理論力學的底層邏輯之一

1、80光子構(gòu)成萬事萬物理論力學的底層邏輯之一胡良，Hu Liang摘要：理論力學包括靜力學(靜力學公理，物體的受力分析，平面力，空間力系及摩擦等)，運動學(點的運動學，剛體的簡單運動，點的合成運動及剛體的平面運動等)和動力學(含質(zhì)點動力學的基本方程，動量定理，動量矩定理，動能定理，達朗貝爾原理及虛位移原理等)。宇宙天體的質(zhì)量是一個重要的物理學量，當小質(zhì)量天體遇到大質(zhì)量天體的時，就只能處于從屬地位。麥克斯韋方程組在洛倫茲變換之下，是保持協(xié)變的。但是，麥克斯韋方程組在伽利略變換之下，卻是非協(xié)變的。萬有引力常數(shù)是萬有引力的核心邏輯；最大的信號速度（真空中的光速）是相對論的核心邏輯；而普朗克常數(shù)則是量子

2、力學的核心邏輯。關(guān)鍵詞：動量定理，動量矩定理，動能定理，天體，質(zhì)量，萬有引力，協(xié)變性原理，坐標變換，波粒二象性，萬有引力常數(shù)，卡文迪許扭秤，測量，光子，電子，質(zhì)量，能量，動量，相對論，量子力學，電磁學，普朗克常數(shù)第1部分， 引言Part I, Introduction在童年時，我就能理解三件事情的重要性。第一件事情，量綱的重要性;一斤油加二斤鹽只能是等于一斤油加二斤鹽。這意味著，量綱極其重要。第二件事情，相位的重要性當太陽每天從東邊升起，然后再從西邊落下，僅僅是地球相對于太陽的位置有所不同；而相位就是可用虛數(shù)表達。這意味著，相位極其重要。第三件事情，內(nèi)稟屬性與背景空間的聯(lián)系每一個人都有屬于本身

3、的屬性（粒子屬性），也一定與外界有聯(lián)系（波動屬性）；而一個人與外界的聯(lián)系總和，總是體現(xiàn)為一個有限的量（量子化）。As a child, I was able to understand the importance of three things.The first thing, the importance of dimensions;One pound of oil and two pounds of salt can only be equal to one pound of oil and two pounds of salt. This means that dimensions a

4、re extremely important.The second thing, the importance of aspectsWhen the sun rises in the east and sets in the west every day, it is only the position of the earth relative to the sun that is different; and the phases are expressed in imaginary numbers. This means that the phase is extremely impor

5、tant.The third thing, the connection between intrinsic properties and background spaceEach person has its own properties (particle properties), and must also be connected with the outside world (wave properties); and the sum of a persons connections with the outside world is always embodied in a lim

6、ited quantity (quantization).總之，所有的物質(zhì)都處在一個無窮大的容器之中。物質(zhì)由荷及相應(yīng)的場組成；物質(zhì)的荷是固態(tài)的（具有鋼性），體現(xiàn)為信號速度（因果律）；物質(zhì)的場是糾纏的（超距），體現(xiàn)了物質(zhì)之間的相互聯(lián)系。光子是最基本的基本粒子；光子之間相互碰撞可形成其它基本粒子（電子，質(zhì)子及中子等）。再由基本粒子構(gòu)成所有的其它物質(zhì)。宇宙具有核式結(jié)構(gòu)。In short, all matter is in an infinite container. Matter is composed of charge and corresponding field; the charge of

7、 matter is solid (with rigidity), which is reflected in the signal speed (causality); the field of matter is entangled (extra-distance), which reflects the interconnection between matter.Photons are the most basic elementary particles; photons collide with each other to form other elementary particl

8、es (electrons, protons, neutrons, etc.). All other matter is then made up of elementary particles. The universe has a nuclear structure.值得一提的是，第一代物理學家是以牛頓為代表；第二代物理學家是以愛因斯坦為代表；第三代物理學家是以量子三維常數(shù)理論為代表。而量子三維常數(shù)理論是宇宙的終極定理。It is worth mentioning that the first generation of physicists was represented by Newt

9、on; the second generation of physicists was represented by Einstein;The third generation of physicists is represented by the quantum three-dimensional constant theory. The quantum three-dimensional constant theory is the ultimate theorem of the universe.真理一定是簡約的，真理也表現(xiàn)出豐富多彩。宇宙（核式結(jié)構(gòu)）是無窮大的，人類也將永恒生存在宇宙之

