深圳大學(xué)-數(shù)字集成電路(中文)第一第二章

1、EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroductionEE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction2q參考教材：數(shù)字集成電路設(shè)計(jì) 電路、系統(tǒng)與設(shè)計(jì)Jan M. RabaeyAnantha ChandrakasanBorivoje Nikolic著周潤(rùn)德 譯q學(xué)時(shí)：每周兩節(jié)，實(shí)驗(yàn)單周兩節(jié)q考核方式：開(kāi)卷筆試 平時(shí)：30%（上機(jī)作業(yè)） 考試：70%EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction3q數(shù)字集成電路的介紹數(shù)字集成電路的介紹 CMOS器件與工藝 導(dǎo)線(xiàn)模型 CMOS反相器和

2、邏輯門(mén) 傳輸延時(shí)、噪聲和功耗 組合、時(shí)序邏輯電路 設(shè)計(jì)方法學(xué)q能學(xué)到什么能學(xué)到什么 數(shù)字集成電路的入門(mén)介紹，從物理器件層到系統(tǒng)整片層的概念。強(qiáng)化數(shù)字電路知識(shí)，了解基于不同層次的Digital IC Design的流程，具備一定的基本數(shù)字集成電路的設(shè)計(jì)能力EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction4q數(shù)字集成電路設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)展q數(shù)字集成電路中亟待解決的問(wèn)題q如何衡量設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction5EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction6qTh

3、e Babbage Difference Engine (1832)q25,000 零件qCost: 17,470磅EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction7q電氣計(jì)算機(jī)磁控開(kāi)關(guān)磁控開(kāi)關(guān)真空管真空管 1946年年/18000q電子計(jì)算機(jī)晶體管晶體管/集成電路集成電路q沿革的動(dòng)力功耗功耗-可靠性可靠性-成成本本EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction8第一個(gè)晶體管Bell Labs, 1948BardeenSchockleyEE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntrodu

4、ction9雙極型邏輯1960sJack KilbyECL 3輸入邏輯門(mén)Motorola 1966EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction1019711000 晶體管1 MHz 工作頻率全定制人工設(shè)計(jì)EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction112000年億個(gè)晶體管GHz工作頻率可復(fù)用設(shè)計(jì) 基于單元庫(kù)/宏單元 層次化設(shè)計(jì) 設(shè)計(jì)自上而下 性能驅(qū)動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì) 功耗-速度-面積EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction12lIn 1965, Gordon Moore

5、noted that the number of transistors on a chip doubled every 18 to 24 months. lHe made a prediction that semiconductor technology will double its effectiveness every 18 monthsEE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction131615141312111098765432101959196019611962196319641965196619671968196919701971197

6、2197319741975LOG2 OF THE NUMBER OFCOMPONENTS PER INTEGRATED FUNCTIONElectronics, April 19, 1965.EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction14EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction151,000,000100,00010,0001,00010100119751980198519901995200020052010808680286i386i486PentiumPentium ProKPentium IIP

7、entium IIICourtesy, IntelEE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction1640048008808080858086286386486Pentium procP60.0010.010.1110100100019701980199020002010YearTransistors (MT)2X growth in 1.96 years!Transistors on Lead Microprocessors double every 2 yearsCourtesy, IntelEE141Digital Integrated Circu

8、itsIntroduction1740048008808080858086286386486Pentium procP611010019701980199020002010YearDie size (mm)7% growth per year2X growth in 10 yearsDie size grows by 14% to satisfy Moores LawCourtesy, IntelEE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction18P6Pentium proc486386286808680858080800840040.111010010

9、001000019701980199020002010YearFrequency (Mhz)Lead Microprocessors frequency doubles every 2 yearsDoubles every2 yearsCourtesy, IntelEE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction19P6Pentium proc486386286808680858080800840040.1110100197119741978198519922000YearPower (Watts)Lead Microprocessors power c

10、ontinues to increaseCourtesy, IntelEE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction205KW 18KW 1.5KW 500W 40048008808080858086286386486Pentium proc0.111010010001000010000019711974197819851992200020082012YearPower (Watts)能量的傳遞和耗散將變得不可能能量的傳遞和耗散將變得不可能Courtesy, IntelEE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroducti

