國(guó)際建筑合同的文化思考

1、Cultural Considerations in International Construction Contracts國(guó)際建筑合同的文化思考Edwin H. W. Chan1 and Raymond Y. C. Tse2埃德溫·W·擴(kuò)散和雷蒙德Y.C. tse2Abstract: International construction projects involve multinational participants from different political, legal, economic, and cultural backgrounds. As on

2、e of the major issues affecting the management of international construction projects, culture deserves wide research.This paper aims to establish a valid groundwork for further research on the impact of cultural issues on contractual arrangements; conictcausation, and the selection of dispute resol

3、ution mechanisms for international construction projects. The paper reviews the characteristics of international construction activities and discusses the cultural context. It sets the research background for disseminating the ndings of two surveys, carried out in Hong Kong and in London and Sydney.

4、 The study identies the important features expected for the contract of international construction projects and ascertains their signicance to further in-depth research.摘要：國(guó)際工程項(xiàng)目涉及不同的政治，法律，經(jīng)濟(jì)和跨國(guó)的參與者，文化背景。作為一個(gè)影響國(guó)際工程項(xiàng)目管理的主要問(wèn)題，值得廣泛的文化研究。本文的目的是在文化問(wèn)題上的契約安排的影響的進(jìn)一步研究奠定基礎(chǔ)和有效因果關(guān)系，并對(duì)國(guó)際工程項(xiàng)目的爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制的選擇。本文綜述的特點(diǎn)國(guó)際

5、建筑活動(dòng)，探討文化語(yǔ)境。它傳播的結(jié)果集的研究背景兩個(gè)調(diào)查，在香港、倫敦和悉尼進(jìn)行了。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的重要特征，預(yù)計(jì)合同國(guó)際工程項(xiàng)目并確定其意義合同研究的進(jìn)一步深入。DOI: 10.1061/( ASCE) 0733-9364 (2003) 129:4 (375)CE Database subject headings: Contracts; Dispute resolution; Hong Kong; International factors; Construction industry.該數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的主題標(biāo)題：合同；糾紛解決；香港；國(guó)際因素；建筑業(yè)Introduction引言Within the g

6、eneral trend of globalization, worldwide economic cooperation and technology transfer are common practice. Inter-national construction projects are just one of the activities that involve multinational participants from different political, legal,economic, and cultural backgrounds. According to Lath

7、am 1994 , project procurement and construction disputes are two of the major concerns in the construction industry. Conict and disputes are causing major damage to the industry.在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的大趨勢(shì)下，世界經(jīng)濟(jì)合作和技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移是常見的做法。國(guó)際建設(shè)項(xiàng)目只是其中的一個(gè)活動(dòng)它涉及不同政治法律，經(jīng)濟(jì)，文化背景的跨國(guó)參與者，根據(jù)Latham1994觀點(diǎn)，項(xiàng)目采購(gòu)和施工糾紛是兩個(gè)在建筑行業(yè)關(guān)注的主要問(wèn)題。沖突和罷工都將引起業(yè)內(nèi)的重大

8、損害。The work of researchers such as Turin 1972 , Aniekwu and Okpala 1988 , and Ofori 1984, 1991 show that similar problems are noted worldwide and that the less-developed or developing countries are the worst hit by the problems. Research has been conducted to prevent and resolve construction dispute

9、s in specic countries Vorster 1993; Diekmann and Girard 1995; Cheung 1998; Kumaraswamy and Yogeswaran 1998 . More generally, Simon 1987 argues that to understand real decision making, utility maximization is neither a necessary nor a sufcient condition for the conclusion reached. The action comes fr

10、om empirical assumptions, including assumptions about how people view their world.這項(xiàng)工作的研究者如Turin1972，aniekwu和Okpala1988，和Ofori1984 .1991都表明，類似的問(wèn)題被指出在世界范圍內(nèi)，并指出在欠發(fā)達(dá)和發(fā)展中國(guó)家的問(wèn)題是最嚴(yán)重的。已經(jīng)有研究進(jìn)行預(yù)防和解決施工爭(zhēng)議在特殊的國(guó)家，如沃斯特1993迪克曼和吉拉德1995；1998約蓋斯瓦蘭庫(kù)馬拉斯瓦米和1998香港。更主要的是，西蒙1987認(rèn)為了解真正的決策判斷的效用最大化，既不是必要的也不是充分的為達(dá)成結(jié)論的條件。行動(dòng)來(lái)自于經(jīng)