10、中。我是幸運的，人類是幸運的，宇宙是幸運的，所有的一切都是幸運的。The truth must be simple, and the truth also shows richness. The universe (nuclear structure) is infinite, and human beings will live in the universe forever.I am lucky, human beings are lucky, the universe is lucky, and everything is lucky.物質(zhì)具有永恒性，同時，具有各種形態(tài)變化。物質(zhì)總是保持

11、不斷運動，物質(zhì)的運動是最基本的屬性。物質(zhì)的能量是物質(zhì)運動轉(zhuǎn)換的量度；能量可表達物理系統(tǒng)做功的本領(lǐng)（量度）。對稱性是指在進行某種操作之后，體現(xiàn)的不變性。對于物理學來說，對稱性是極其重要的屬性。例如，鏡面對稱性（手性對稱性）是指經(jīng)過空間反轉(zhuǎn)操作之后，保持不變。這意味著，鏡子中的物體，除了左右不同之外，其它完全相同。每一種對稱性都對應(yīng)著一個守恒量，例如，空間平移不變性對應(yīng)著動量守恒；時間平移不變性對應(yīng)著能量守恒；空間轉(zhuǎn)動不變性對應(yīng)著角動量守恒等。Matter is eternal, and at the same time, it has various forms. Matter is alway

12、s in constant motion, and the motion of matter is the most basic property. The energy of matter is a measure of the transformation of matter motion; energy can express the ability (measure) of a physical system to do work.Symmetry refers to the invariance that is embodied after some operation is per

13、formed. Symmetry is an extremely important property for physics. For example, mirror symmetry (chiral symmetry) means that it remains unchanged after a spatial reversal operation. This means that the objects in the mirror are identical except for the left and right. Each symmetry corresponds to a co

14、nserved quantity, for example, the invariance of space translation corresponds to the conservation of momentum; the invariance of time translation corresponds to the conservation of energy; the invariance of space rotation corresponds to the conservation of angular momentum, etc.勢阱是指勢能函數(shù)曲線在某一個空間（有限范

15、圍內(nèi)）勢能最小；類似于粒子在力場中運動中，遇到一個陷阱。換句話說，勢阱是指電子的勢能圖像體現(xiàn)為一個波的形狀；當電子處于波谷，電子就很難跑出來。對于量子力學來說，電子具有某些概率穿過勢阱跑出來，可稱為隧穿效應(yīng)。這意味著，粒子處于束縛態(tài)就是粒子的運動都被限制在一個很小的空間范圍以內(nèi)。宇宙天體的質(zhì)量是一個重要的物理學量，當小質(zhì)量天體遇到大質(zhì)量天體的時，就只能處于從屬地位。衛(wèi)星的質(zhì)量小于行星，因此，衛(wèi)星圍繞行星運行；行星的質(zhì)量小于恒星，因此，行星圍繞恒星運行。顯然，當小質(zhì)量天體遇到大質(zhì)量天體的時，就會被其引力捕獲為其附屬天體。Potential well means that the potentia

16、l energy function curve has the smallest potential energy in a certain space (in a limited range); it is similar to a particle encountering a trap when moving in a force field. In other words, a potential well is an image of an electron's potential energy embodied in the shape of a wave; when an

17、 electron is in a valley, it is difficult for the electron to escape. For quantum mechanics, electrons have a certain probability to escape through the potential well, which can be called tunneling effect. This means that the particle is in a bound state, that is, the movement of the particle is res

18、tricted to a small spatial range.The mass of cosmic celestial bodies is an important physical quantity. When a low-mass celestial body encounters a large-mass celestial body, it can only be in a subordinate position. Satellites are less massive than planets, so satellites orbit planets; planets are

19、less massive than stars, so planets orbit stars. Obviously, when a low-mass celestial body encounters a large-mass celestial body, it will be captured by its gravitational force as its subsidiary celestial body.萬物起源是什么，萬物運行基本規(guī)律是什么，萬物又是從哪兒來的，基本粒子的起源到底是什么。為什么現(xiàn)有的物理學理論都是近似的理論，并不能真正解釋基本粒子等的起源。為什么量子三維常數(shù)理論

20、才是萬物之理（真正的大統(tǒng)一理論），才能夠完全解釋這些問題，并且從定量及定性方面都能夠完全解釋這些問題。量子三維常數(shù)理論能夠通過量子結(jié)構(gòu)將廣義相對論，萬有引力及基本粒子等都能夠統(tǒng)一起來。What is the origin of all things, what are the basic laws of the operation of all things, where did all things come from, and what are the origins of fundamental particles?Why the existing physical theories a

