區(qū)域貿(mào)易安排

1、國際貿(mào)易國際貿(mào)易廣州大學華軟軟件學院國際經(jīng)貿(mào)系廣州大學華軟軟件學院國際經(jīng)貿(mào)系 賀賀 鋒鋒2012-20132012-2013第二學期第二學期LOGO 第二節(jié)第二節(jié) 2 第一節(jié)第一節(jié) 1第八章第八章 區(qū)域貿(mào)易安排區(qū)域貿(mào)易安排 第三節(jié)第三節(jié) 3 第四節(jié)第四節(jié) 4LOGORegional Integration vs Multilateralism P291oregional trade blocs could be a complement to multilateralism by setting a precedent which other nations will followocan l

2、ead to deeper integrationohowever regional agreements are also discriminatory in that some nations are treated differently than othersodecreases incentives for nations to pursue multilateral agreementsotrade bloc members may not gain additional economies of scale through multilateralism區(qū)域經(jīng)濟一體化與多邊主義區(qū)

3、域經(jīng)濟一體化與多邊主義LOGOTypes of Regional Agreements P292oFree-trade area agreement to remove trade barriers among members.example: NAFTAoCustoms union agreement to remove trade barriers among members and impose uniform trade restrictions against non-members.example: BeneluxoCommon market agreement that perm

4、its (1) free trade among members; (2) common external trade restrictions; (3) free movement of factors of production.example: EU區(qū)域經(jīng)貿(mào)協(xié)議的類型區(qū)域經(jīng)貿(mào)協(xié)議的類型LOGOTypes of Regional Agreements (cont.)oEconomic union common market agreement with P293:1) common national, taxation, fiscal, and social policies among

5、members2) transfers of sovereignty to a supranational authority example: Belgium and Luxembourg 1920soMonetary union P293 economic union with additional characteristic of common monetary policy and common currency P293 example: United States區(qū)域經(jīng)貿(mào)協(xié)議的類型區(qū)域經(jīng)貿(mào)協(xié)議的類型經(jīng)濟同盟經(jīng)濟同盟貨幣同盟貨幣同盟LOGOStatic Effects of Tra

6、de ArrangementsWith Tariff:(before customs union)red triangle = consumer surplusgreen triangle = producer surplusblack rectangle = tariff revenuea + b = deadweight lossLOGOStatic Effects of Trade ArrangementsWith Customs Union:agreement with Germany will lower the price to SGtrade-creation effect:we

7、lfare losses now part of consumer surplus a = production effect b = consumption effecttrade-diversion effect: area clost benefits from lower cost suppliersLOGODynamic Effects of Trade Arrangementso economies of scale access to a larger market allows producers to become more efficient through greater

8、 specialization, better equipment, and usage of by-productso greater competition increased number of producers makes collusion less likely and forces firms to become more efficiento stimulus of investment because of increased rate of return and ability to spread R&D costs trade makes greater lev

9、els of investment more likelyLOGOEuropean Union P300Treaty of Rome 1957 established European Community precursor to EU1)1957: Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands & West Germany2)1973: United Kingdom, Ireland & Denmark3)1981: Greece4)1987: Spain & Portugal5)1995: Austria, Finl

10、and & Sweden6)2004: Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia & Slovenia7)2007: Bulgaria & RomaniaLOGOEuropean o EU members removed tariffs in 1968 leading to fivefold increase in tradeo EU adopted common external tariffs in 1970 making it a cus

11、toms uniono trade creation: machinery, transportation equipment, chemicals & raw materialso trade diversion: agricultural commodities and raw materialso trade creation exceeded trade diversiono EU saw increases in economies of scale, competition & investmento 1985 EU eliminated nontariff bar

12、riers resulting in creation of European common marketLOGOEuropean Union & Maastricht P301 o 1991 Maastricht Treaty established monetary union and euro as common currency by 2002o convergence criteria:1) inflation 1.5% above average inflation of three countries with lowest inflation2) long term i

13、nterest rates 2.0% above average of same three countries3) exchange rate within target bands of monetary union for 2 years4) budget deficit 3.0% of GDP5) government debt 60.0% of GDP歐盟與馬斯特里赫協(xié)議歐盟與馬斯特里赫協(xié)議LOGOEU Agricultural Policy - Variable Levies P303ono restriction on agriculture traded internallyo