11、on2140048008808080858086286386486Pentium procP611010010001000019701980199020002010YearPower Density (W/cm2)Hot Plate核反應(yīng)核反應(yīng)溫度溫度火箭噴嘴火箭噴嘴的溫度的溫度t功率密度過(guò)高導(dǎo)致節(jié)溫升高功率密度過(guò)高導(dǎo)致節(jié)溫升高Courtesy, IntelEE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction22數(shù)字電話(huà)市場(chǎng)數(shù)字電話(huà)市場(chǎng)(出貨量出貨量)1996 1997 1998 1999 2000Units 48M 86M 162M 260M 435MAn

12、alog BasebandDigital Baseband(DSP + MCU)PowerManagementSmall Signal RFPowerRF移動(dòng)電話(huà)EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction23 “微觀問(wèn)題微觀問(wèn)題” 超高速設(shè)計(jì)超高速設(shè)計(jì) 互連互連 噪聲、串?dāng)_噪聲、串?dāng)_ 可靠性、可制造性可靠性、可制造性 功耗功耗 時(shí)鐘分布時(shí)鐘分布 “宏觀問(wèn)題宏觀問(wèn)題” 產(chǎn)品上市周期產(chǎn)品上市周期 千百萬(wàn)門(mén)級(jí)千百萬(wàn)門(mén)級(jí) 高層次抽象高層次抽象 可復(fù)用可復(fù)用IP: 可移植性可移植性 可預(yù)測(cè)性可預(yù)測(cè)性 等等.EE141Digital Integrated Ci

13、rcuitsIntroduction241101001,00010,000100,0001,000,00010,000,000200319811983198519871989199119931995199719992001200520072009101001,00010,000100,0001,000,00010,000,000100,000,000Logic Tr./ChipTr./Staff Month.xxxxxxx21%/Yr. compoundProductivity growth ratex58%/Yr. compoundedComplexity growth rate10,000

14、1,0001001010.10.010.001Logic Transistor per Chip(M)0.010.11101001,00010,000100,000Productivity(K) Trans./Staff - Mo.Source: Sematech復(fù)雜度超出了設(shè)計(jì)能力（產(chǎn)率）復(fù)雜度超出了設(shè)計(jì)能力（產(chǎn)率）！ComplexityCourtesy, ITRS RoadmapEE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction25q工藝特征尺寸每代降低0.7q芯片按照功能每代兩倍增長(zhǎng) 芯片成本卻沒(méi)有大幅增加 每個(gè)功能的成本降低兩倍q但是 如何設(shè)計(jì)功能

15、更強(qiáng)的芯片? 設(shè)計(jì)人員卻沒(méi)有按照每?jī)赡暝鲩L(zhǎng)翻倍的速度增加q因此 需要更有效的設(shè)計(jì)方法 開(kāi)發(fā)不能級(jí)別的抽象 更多優(yōu)秀的仿真綜合工具EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction26n+n+SGD+DEVICECIRCUITGATEMODULESYSTEMEE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction27q如何去評(píng)價(jià)一個(gè)數(shù)字電路的性能? 成本（Cost） 可靠性（Reliability） 可伸縮性（Scalability） 速度（延時(shí)、操作頻率）Speed (delay, operating frequency)

16、功耗（Power dissipation） 完成某功能能量（Energy to perform a function）EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction28q靜態(tài)/穩(wěn)態(tài)特性 魯棒性可靠性q動(dòng)態(tài)/瞬態(tài)特性 速度性能q功耗特性 熱耗散/電源要求q芯片面積 制造成本EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction29q 固定成本NRE (non-recurrent engineering) 設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間和人工成本 一次性投入成本q 可變成本 Recurrent costs 芯片工藝、封裝、測(cè)試成本 與芯片數(shù)量成

17、正比 與芯片面積成正比EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction30V(x)V(y)VOHVOLVM VOHVOLfV(y)=V(x)Switching ThresholdNominal Voltage LevelsVOH = f(VOL)VOL = f(VOH)VM = f(VM)EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction31VILVIHVinSlope = -1Slope = -1VOLVOHVout“ 0”VOLVILVIHVOHUndefinedRegion“ 1”EE141Digital In