11、驗(yàn)假設(shè)，包括假設(shè)人們?nèi)绾尾榭此麄兊氖澜纭lthough concerns about cultural issues seem to be discussed widely in construction, their formal analysis is infrequent. Research is necessary to minimize the problems in the global context. This paper disseminates the research ndings of two sets of questionnaires carried out by

12、 the rst writer as part of an ongoing research study, one conducted in Hong Kong during 1998, and the other in London and Sydney during 1999.雖然關(guān)于文化問(wèn)題的關(guān)注似乎被廣泛的討論應(yīng)用于建筑，其正式的分析是罕見。這樣的研究以減少全球背景下的問(wèn)題是必要的。本文發(fā)布研究結(jié)論對(duì)于兩組問(wèn)卷調(diào)查的。由第一作家作為正在進(jìn)行的部分研究性學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)行的，一個(gè)在香港進(jìn)行在1998，和另一個(gè)在倫敦和悉尼在1999。The aim of this paper is to estab

13、lish a valid foundation for further research on the impact of cultural issues on contractual arrangements, conict causation, and selection of dispute resolution mechanisms for international construction projects. Following this introduction, the second section reviews the characteristics of internat

14、ional construction activities and discusses the cultural contextual factors that contribute to conict and difculties in the management of the international construction projects.The third section introduces the research methodology and data collection of the two surveys, the fourth section explains

15、the data analysis, and the fth presents the key observations of the research results and makes recommendations for further study in this area. The paper ends with a general conclusion.本文的目的是建立一個(gè)有效的基礎(chǔ)為了在文化合作安排問(wèn)題上的影響的進(jìn)一步研究，控制因果關(guān)系，以及 國(guó)際工程項(xiàng)目機(jī)制 糾紛解決的選擇。遵循 這個(gè)介紹，第二部分回顧國(guó)際建筑活動(dòng)的特征和討論有助于控制 文化語(yǔ)境的

16、因素，和在國(guó)際工程項(xiàng)目管理的不同。第三部分介紹了本文的研究方法和這兩個(gè)調(diào)查收集的數(shù)據(jù)，第四部分解釋了數(shù)據(jù)分析，并提出了第五部分關(guān)鍵的觀察在搜索結(jié)果中并對(duì)進(jìn)一步研究 這個(gè)地區(qū) 的建議。本文的最后是一個(gè)一般性的結(jié)論。1、Associate Professor, Dept. of Building and Real Estate, The HongKong Polytechnic Univ., Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR.E-mail: .hk1、副教授，建筑及房地產(chǎn)系，香港香港理工大學(xué)，紅磡，九龍，香港特區(qū)。電子郵件

17、：.hk2、Professor, International City University of America, Asian House, 1 Hennessy Rd., Hong Kong SAR. E-mail: rtseicua.us2、教授，國(guó)際大學(xué)城的美國(guó)，亞洲的房子，1軒尼詩(shī)道，香港。電子郵件：rtseicua.usNote. Discussion open until January 1, 2004. Separate discussions must be submitted for individual papers. To extend

18、 the closing date by one month, a written request must be led with the ASCE Managing Editor. The manuscript for this paper was submitted for review and possible publication on February 6, 2001; approved on July 1, 2002. This paper is part of the Journal of Construction Engineering and Manage-ment, V

19、ol. 129, No. 4, August 1, 2003. ©ASCE, ISSN 0733-9364/2003/4-375381/$18.00.注意討論開放直到一月 1號(hào)，2004年。獨(dú)立的討論必須 提交個(gè)人文件。延長(zhǎng)截止日期一個(gè)月，書面請(qǐng)求必須提交與中國(guó)土木工程學(xué)會(huì)執(zhí)行主編。這個(gè)課題的底稿提交被評(píng)論，并且可能在6日出版，2001；被批準(zhǔn)在7月1號(hào)，2002年。這文件是雜志建筑工程與管理的一部分。第129號(hào)4，8月1，2003年 ASCE ，ISSN 0733 - 9364 /2003年4 

