[英語學(xué)習(xí)]專業(yè)英語講義ppt課件

1、專業(yè)英語科技英語特點一、文體特點stylistic features) 1、科技英語文體：是科學(xué)與技術(shù)人員從事專業(yè)活動時運用的如科學(xué)著作、學(xué)術(shù)論文、實驗報告、產(chǎn)品闡明書)。邏輯上調(diào)理清楚，表達上要求準(zhǔn)確嚴(yán)密。如： The factory turns out 100,000 cars every year.(該廠每年消費十萬車輛The annual outputs of the factory is 100,000 cars.(該工廠的汽車年產(chǎn)量為十萬噸二、詞匯特點1、大量運用專業(yè)術(shù)語，專業(yè)術(shù)語來源有：英語中的普通詞匯，例如：Work is the transfer of energy expr

2、essed as the product of force an the distance through which its point of application moves in the direction of the force.其中work(任務(wù)功product(產(chǎn)品乘積Energy(活力能量force(力量力希臘或者拉丁語新造A、轉(zhuǎn)化：詞類轉(zhuǎn)化。island小島-隔離coordinate(協(xié)調(diào)-坐標(biāo)B、合成Aircraft(飛機metalwork(金屬制品powerplant(發(fā)電站Cost-iron(鑄鐵 machine-made(機制的復(fù)合術(shù)語由兩個或更多的詞組成 Liqu

3、id crystal液晶，water jacket水套， computer language計算機言語，machine building機器制造 Linear measure長度單位，civil engineering土木工程C、派生：加前綴變詞義不變詞性，加后綴變詞性。加前綴：decontrol取消控制，ultrasonic超聲的，subsystem子系統(tǒng)，non-metal非金屬一些表示否認(rèn)的前綴：anti:反對,antibody-抗體counter:相反、反對，counterbalance-反平衡de:減少、降低、否認(rèn)，decrease, devalue, decomposedis:否認(rèn)

4、、除去，discharge放電，disassemble裝配in(im):不，inaccurate, imbalance, impuremis:錯誤，mislead, Un:未、喪失，unaccountable闡明不了的，unbar清楚妨礙加后綴：主要用來改動詞性。liquidize、invention、propeller。常見描畫詞后綴：able、ible、uble: 的，avoidable, audible, solubleAl: foundametalLess: uselessAnt、ent: abundant, apparentEd: cultrued有文化的ful: 充溢的，usefu

5、lous: numerousic、ical: basic, economicalD: 縮略詞Laboratory: labunidentified flying object: UFORadio detection and ranging: radarTransistor 和receiver合成transceiver：收發(fā)機Telecommunications satelite: TELESAT通訊衛(wèi)星練習(xí)1：寫出以下縮略詞的中英文全稱：PID、PLC、PLD、MOS、TTL、TS、SSI、MSI、LSI、VLSI、CMOS、LED、LCD、ADC、DAC。練習(xí)2：搜集所學(xué)專業(yè)課本中的縮略詞并

6、寫出中英文全稱。三、閱讀技巧獲取主題思想，分四步：識別主題名詞、找出主題句、獲取主題思想、防止不相關(guān)的內(nèi)容。詳細(xì)練習(xí)從講課中學(xué)習(xí)四、動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)特點科技文重客觀、表達現(xiàn)實，必需嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)且表達明晰。1、時態(tài)比較單一2、語態(tài)以被動為主且無行為主體3、謂語用靜態(tài)構(gòu)造表形狀或者情況4、用名詞做定語以獲得簡約的效果5、動詞的非限定性運用量擴張句子不定式、動名詞、分詞和獨立分詞構(gòu)造6、名詞化：以名詞為中心構(gòu)成短語以取代句子When the experiment has been completed為on completion of the experiment7、多反復(fù)合句運用，如The simple f

7、act shows that the more of the force of friction is got rid of, the farther will the bal travel, and we are led to infer that, if all the impeding forces of gravitation and resistance could be removed, there is no reason why the ball, once in motion, should ever stop.8、表達方式用we或者the author等第三人稱方式。科技英

8、語語法知識一、時態(tài)英語語法中有16個根本時態(tài)主要用到三個：普通如今時、普通未來時、如今完成時。1、普通如今時用法1表達過程A scientist observes carefully, applies logical thought to his observation and tried to find relationships in data ect.2)表達客觀現(xiàn)實或科學(xué)定理Sound travels through the air in waves.A complete rotation of the earth in relation to the pole star takes

9、four minutes short of twenty-four hours.2、普通未來時：描畫未來行為或情況3、如今完成時During the past few years, several counties have pooled their resources in order to carry out certain types of scientific investigation more efficiently.二、被動語態(tài)運用緣由：1、注重描寫行為或形狀本身主體不重要，行為主體無必要指出或指不出。By: 1)表被動行為主體All the insulating substan

10、ce were damaged by sea water.2行為方式或工具The spectrum of the substance could be determined by testing its effectiveness against various types of bacteria.Most of the drugs in current use were discovered by accident or trial and error.Trial and error反復(fù)實驗、從失敗中找到處理方法 2、便于擴展句子，平衡句子In the digital computer th

11、e number to be manipulated are represented by sequences of digits which are first recorded in suitable code, then converted into positive and negative electrical impulses, and stored in electrical or magnetic registers.三、名詞化將動詞變成有動作意義的名詞或動詞短語變成名詞短語。如：Air moves the motion of air To apply force the ap

12、plication of force 四、動詞非限定方式不定式、分詞、動名詞1、不定式-作主、表、賓、定、狀 Although it is difficult for scientists to know where to begin, to deal with such a large subject, the first step is perhaps to consider the main economic difficulties an underdeveloped region has to face.不定式作主語時往往用方式主語it,不定式放謂語后。 It largely ari

13、ses from the shortage of the knowledge required to carry out operation research and operate the necessary computer equipment. It would perhaps be unwise to forecast undue restriction on nature of the ultimate achievement.2、分詞-作定、狀、補 It is not easy, for example, to explain the process involved in a c

14、omputerized control system if the basic algebraic symbols are without meaning. Being a precise quantitative theory, it does not use phrases such as those just given, but calculates for any question under study the numerical probability that it is true.獨立分詞構(gòu)造：1分詞具有本人的邏輯主語，且與句子的主語不一致。 The engineering

15、solution is the optimum solution, the most desirable end result taking into account many factors. 2)介詞+賓語+分詞定語 The volunteers would come into room where there was a row of five cubicles with their door shut. 3、動名詞-作主、定、表、賓 In brief, there is as yet no known way of obtaining the benefits of the new i

16、nsecticides without some risk of provoking resistance.五、多反復(fù)合句運用1、多反復(fù)合句的分句之間根本關(guān)系-并列和主從 This instrument works on the principle that each individual substance emits a characteristic spectrum of light when its molecules are caused to vibrate by the application of heat, electricity, etc.; and after study

17、ing the spectrum which he had obtained on this occasion, Hillebrand reported the gas to be nitrogen. 2、從句在闡明主句時有三種能夠位置-前、后、中 when we look into the matter carefully, we will find that the world we live in presents an endless variety of fascinating problems which excite our wonder an curiosity.中間-嵌入句將主句分成兩部分，呵斥閱讀了解的困難。 This is not, of course, the case in human affairs, and the most that can be done is to seek for mathematical models which describe, however imperfectly as yet they are, the presumed behavior of the system or situation und