNO 3(稀=3S +2NO+4H 2O5H 2S+2KMnO 4+3H 2SO 4=2MnSO 4+K 2SO 4+5S+8H 2O 3H 2S+K 2Cr 2O 7+4H 2SO 4=Cr 2(SO 43+K 2SO 4+3S+7H 2O H 2S+4Na 2O 2+2H 2O =Na 2SO 4+6NaOH H 2S+Fe =FeS+H 2

42、 H 2S+CuCl 2=CuS +2HCl H 2S+2AgNO 3=Ag 2S +2HNO 3 H 2S+HgCl 2=HgS +2HCl H 2S+Pb(NO 32=PbS +2HNO 3 H 2S+4NO 2=4NO+SO 3+H 2O H 2SO 3H 2SO 3+X 2+H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HX(X 表示Cl 2、Br 2、I 2 2H 2SO 3+O 2=2H 2SO 4 H 2SO 3+H 2O 2=H 2SO 4+H 2O5H 2SO 3+2KMnO 4=2MnSO 4+K 2SO 4+2H 2SO 4+3H 2O H 2SO 3+2FeCl 3+H 2O =H 2

43、SO 4+2FeCl 2+2HCl H 2SO 3=H 2O+SO 2 2H 2SO 3+2H 2S =3S +2H 2O H 2SO 4Zn+H 2SO 4=ZnSO 4+H 2 Fe+H 2SO 4=FeSO 4+H 2Mg+H 2SO 4=MgSO 4+H 22Al+3H 2SO 4=Al 2(SO 43+3H 22Al+6H 2SO 4(濃 Al 2(SO 43+3SO 2+6H 2O 2NH 3+H 2SO 4=(NH 42SO 4 2Al+6H 2SO 4(濃Al 2(SO 43+3SO 2+6H 2OH 2S+H 2SO 4(濃=S +SO 2+2H 2O P 2O 5+3H 2

44、SO 4(濃=2H 3PO 4+3SO 3 BaO 2+H 2SO 4(稀=BaSO 4+H 2O 2 Na 2O 2+H 2SO 4(冷、稀=Na 2SO 4+H 2O 2 MgO+H 2SO 4=MgSO 4+H 2O Al 2O 3+3H 2SO 4=Al 2(SO 43+3H 2O 2H 2SO 4(濃+CCO 2+2SO 2+2H 2O2H 2SO 4(濃+S =3SO 2+2H 2O6H 2SO 4(濃+2Fe =Fe 2(SO 43+3SO 2+6H 2O 2H 2SO 4(濃+Cu4+SO 2+2H 2O H 2SO 4(濃+2HBr SO 2+Br 2+2H 2OH 2SO

45、4(濃+2HISO 2+I 2+2H 2OH 2SO 4(濃+CaF 2=CaSO 4+2HF H 2SO 4(濃+NaCl4+HCl H 2SO 4(濃+2NaCl Na 2SO 4+2HClH 2SO 4(濃+NaNO 3NaHSO 4+HNO 33H 2SO 4(濃+Ca 3(PO 42=3CaSO 4+2H 3PO 4 2H 2SO 4(濃+Ca 3(PO 42=2CaSO 4+C a (H 2PO 42第四部分 有機(jī)反應(yīng)一、烴 1.甲烷甲烷的制取:CH 3COONa+NaOH Na 2CO 3+CH 4烷烴通式:C n H 2n -2(1氧化反應(yīng) 甲烷的燃燒:CH 4+2O 2 CO

46、 2+2H 2O 甲烷不可使酸性高錳酸鉀溶液及溴水褪色。 (2取代反應(yīng)一氯甲烷:CH 4+Cl 2 CH 3Cl+HCl二氯甲烷:CH 3Cl+Cl 2 CH 2Cl 2+HCl三氯甲烷:CH 2Cl 2+Cl 2 CHCl 3+HCl (CHCl 3又叫氯仿四氯化碳:CHCl 3+Cl 2 CCl 4+HCl(3分解反應(yīng)甲烷分解:CH 4 C+2H 2CaO點(diǎn)燃光光光光高溫 圖1 乙烯的制取2.乙烯乙烯的制取:CH 3CH 2OH H 2C=CH 2+H 2O 烯烴通式:C n H 2n (1氧化反應(yīng)乙烯的燃燒:H 2C=CH 2+3O 2 2CO 2+2H 2O 乙烯可以使酸性高錳酸鉀溶液

47、褪色,發(fā)生氧化反應(yīng)。 (2加成反應(yīng)與溴水加成:H 2C=CH 2+Br 2 CH 2Br CH 2Br與氫氣加成:H 2C=CH 2+H 2 CH 3CH 3與氯化氫加成:H 2C=CH 2+HCl CH 3CH 2Cl與水加成:H 2C=CH 2+H 2O CH 3CH 2OH(3聚合反應(yīng)乙烯加聚,生成聚乙烯:n H 2C=CH n 3.乙炔乙炔的制取:CaC 2+2H 2O HC CH +Ca(OH2 炔烴的通式:C n H 2n-2 (1氧化反應(yīng)乙炔的燃燒:HC CH+5O 2 4CO 2+2H 2O乙炔可以使酸性高錳酸鉀溶液褪色,發(fā)生氧化反應(yīng)。 (2加成反應(yīng)與溴水加成:HC CH+Br