20、;- 6 375381 /美元18.00International Construction ActivitiesCharacteristics and Problems 國(guó)際建筑活動(dòng)的特點(diǎn)和存在的問(wèn)題International construction projects are those in which the contractor, the lead consultant, or the employer is not of the same domicile,and at least one of them is working outside his

21、or her country of origin （Stebblings 1998）. The construction industry is complex and multidimensional, and to improve this situation, the major construction projects in developing countries are often carried out in joint ventures with construction companies from developed countries. International co

22、llaboration can be of particular benet to less-developed and developing areas. Transglobal economic developments offer an opportunity to develop products using the most up-to-date expertise and knowledge in a cost-effective manner （Clark and Ip 1999）. International projects are normally fast paced b

23、ut require a longer time span, and more parties are involved. Collaboration between the concerned parties requires clear project denition, and each set of objectives under the denition may be subject to changes as the project evolves.國(guó)際建筑項(xiàng)目是指那些承包商，首席顧問(wèn)，或雇主不在相同的住所，他們中至少一人在他或她的國(guó)家起源的工作（stebblings 1998）

24、。建筑業(yè)是復(fù)雜的多維體，并為了改善這一狀況，主要在發(fā)展中國(guó)家的建設(shè)項(xiàng)目往往是進(jìn)行來(lái)自發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的建筑合資企業(yè)。國(guó)際合作特別有益于欠發(fā)達(dá)和發(fā)展中地區(qū)。環(huán)球經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展提供了一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，去開發(fā)的產(chǎn)品使用在一個(gè)具有成本效益的方式下，用最新的技術(shù)和知識(shí)（克拉克和IP 1999）。國(guó)際項(xiàng)目通?？旃?jié)奏，但需要較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間跨度，和涉及多人。有關(guān)各方之間的合作需要清晰的項(xiàng)目定義，并且在定義下每一組的目標(biāo)都可能會(huì)隨著項(xiàng)目的發(fā)展變化。Parties to international projects are also concerned with the clarity of local laws and the int

25、erpretation of those contracts governed by local laws. Transglobal collaboration calls for greater cultural understanding and sensitivity in terms of personnel management by the concerned parties. Human problems are involved,such as language, communication, and the understanding of cultural differen

26、ces. It is generally acknowledged that the contextual environment of a country or region also inuences the construction industry of each jurisdiction. Based on previous work by other researchers, Sheath, Jaggar, and Hibberd （1994） compiled a set of environmental inuences associated with construction

27、 and a list of variables under each of the inuence factors. The variables have been used to study the impact of these contextual factors on the choice of a project procurement system. Such a contextual research approach can be adopted and elaborated for studying the effect of culture on disputes in

28、international construction projects.國(guó)際項(xiàng)目各方關(guān)注的是地方法規(guī)的透明度和 這些合同遵守當(dāng)?shù)胤傻慕忉?。環(huán)球國(guó)際合作的呼吁更大的文化理解和靈敏度在人事管理方面通過(guò)當(dāng)事人。人類所涉及的問(wèn)題也被包括，如語(yǔ)言，通信，和文化差異的理解。眾所周知，一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)的周邊環(huán)境也在影響每個(gè)司法管轄區(qū)的建筑業(yè)?；谇叭说南嚓P(guān)研究，Sheath，Jagga，和Hibberd（1994）編制的一套在環(huán)境影響下的建筑關(guān)聯(lián)文件和一系列在相關(guān)環(huán)境下影響因素的變量列表。變量被用來(lái)研究這些因素對(duì)項(xiàng)目采購(gòu)制度選擇的影響。這樣的情境研究的方法可以采用，并闡述了研究文化對(duì)國(guó)際建設(shè)工程糾紛的影響

29、。Cultural Context文化語(yǔ)境The term culture has wide connotations in anthropology and ethnography. Its meaning is not clearly defined, and even anthropologists do not agree on one clear and precise definition. Definitions differ greatly and are dependent on the theoretical perspectives of those who offer

30、them. In the management literature, Hofstede (1984)defines culture as the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from others. Culture, in this sense, includes systems of values and values are the building blocks of culture. In the context of constructio

31、n management education regarding culture, loose more (1999)states that it is now accepted that a culture of a society is its shared values, understandings, assumptions and goals learned from earlier generations. It results in common attitudes, codes of conduct and expectations that guide behavior. 術(shù)

