上海2016年考研沖刺班講義(2015.11)定稿

1、2016 年上海恩波考研：英語(yǔ)沖刺胡小平版權(quán)所有1Secti on I Use of En glishDirecti ons:Read the follow ing text. Choose the best word(s) for each nu mbered bla nk and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWERSHEET. (10 poi nts)Model Test 1【課堂測(cè)試】After the violent earthquake that shook Los Angeles in 1994, earthquake scientists had good n

2、 ews to report:the damage and death toll could have bee n much _1_.More than 60 people died in this earthquake. _2_, an earthquake of similar intensity that shook America in1998 _3_ 25,000 victims.Injuries and deaths were relatively less in Los An geles _4_ the quake occurred at 4:31 a.m. on a holid

3、ay,when traffic was _5_ on the citys highways. , changes made to the con struct ion codes in Los An geles during the last 20 years have _7_ the citys build ings and highways, making them more resista nt to quakes._8_ the good news, civil engineers arent resting on their successes. _9_ to their draw

4、ing boards arebluepri nts for improved quake-resista nt buildi ngs. The new desig ns should _10_ eve n greater security tocities where earthquakes ofte n take place.In the past, making structures quake-resistant meant firm yet flexible materials, _11_ steel and wood,_12_ bend without breaking. _13_,

5、 people tried to lift a building off its foundation, and _14_ rubber andsteel between the building and its foundation to _15_ the impact of ground vibrati ons. The most rece nt desig nsgive buildi ngs brains _16_ con crete and steel supports, called _17_ buildi ngs, the structures respond likelivi n

6、g orga ni sms _18_ an earthquakes vibrations.19_ the ground shakes and the building tips forward, thecomputer would force the buildi ng to shift in the _20_ direct ion.1. A worseB betterC moreD harder2. A For in sta nceB in particularC In con trastD By comparison3. A proclaimedB reportedC claimedD d

7、eclared4. A becauseB forC whe nD although5. A jammedB lightC crowdedD heavy6. A HoweverB MoreoverC WhereasD Whe never7. A en couragedB weake nedC maintainedD stre ngthe ned8. A Even ifB But forC For allD If only9. A PinnedB SpilledC Pin chedD Piled10. A man ifestB prese ntC offerD in dicate11. A as

8、toB such asC in gen eralD for in sta nce12. A thatB itC thisD as13. A LaterB LateC LatestD Latter14. A in terfereB in sureC involveD in sert15. A refuseB recordC reduceD reclaim16. A as well asB as soon asC as long asD as far as22016 年上海恩波考研:英語(yǔ)沖刺胡小平版權(quán)所有17. A intelligentB in tellectualC dilige ntD sm

9、art18. A forB toC withD aga inst19. A Un lessB WhileC WhenD Where20. A oppositeB straightC fullD partModel Test 2【課后自測(cè)】Libraries form a vital part of the worlds systems of com muni cati on and educati on. Theymake _1_ knowledge gathered through the ages. People in all _2_ of life use library resourc

10、es in their work.People also turn to libraries to _3_ a desire for knowledge or to _4_ material for leisure time activity. _5_,many people enjoy book discussi on, con certs, film programs, lectures, story hours, and a variety of other _6_provided by libraries. Libraries also _7_ an important functio

11、n in preserving a societybuliural heritage （遺產(chǎn)）.The library _8_ as one of societys most useful service institutions.The contents of libraries have changed so much through the years that the word library itself is, in a sense,_9_. The word comes from the Latin word liber, _10_ means book. Todayis）rar

12、ies _11_ many books,of course. However, they also gave a wide _12_ of other materials that communicate, educate, and entertain.These _13_ include magazines, manuscripts （手稿） ,newspapers, and computer documents. Audio and _14_materials include CDs, audiocassette tapes, videotapes, films, maps, pain t

13、in gs, and photographs.In additi on to _15_ books, a library may have large-type books, books for the bli nd, and tape recordings ofbooks, caked talking books. Librarians _16_ the changing contents of libraries to serve as many people aspossible. Their _17_ have turned libraries _18_ multimedia reso

14、urce cen ters.The expa nsion of library contents greatly in creases the librarys ability to com muni cate and_19_. People interested in classical music, _20_, can listen to CDs and read books on the topic. Students ofagriculture can read magazines and watch videotapes on farming methods. People use

15、magaz ines and newspapers to find the most up-to-date material on curre nt eve nts.1. A respectableB availableC imagi nableD sen sible2. A worksB strollsC careersD walks3. A modifyB unifyC iden tifyD satisfy4. A obtainB reta inC mai ntai nD susta in5. A In con trastB In sumC In additionD In comparis

16、on6. A activitiesB similaritiesC n ecessitiesD worries7. A playB carryC bringD perform8. A ranksB takesC headsD holds9. A in completeB in evitableC in accurateD in tegral10. A itB whatC thatD which11. A disposeBengageCchooseD house12. A varietyB amountC fieldD applicati on32016 年上海恩波考研:英語(yǔ)沖刺胡小平版權(quán)所有13