48、 2HC=CHCHBr=CHBr+Br 2 CHBr 2CHBr 2與氫氣加成:HC CH+H 2 H 2C=CH 2與氯化氫加成:HC CH+HCl CH 2=CHCl(3聚合反應(yīng)氯乙烯加聚,得到聚氯乙烯:n CHn乙炔加聚,得到聚乙炔:n HC n4.苯苯的同系物通式:C n H 2n-6(1氧化反應(yīng)苯的燃燒:2C 6H 6+15O 2 12CO 2+6H 2O苯不能使溴水和酸性高錳酸鉀溶液褪色。 (2取代反應(yīng) 苯與溴反應(yīng)(溴苯 硝化反應(yīng)+HO NO +H 2O (硝基苯苯硝化反應(yīng)生成硝基苯,它是一種帶有苦杏仁味、無(wú)色油狀液體,有毒。 磺化反應(yīng)濃硫酸170 高溫催化劑 2-CH 2點(diǎn)燃圖2

49、 乙炔的制取催化劑Br 2CHClCH=CH點(diǎn)燃+Br +HBr Br NO 2注意:制取乙烯、乙炔均用排水法收集;乙烯、乙炔的加成反應(yīng)一般都需要催化劑(溴除外。+HO SO 3H +H 2O(苯磺酸 (3加成反應(yīng) (環(huán)己烷 苯還可以和氯氣在紫外光.照射下發(fā)生加成反應(yīng),生成C 6H 6Cl 6(劇毒農(nóng)藥。5.甲苯(1氧化反應(yīng)甲苯的燃燒:C 7H 8+9O 2 7CO 2+4H 2O甲苯不能使溴水褪色,但可以使酸性高錳酸鉀溶液褪色。 (2取代反應(yīng)甲苯硝化反應(yīng)生成2,4,6-三硝基甲苯,簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)三硝基甲苯,又叫梯恩梯(TNT , 是一種淡黃色晶體,不溶于水。它是一種烈性炸藥,廣泛用于國(guó)防、開(kāi)礦等。注意

50、:甲苯在光照條件下發(fā)生側(cè)鏈的取代,而在催化劑條件下發(fā)生苯環(huán)上的取代。(3加成反應(yīng) (甲基環(huán)己烷二、烴的衍生物 6.溴乙烷純凈的溴乙烷是無(wú)色液體,沸點(diǎn)38.4,密度比水大。 (1取代反應(yīng)溴乙烷的水解:C 2H 5Br+H 2O C 2H 5OH+HBr(2消去反應(yīng)溴乙烷與NaOH 溶液反應(yīng):CH 3CH 2Br+NaOH CH 2=CH 2+NaBr+H 2O注意:檢驗(yàn)鹵代烴中的鹵原子時(shí),需取水解液滴入HNO 3酸化,再滴加AgNO 3 溶液。一是中和多余的NaOH ,二則檢驗(yàn)沉淀是否溶于稀硝酸。7.乙醇(1與鈉反應(yīng)乙醇與鈉反應(yīng):2CH 3CH 2OH+2Na 2CH 3CH 2ONa+H 2(

51、乙醇鈉(2氧化反應(yīng)乙醇的燃燒:CH 3CH 2OH+3O 2 2CO 2+3H 2O乙醇的催化氧化:2CH 3CH 2OH+O 2 2CH 3CHO+2H 2O (乙醛點(diǎn)燃+3H 2 催化劑 CH 3| +3HNO 3 濃硫酸O 2N CH 3 | NO 2 | NO 2+3H 2O CH 3 | |SO 3H CH 3 | +3H 2SO 4HO 3S SO 3H +3H 2O +3H 2 催化劑CH 3 |CH 3NaOH醇催化劑注意:甲醇、乙醇為可再生能源,甲醇有毒;乙二醇和丙三醇無(wú)色、粘稠、有甜味、與水和酒精以任意比互溶,丙三醇(甘油還有護(hù)膚作用。2CH 3CH CH 3+O2 2CH

52、 3C CH 3+2H 2O(丙酮 (3消去反應(yīng)乙醇在濃硫酸作催化劑的條件下,加熱到170生成乙烯。注意:該反應(yīng)加熱到140時(shí),乙醇進(jìn)行另一種脫水方式,生成乙醚。2C 2H 5OH C 2H 5O C 2H 5+H 2O (乙醚(4取代反應(yīng)乙醇與鹵化氫取代:CH 3CH 2OH+HBr CH 3CH 2Br+H 2O注意:乙醇不可以和鹵素單質(zhì)發(fā)生取代反應(yīng)。 (5酯化反應(yīng)乙醇與羧酸可以發(fā)生酯化反應(yīng),生成酯。8.苯酚苯酚是無(wú)色晶體,露置在空氣中會(huì)因氧化顯粉紅色。苯酚具有特殊的氣味,熔點(diǎn)43,水中溶解度不大,易溶于有機(jī)溶劑。苯酚有毒,是一種重要的化工原料。 (1苯酚的酸性 (苯酚鈉 苯酚(俗稱(chēng)石炭酸的電離:+H 2O +H 3O +苯酚鈉與CO 2反應(yīng): +CO 2+H 2 +NaHCO 3注意:該反應(yīng)只能生成NaHCO 3,因?yàn)?HCO -酸性弱于苯酚。(2取代反應(yīng)+3Br 2 +3HBr(三溴苯酚(3顯色反應(yīng)苯酚能和FeCl 3溶液反應(yīng),使溶液呈紫色。9.乙醛乙醛是無(wú)色,具有刺激性氣味的液體,沸點(diǎn)20.8,密度比水小,易揮發(fā)。 (1加成反應(yīng)乙醛與氫氣反應(yīng):CH 3C H+H 2 CH 3