32、語(yǔ)文化在人類學(xué)和人種學(xué)有廣泛的內(nèi)涵。其含義是不明確的，甚至是人類學(xué)家不在一個(gè)明確和準(zhǔn)確的定義達(dá)成一致。定義有很大的不同，依賴于那些為他們提供的理論視角。在管理文獻(xiàn)中，霍夫斯泰德1984年將文化定義為“區(qū)別不同的人類群體的其他成員心靈的集體編程s文化，在這個(gè)意義上，包括價(jià)值體系和是文化的基石的價(jià)值觀?！痹?999年工程管理教育更寬松的文化語(yǔ)境下指出：“從更早的一代學(xué)會(huì)的價(jià)值觀，理解，假設(shè)和目標(biāo)是我們現(xiàn)在所接受的一種社會(huì)文化。它導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果是用共同的態(tài)度，行為規(guī)范和期望來(lái)指導(dǎo)行為。”Tso (1999),an anthropologist and designer, suggested some p

33、arameters that could help to delineate the playing fields for the concept of culture, but warned that the definition will shift within the boundaries of the parameters. She suggested that one will find the essence of the term culture within the following fields: culture describes the social system c

34、reated by a group of people; it starts from the moment that a few people get together regularly and begin to establish norms and rules through which they will interact and communicate with each other and maintain order; it is about patterns of meaning; it is about shared beliefs, values, perspective

35、s, and worldviews; it is about shared behavior, practices, rules, and rituals; it is not limited to groupings by race or ethnicity, but can describe a sub-culture within a society designers, for instance; it is often associated with language and communication; it is viewed as a mental or cognitive c

36、onstruct, created in the minds of people; it is learned; it can be found in materials: objects, artefacts, clothing, artwork, and so forth; and it can emanate from social institutions and structures, such as governments, economies, and legal systems, as well as geographic and environmental factors.曹

37、，人類學(xué)家和設(shè)計(jì)師，1999年提出了一些參數(shù)，可以幫助劃定為文化理念的領(lǐng)域，但警告說(shuō)，該定義將在參數(shù)的范圍內(nèi)移動(dòng)。她建議，將在以下領(lǐng)域找到長(zhǎng)期的文化本質(zhì)：“文化描述了一群人創(chuàng)造的社會(huì)制度，從那一刻起，一些人經(jīng)常聚在一起，開始建立規(guī)范和規(guī)則，通過(guò)那些他們可以相互影響和相互溝通和維持秩序；這是關(guān)于模式的意義；這是共同的信念，價(jià)值觀和世界觀這是關(guān)于共享行為，實(shí)踐，規(guī)則，和儀式；它不受種族或民族群體的限制；但可以描述在一個(gè)社會(huì)的設(shè)計(jì)師下的亞文化，例如；它往往是與語(yǔ)言和交流相關(guān)的；它被視為一種心理或認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)，在人們的頭腦中創(chuàng)造；據(jù)了解；它可以發(fā)現(xiàn)在材料：對(duì)象，工藝品，服裝，工藝品，等等，它可以來(lái)自社會(huì)制

38、度和社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)，如政府，經(jīng)濟(jì)，法律制度，以及地理和環(huán)境因素?！盩oday, anthropologists take a relative position toward culture, believing that no one culture is better or worse than another. In this paper, we discuss problems related to culture as the word is understood by every man in the street without elaboration. It is a very ge

39、neral concept within the fields described by Tso (1999). 今天，人類學(xué)家對(duì)文化的相對(duì)位置，相信沒(méi)有一個(gè)文化比其他文化“更美好”或“'更糟糕”。 在本文中，我們討論相關(guān)的文化這個(gè)詞是在街上沒(méi)有一個(gè)男人可以闡述清楚的問(wèn)題。這是在描述TSO的領(lǐng)域（1999）一個(gè)很籠統(tǒng)的概念。In international construction projects, any party involved must be cross-culturally competent. To be competent, Trompenaars and Willi

40、ams (1999) claim that the transcultural manager should be aware of managing in seven dimensions: universalism versus particularism, individualism versus communitarism, specific versus diffuse, neutrality versus affectivity, inner directed versus outer directed, achieved versus ascribed status, and s

41、equential versus synchronic time. These complex psychological and behavioral dimensions deserve in-depth study in the context of the international construction industry. Construction professionals involved with international projects should at least be able to recognize the expectations and behavior