17、. A materialsBbooksC librariesD fu nctio ns14. A sou ndB videoC visualD image15. A foreig nB regularC formalD historical16. A give rise toB take part inC make up forD keep pace with17. A purposesB findingsC effortsD in terests18. A intoB withC fromD through19. A talkB en terta inC readD educate20. A

18、 as toB for exampleC in particularD such asModel Test 3【課后自測(cè)】Psychologist Alfred Adler suggested that the primary goal of the psyche was superiority.Although _1_ he believed that in dividuals struggled to achieve superiority over others, Adler even tually _2_a more complex defi niti on of the drive

19、for superiority.Adlerconcept of striving for superiority does not _3_ the everyday meaning of the word superiority. Hedid not mean that we innately seek to _4_ one another in rank or positi on, _5_ did he mean that we seek to_6_ an attitude of exaggerated importa nee over our peers. _7_, Adlers driv

20、e for superiority in volves thedesire to be compete nt and effective, complete and thorough, in _8_ one strives to do.Strivi ng for superiority occasi on ally takes the _9_ of an exaggerated lust for power. Anin dividual may seek to play god and _10_ con trol over objects and people. The goal mayint

21、roduce a _11_ tendency i nto our lives, in which we play games of“dog eat dog”. Butexpressi ons of the desire for superiority do not _12_ its more positive, con structive n ature._13_ Adler, strivi ng for superiority is inn ate and is part of the struggle for _14_ thathuman beings share with other s

22、pecies in the process of evolution. From this _15_, life is not_16_ by the need to reduce tension or _17_ peace, as Sigmund Freud tended to think;_18_, life is en couraged by the desire to move from below to above, from minus to plus, frominferior to superior. The particular ways in which individual

23、s undertake their quest _19_superiority are determined by their culture, their unique history, and their _20_ of life.1. A in sti nctivelyB in itiallyC presumablyD in variably2. A desig nedD devisedC man ipulatedD developed3. A refer toB point toC comply withD sta nd for4. A surpassB overpassC overt

24、hrowD pursue5. A orB n everC hardlyD nor6. A retainB susta inC mai ntai nD obta in7. A on the con traryB on the wholeC on the averageD on the other hand8. A whichB thatC whicheverD whatever9. A formB placeC actionDshape10. A operateB speculateC exerciseD resume11. AvagueB complicatedC deliberateD ho

25、stile2016 年上海恩波考研：英語(yǔ)沖刺胡小平版權(quán)所有12. A reflectB abideC glorifyD object13. A Accordi ng toB In terms ofC Regardless ofD In view of14. A authorityD survivalC durabilityD con siste ncy15. A respectiveB prospectC profileD perspective16. A motivatedB ani matedC in spiredD elevated17. A reverseB reviseC resto

26、reD rectify18. A besidesB in steadC stillD otherwise19. A toB inC atD for20. A styleB successC sacrificeD sig ni fica neeSecti on II Read ing Comprehe nsionPart ADirecti ons:Read the followi ng four texts. An swer the questi ons below each text by choos ing A, B, C or D.Mark your an swers on ANSWER

27、SHEET. (40 poi nts)2011The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music directorhas been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of hisappointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least.“Hooray! A

28、t last!”wrote Anthony Tommasini, OBisieeclassical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparativelylittle known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert appointment in the Times, calls him“an un pretentious musicia n with no air

29、of the formidable con ductor about him.”As description of the next music director ofan orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely tohave struck at least some Times readers as fai nt praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a

30、 great con ductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performsan impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear in teresti ng orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computerand dow

31、 nl oad still more recorded music from iTun es.Devoted con certgoers who reply that record ings are no substitute for live performa nee are missing thepoint. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not onlywith opera houses, dance troupes,

32、 theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performa nces ofthe great classical musicia ns of the 20thcen tury. These record ings are cheap, available everywhere, and veryofte n much higher in artistic quality than todays liveperformances; moreover, they can be“ consumedplace of the

33、listeners choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus broughtabout a crisis in the in stituti on of the traditi onal classical con cert.42016 年上海恩波考研：英語(yǔ)沖刺胡小平版權(quán)所有One possible resp onse is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yetavailable on record

34、. Gilberts own in terest i n new music has bee n widely no ted: AlexRoss, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into“amarkedly different, more vibrant organization. Buiwhat will be the nature of that differe nee? Merely expanding the orchestr

35、a repertoire will not be eno ugh. If Gilbert and the Philharmo nic are to succeed, they mustfirst cha nge the relati on ship betwee n Americas oldest orchestra and the new audienee it hops to attract.21. We learn from Paragraph 1 that Gilberts appointment hasA in curred criticism.B raised suspici on

36、.C received acclaim.D aroused curiosity.22. Tommasi ni regards Gilbert as an artist who isA in flue ntial.B modest.C respectable.D tale nted.23. The author believes that the devoted con certgoersA ignore the expe nses of live performa nces.B reject most kinds of recorded performa nces.C exaggerate t

37、he variety of live performa nces.D overestimate the value of live performa nces.24. Accord ing to the text, which of the following is true of record ings?A They are ofte n in ferior to live con certs in quality.B They are easily accessible to the gen eral public.C They help improve the quality of mu