18、tegrated CircuitsIntroduction32Noise margin highNoise margin lowVIH VILUndefinedRegion10VOH VOLNMHNML邏輯門(mén)輸出邏輯門(mén)輸出邏輯門(mén)輸入邏輯門(mén)輸入NMH=VOH -VIHNML=VIL - VOL)EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction33i(t) Inductive coupling Capacitive couplingPower and ground noisev(t)VDDEE141Digital Integrated CircuitsInt

19、roduction34q噪聲源: 電源噪聲、干擾、串?dāng)_和偏移q為預(yù)計(jì)產(chǎn)生的噪聲源分配所允許的噪聲容限q區(qū)分固定噪聲和與信號(hào)幅度成比例噪聲源EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction35q噪聲容限不能代表一切 相比由低阻抗驅(qū)動(dòng)的節(jié)點(diǎn)，浮空節(jié)點(diǎn)更容易被干擾。q噪聲抑制能力是更為重要的指標(biāo)在系統(tǒng)噪聲存在的情況下正確處理和傳遞信息的能力q 關(guān)鍵的指標(biāo): 噪聲傳遞函數(shù)、驅(qū)動(dòng)器輸出阻抗和接收器輸入阻抗。EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction36 A chain of invertersv0v1v2v3v4v5v

20、62V (Volt)4v0v1v2t (nsec)02 11356810 Simulated responseEE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction37q把一個(gè)輸入電壓Vin（Vin“0”）加在一條具有N個(gè)反相器的鏈上，反相器個(gè)數(shù)為偶數(shù)，當(dāng)且僅當(dāng)反相器具有再生性是輸出電壓Vout（N-）將等于VOL。當(dāng)輸入電壓Vin（Vin“1”），輸出電壓Vout（N-）將等于VOHEE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction38v0v1v3finv(v)f(v)v3outv2inRegenerativeNon-R

21、egenerativev2v1f(v)finv(v)v3outv0inout=f(in)in=finv(out)EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction39NFan-out NFan-in MMEE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction40Ri = Ro = 0Fanout = NMH = NML = VDD/2 g = VinVoutEE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction41NMHVin (V)Vout(V)NMLVM0.01.02.03.04.05

22、.01.02.03.04.05.0通過(guò)觀察推導(dǎo)該結(jié)構(gòu)的DC參數(shù)？VOH VOLVIH VILVMNMH NMLEE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction42VouttftpHLtpLHtrtVint90%10%50%50%EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction43v0v1v5v1v2v0v3v4v5T = 2 tp N000111EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction44EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduc

23、tion45voutvinCR達(dá)到50%點(diǎn)的時(shí)間：tp = ln (2) = 0.69 RC=0.69從10%達(dá)到90% 的時(shí)間tp = ln (9) = 2.2RC=2.2反相器傳播延時(shí)的重要模型EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction46q數(shù)字集成電路設(shè)計(jì)方法的演變 手工制作設(shè)計(jì)自動(dòng)化基于單元庫(kù)和IP核、自上而下的層次化設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)抽象是關(guān)鍵“黑盒子”或“模型”l參數(shù)簡(jiǎn)化，但足以精確到滿(mǎn)足上一層設(shè)計(jì)需要“分而治之”方法降低處理復(fù)雜度l不直接面臨眾多晶體管，而是一組服用單元EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntrod

24、uction47q自上而下的層次化設(shè)計(jì)流程 系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)級(jí) 算法：C+，matlab 模塊級(jí) RTL（VHDL/Verilog語(yǔ)言）：Synopsys/Metor 門(mén)級(jí)（邏輯） 邏輯綜合/時(shí)序/功耗分析：Synopsys 晶體管級(jí)（電路） 模擬電路分析：Cadence/Synopsys/Mentor 器件級(jí)（版圖） 布局布線(xiàn)/驗(yàn)證/后仿真：Cadence/MentorEE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction48q模擬設(shè)計(jì)自動(dòng)化？ 有效模型困難參數(shù)眾多 工藝依賴(lài)性連續(xù)信號(hào) 單元電路結(jié)構(gòu)各異單元庫(kù)數(shù)目龐大，復(fù)用效率低EE141Digital Integrated CircuitsIntroduction4