42、 of others. Cultural issues are expected to contribute to conflicts among parties to an international project and increase difficulties in the management of the project (Fellow and Hancock 1994).Without understanding there can be no friendship. If one wishes to understand a people one must identify

43、oneself with them. One must study their language, customs and culture . and they will be ones friends (Broster1976).在國(guó)際工程項(xiàng)目中，當(dāng)事人必須跨文化能力。為了能夠勝任，Trompenaars和Williams（ 1999）聲稱，跨文化管理者應(yīng)該意識(shí)到管理的七個(gè)維度：普遍性與特殊主義，普遍主義與特殊主義，個(gè)人主義與社群主義，特異性和彌漫性，中立性和情感性，內(nèi)部和外部的指示，實(shí)現(xiàn)與賦予的地位，和順序與同步時(shí)間。在國(guó)際建筑業(yè)的背景上這些復(fù)雜的心理和行為方面值得深入研究。建筑專業(yè)人員參

44、與國(guó)際項(xiàng)目，至少應(yīng)該能夠認(rèn)識(shí)到別人的期望和行為。文化問(wèn)題將有助于引起一個(gè)國(guó)際項(xiàng)目各方之間的沖突，并在項(xiàng)目管理方面增加了困難。（研究員和漢考克1994）?！皼](méi)有理解就沒(méi)有友誼。如果你希望了解一個(gè)人必須將自己與他們一樣看待。你必須學(xué)習(xí)他們的語(yǔ)言，習(xí)俗和文化將他們當(dāng)做自己的朋友”（布羅斯特1976）。Dispute Resolution Processes爭(zhēng)議解決程序With dispute resolution processes becoming international and unrestricted by frontier, legal system, or national cultu

45、re, cultural unity is disrupted. International arbitration is said to be a true clash of legal cultures (Shilston and Hughes 1997; Cremades 1998). To interact with such a legal culture, traditional arbitration practices have to be modified to incorporate a proactive, flexible, and amicable (nonadver

46、sarial) process. In awareness of this, practitioners and commentators have been proposing various schemes and innovative practices (Cremades 1998; Uff 1998; Shilston and Hughes 1997). New legislation such as the Arbitration Act in the U.K. and the Arbitration Ordinance in Hong Kong have been promulg

47、ated to reflect this need. The practice of combined mediation and arbitration adopted in many countries such as China has aroused much interest （Chan 1997）. Such a line of thinking leads to fusion of amicable and judicialized alternative dispute resolution （ADR）.隨著爭(zhēng)議解決程序成為國(guó)際化和不受邊境限制，法律制度，或民族文化，文化團(tuán)結(jié)都

48、被打亂了。國(guó)際仲裁據(jù)說(shuō)是法律文化的一個(gè)'真正的沖突'' （Shilston and Hughes 1997; Cremades 1998）。與這樣的法律文化互動(dòng)，傳統(tǒng)的仲裁實(shí)踐需要進(jìn)行修改，以納入積極主動(dòng)，靈活，友好的氣氛下的過(guò)程。在意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)，從業(yè)者和評(píng)論家已提出多種方案和創(chuàng)新實(shí)踐（Cremades 1998; Uff 1998; Shilston and Hughes 1997。新的立法，如英國(guó)仲裁法及仲裁條例在香港已公布，以反映這方面的需求。聯(lián)合調(diào)解和仲裁的做法在例如中國(guó)的許多國(guó)家被采納引起了人們很大的興趣（陳1997）。這樣的思路導(dǎo)致融合的友好和“司法化”替代

49、性糾紛解決機(jī)制（美國(guó)預(yù)托證券）The good that a dispute resolution mechanism will do depends on the person using it. The balancing act is dependent upon the neutral party appointed for the task. In the process of resolving disputes on an international construction project, the disputing parties and the neutral party

50、 are expected to participate in shedding home-grown habits and prejudices （Shilston and Hughes 1997）. Singh（1998） claims that in the context of large international projects where there are several parties of different nationalities involved, ADR offers the immediate attraction of avoiding any diffic