38、sic.D They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilberts role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the aerthsrA doubtful.B en thusiastic.C confident.D puzzled.Pers on ality is to a large exte nt in here ntA-type pare nts usually bring about A-type offspring. But theenvironment must also have a

39、profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely tobecome a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where childre n soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very n ature, a highlycompetitive in stituti on. Too many schools adopt the win at al

40、l costs moral sta ndard and measure theirsuccess by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmatesor against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better tha ntheir B-type fellows. Being too kee n to win

41、can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides,the first marathon runner,52016 年上海恩波考研：英語(yǔ)沖刺胡小平版權(quán)所有6dropped dead sec onds after say in g: Rejoice, we conq uer!63. Accord ing to the passage, A-type in dividuals are usuallyA impatie ntB con siderateC aggressive D agreeable例2But, for a smal

42、l group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills,all other factors being equal, can be the differe nee betwee n havi ng a job and not. Of course, the basics ofusing any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a life long acqua intance to pic

43、k up varioussoftware programs. If one wan ted to become a computer engin eer, that is, of course, an en tirely differe ntstory. Basic computer skills take at the very Ion gesta couple of mon ths to lear n. In any case, basiccomputer skills are only compleme ntary to the host of real skills that are

44、n ecessary to beco ming any ki nd ofprofessi on al. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion overits purpose.62. According to the author, basic computer skills should beA in cluded as an auxiliary course in schoolB highlighted in acquisition of pr

45、ofessional qualificationsC mastered through a life-l ong courseD equally emphasized by any school, vocati onal or otherwise例3NBAC pla ns to call for a con ti nued ban on federal gover nment funding for any attempt to clone body celln uelei to create a child. Because curre nt federal law already forb

46、ids the use of federal funds to create embryos(the earliest stage of huma n offspri ng before birth) for research or to knowin gly endan ger an embryos life,NBAC will rema in sile nt on embryo research.65. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research un discussed because_ .A embryo research is just

47、a curre nt developme nt of clo ningB the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo researchC an embryos life will not be endangered in embryo researchD the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law例1Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the wea

48、ry traveler. Yet, the oldtraditi on of hospitality to stra ngers is still very stro ng in the US, especially in the smaller cities and tow ns awayfrom the busy tourist trails. I was just traveli ng through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon heinvited me home for dinner amazing. Suchobs

49、ervati ons reported by visitors to the US are not un com mon, but are not always un derstood properly. The2016 年上海恩波考研：英語(yǔ)沖刺胡小平版權(quán)所有7casual frien dli ness of many America ns should be in terpreted n either as superficial nor as artificial, but as theresult of a historically developed cultural traditio

50、n.The traditi on of hospitality to stra ngersA te nds to be superficial and artificial.B is gen erally well kept up in the Un ited States.C is always un derstood properly.D was someth ing to do with the busy tourist trails.例2That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researche

51、rs such as Ran som Myersand Boris Worm have show n is just how fast things are cha nging. They have looked at half a century of datafrom fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount ofliving biological matter) of fish species in particular parts

52、 of the ocea n, but rather cha nges in that biomass overtime. Accord ing to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill andeat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. Insome Iong-fished a

53、reas, it has halved again since then.31. The ext inction of large prehistoric ani mals is no ted to suggest thatA large an imals were vuln erable to the cha nging environment.B small species survived as large ani mals disappeared.C large sea ani mals may face the same threat today.D slow-growing fis

54、h outlive fast-growing ones.例3The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwrightclinic. Most peopleseem to have more bad dreams early in the ni ght, progress ing toward happier ones before awake ning,suggesti ng that they are work ing through n egative feeli ngs gen erate

55、d duri ng the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we donalways think about the emotional significance of the dayeventsuntil, it appears, we begin to dream.34. Cartwright seems to suggest thatA waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.B visualiz ing bad drea

56、ms helps bring them un der con trol.C dreams should be left to their n atural progressi on.D dream ing may not en tirely bel ong to the uncon scious.例4Examples of ben efits or costs of the curre nt concen trati on wave are sea nty. Yet it is hard to imag inethat the merger of a few oil firms today c

57、ould re-create the same threats to competiti on that were feared nearlya century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom compa ni es,such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for con sumers or a reduct ion in the pace of tech ni calprogress. On t

58、he con trary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is2016 年上海恩波考研：英語(yǔ)沖刺胡小平版權(quán)所有8increasing witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissanbut it does not appear that consumers arebeing hurt.65. From paragraph 4 we can infer thatA the in creas ing concen trati o

59、n is certa in to hurt con sumersB WorldCom serves as a good example of both ben efits and costsC the costs of the globalizatio n process are eno rmousD the Stan dard Oil trust might have threate ned competiti on例5Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you lear n that

60、a colleague has been give n a bigger one. In deed, if he has a reputati on for slack ing, you might even be outraged. Such behaviouris regarded as“all too human”，with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of thisfinely developed sense of grievanee. But a study by Sarah Br