14、EU policy based in part on variable leviesoadjusted to maintain desired price levelsomore restrictive than an import quota in that foreign producers cannot cut prices and absorb tariff cost to maintain export sales歐盟農(nóng)業(yè)政策歐盟農(nóng)業(yè)政策-差價稅差價稅LOGOEU Agricultural Policy Subsidies P304oexport subsidies also use

15、d to maintain higher prices of EU - common policyoEU producers sell for low price but receive higher priceoEU purchases any surplusosurplus then sold on world market for lower price歐盟農(nóng)業(yè)政策歐盟農(nóng)業(yè)政策補貼補貼LOGOGovernment Procurement Policiesogovernment purchases previously limited primarily to domestic produ

16、cerso1992 EU required bidding process from EU firmsobenefits:governments purchase from lower cost producersincreased competitionremaining firms produce with economies of scale 政府采購政策政府采購政策LOGOEuropean Monetary Union P306A common currency also implied the need for a single European Central Bank respo

17、nsible for all monetary and exchange rate policies of the EMU.oadvantages: eliminated exchange rate risk reduced currency conversion costs insulation from monetary disturbance & speculationodisadvantages: loss of individual monetary authority transition to common currency could lead to speculati

18、ve attacks歐洲貨幣聯(lián)盟歐洲貨幣聯(lián)盟LOGOOptimum Currency Areas P307o definition region in which it is economically preferable to have a single official currencyo success of common currency area:similar business cycles similar economic structuressingle monetary policy affecting all members in same mannerabsence of

19、 legal or cultural barriers that would limit labor mobilitywage flexibilitystabilizing transfer systemo EU concerns based on rigid wages and limited labor mobility tied to cultural factors最優(yōu)貨幣區(qū)最優(yōu)貨幣區(qū)LOGONorth American Free Trade Agreemento free trade area for U.S., Canada & Mexico but not a custo

20、ms uniono issues: U.S. & Canada represented developed economies while Mexico was a developing economy Mexicos authoritarian political system substantial difference in standard of living between Mexico and Canada & U.S.o decision: integrate Mexico to stimulate development or allow problems in

21、 that nation to continue to spill over borders北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)LOGOBenefits to Mexicoo substantial benefits for Mexico because it integrated with much larger economieso increase in production of goods in which it has comparative advantageo gains at the expense of other low-wage nationso increases in ag

22、ricultural goods and labor intensive goodso agriculture represents small portion of GDP but supports roughly 25% of the population給墨西哥帶來的好處給墨西哥帶來的好處LOGOBenefits & Concerns for Canadao Benefits: maintain status in international trade free trade preference in U.S. market equal access to Mexicos ma

23、rket inclusion in future free trade area with Central & South America economies of scale associated with increased output levelso Possible Cost: closer integration with U.S. as potential threat to Canadas social welfare system加拿大的關(guān)注和好處加拿大的關(guān)注和好處LOGOEconomies of Scale from NAFTAoaccess to addition

24、al markets increases demandoCanadian producers can sell more autosoincreased consumer surplus due to lower priceono worse for producers since costs have dropped北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)的經(jīng)濟規(guī)模北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)的經(jīng)濟規(guī)模LOGOBenefits & Costs to the U.S. P314o Benefits: expanded trade increased competition and lower prices enhanced

25、economies of scale decrease in illegal immigration improved political stability in Mexicoo Costs: U.S. industries competing with imports impact on unskilled workers domestically potential for environmental consequences limited benefits due to relative size of these economies美國的成本和好處美國的成本和好處LOGOLabor

26、 Cost Compared to ProductivityoWould NAFTA cause many U.S. companies to relocate to Mexico due to lower wages?oProductivity is a major factor in determining cost per unit of output.oBased on higher productivity, U.S. workers can still receive higher wages.與生產(chǎn)率相比較的勞動力成本與生產(chǎn)率相比較的勞動力成本LOGONAFTA as Optim

27、um Currency Area?o measures of economic integration: Canada & Mexico are the U.S. largest trading partnerso Canada & U.S.: advanced industrial economies with similar per capita incomes, inflation rates and interest rateso Mexico: lower average per capita income, higher inflation rate, higher in