51、ulties of conflict of laws or jurisdictional problems which may arise. It also allows the parties to reach agreement as to how their disputes should be resolved which can take account of national and cultural differences.一種糾紛解決機(jī)制的好處將取決于使用它的人。該平衡的行為取決于指定任務(wù)的中立的一方。在解決國(guó)際建設(shè)工程糾紛的過(guò)程中，爭(zhēng)端各方和中立的一方，預(yù)計(jì)參加'&#

52、39;脫落本土的習(xí)慣和偏見''（Shilston和1997年休斯）。辛格（1998）聲稱，“在那里有涉及不同國(guó)籍的幾方大型國(guó)際項(xiàng)目的背景下，美國(guó)預(yù)托證券提供避免法律或可能出現(xiàn)的管轄權(quán)沖突問(wèn)題的任何困難的直接吸引力。它還允許各方達(dá)成協(xié)議如何解決爭(zhēng)端應(yīng)以民族文化差異的帳戶?！盜n construction disputes, the trend is toward conflict management, with the emphasis on designing a dispute prevention system to suit each project. This aim

53、s to focus on conflict in the very early stage of a project and to design the most appropriate ADR mechanism to be incorporated into the construction contract (Vorster 1993). In addition to the traditionally adapted arbitration, many new ADR mechanisms, such as mediation, an executive tribunal, adju

54、dication, a dispute resolution advisor, and a dispute review board, have been developed. In the worldwide comparative study complied by Fennet al. (1998), the preferred choice of ADR mechanisms and their practice in each country were quite varied. For most large international construction projects,

55、one of the ADR mechanisms, or a combination of the mechanisms in the form of multitier ADR mechanism, is incorporated into the construction contracts. This situation deserves vigorous investigation to decipher the relationship between cultural issues and choice of dispute resolution mechanisms for i

56、nternational construction projects. 在建筑糾紛，該趨勢(shì)是沖突管理，重點(diǎn)放在設(shè)計(jì)適應(yīng)每個(gè)項(xiàng)目的糾紛防范體系，此舉旨在把重點(diǎn)放在項(xiàng)目的早期階段的沖突上，并設(shè)計(jì)出最合適的能納入施工合同的美國(guó)預(yù)托證券機(jī)制（沃斯特1993）。除了傳統(tǒng)的適應(yīng)仲裁，許多新的ADR機(jī)制，如調(diào)解，執(zhí)行庭，審判，調(diào)解糾紛顧問(wèn)，以及爭(zhēng)端審查委員會(huì)，已經(jīng)開發(fā)出來(lái)。在全世界范圍內(nèi)比較研究的fennet Al遵守。（ 1998）的美國(guó)預(yù)托證券機(jī)制的首選，和他們?cè)诿總€(gè)國(guó)家的做法是相當(dāng)不同的。對(duì)于大多數(shù)大型國(guó)際工程項(xiàng)目，其中的ADR機(jī)制，或機(jī)制的組合的多層ADR機(jī)制的形成，是納入施工合同。這一情

57、況值得大力研究來(lái)破譯的國(guó)際建設(shè)項(xiàng)目文化問(wèn)題和選擇的糾紛解決機(jī)制之間的關(guān)系。Research Methodology研究方法 This study inquires into the extent of major differences between Eastern an Western cultures in the perception of contractual arrangements and of resolving disputes. The study focuses on international projects involving parties from the U

58、.K. and Hong Kong,which have significant differences and similarities that are appropriate for this study. As the legal systems and construction industry institutional frameworks of both countries have the same origins, some of the side issues, such as differences in legal system,business language,

59、and structure of the construction industry, are eliminated from the scenario.Nevertheless, the organizational culture in the construction industries of the two countries is different, and Hong Kong is unique in terms of project management and government control of construction work Walker and Row-linson 1990;Chan and Chan 1999.本研究探討在合同安排和解決糾紛的看法上東西方文化之間的主要差異程度。本研究重點(diǎn)是那些適合這項(xiàng)研究的有重大的差異和相似之處的英國(guó)和香港政黨國(guó)際項(xiàng)目。作為法律制度建設(shè)的國(guó)家產(chǎn)業(yè)制度框架有著相同的起源，一些枝節(jié)問(wèn)題，如法律制度的差異，商業(yè)語(yǔ)言和建筑結(jié)構(gòu)行業(yè)，從方案中被淘汰。然而，在這兩個(gè)國(guó)家的建筑業(yè)組織文化是不同的，香港是獨(dú)特的項(xiàng)目管理和政府