21、re all approximate theories and cannot really explain the origin of elementary particles etc. Why is the quantum three-dimensional constant theory the principle of everything (the true grand unified theory), can it fully explain these problems, and can fully explain these problems from both quantita

22、tive and qualitative aspects. The quantum three-dimensional constant theory can unify general relativity, universal gravitation and elementary particles through quantum structure.根據(jù)變換參考系的方式不同，可分為如下時空，伽利略時空,閔可夫斯基時空及歐幾里得時空。伽利略時空的參照系變換是沿著直線的旋轉(zhuǎn)，所以橫軸時間（t）保持不變，事件之間的時間及距離與參照系無關(guān)。伽利略變換的核心是假設(shè)時間及空間是絕對的；時間及空間相互

23、之間是完全獨立的；時間保持均勻流逝，而空間均勻分布（具有各向同性）。伽利略變換是經(jīng)典力學的核心邏輯。該理論認為空間具有獨立性，與在其中物體的運動無關(guān)，而時間是均勻流逝的（線性的）。所謂絕對是指長度的量度及時間的量度均與參考系的運動（或參考系的選擇）無關(guān)。According to the different ways of transforming the reference frame, it can be divided into the following space-time, Galilean space-time, Minkowski space-time and Euclidean

24、 space-time.The reference frame transformation of Galileo's space-time is a rotation along a straight line, so the horizontal axis time (t) remains unchanged, and the time and distance between events have nothing to do with the reference frame. The core of the Galilean transformation is the assu

25、mption that time and space are absolute; time and space are completely independent of each other; time remains uniform, and space is uniformly distributed (with isotropy). Galileo transformation is the core logic of classical mechanics. The theory holds that space is independent, independent of the

26、motion of objects in it, while time passes uniformly (linearly). The so-called absolute means that the measure of length and the measure of time are independent of the motion of the reference frame (or the choice of the reference frame).根據(jù)量子三維常數(shù)理論，對于兩個孤立量子體系來說，如果兩個孤立量子體系相互之間體現(xiàn)為相對縱波屬性，就屬于伽利略時空。Accord

27、ing to the quantum three-dimensional constant theory, for two isolated quantum systems, if the two isolated quantum systems manifest relative longitudinal wave properties to each other, they belong to Galilean space-time.閔可夫斯基時空（閔可夫斯基空間）的參照系變換是沿著雙曲線的旋轉(zhuǎn)（保持不變），時間間隔（包括方向）與參照系有關(guān)。狹義相對論（閔可夫斯基時空）中的時空觀，是指空間

28、及時間遵從洛倫茲變換；長度及時間的量度都與參考系的速度有關(guān)。閔可夫斯基空間具有如下屬性:任意兩個時間向量不可能相互正交;任意一個時間向量都不可能正交于一個光向量;兩個光向量正交的充分必要條件是它們線性相關(guān).根據(jù)量子三維常數(shù)理論，對于兩個孤立量子體系來說，如果兩個孤立量子體系相互之間體現(xiàn)為部分相對橫波屬性及部分相對縱波屬性，就屬于閔可夫斯基時空。According to the quantum three-dimensional constant theory, for two isolated quantum systems, if the two isolated quantum syste

29、ms have partial relative shear wave properties and partial relative longitudinal wave properties, they belong to Minkowski space-time.歐幾里得時空（希爾伯特空間）的參照系變換是沿著圓的旋轉(zhuǎn)（保持不變），時間間隔（包括方向）與參照系有關(guān)。該數(shù)學空間可被擴展到任何有限維度，即，n維歐幾里得空間(有限維實內(nèi)積空間）。歐幾里得空間（希爾伯特空間）簡稱為歐氏空間(平直空間)的定義，設(shè)V是實數(shù)域R上的線性空間(向量空間)，假如V上定義著正定對稱雙線性型g(內(nèi)積)，則V稱為(

30、對于g的)內(nèi)積空間或歐幾里德空間(有時僅當V是有限維時，才稱為歐幾里德空間)。根據(jù)量子三維常數(shù)理論，對于兩個孤立量子體系來說，如果兩個孤立量子體系相互之間體現(xiàn)為相對橫波屬性，就屬于歐幾里得空間（希爾伯特空間）。According to the quantum three-dimensional constant theory, for two isolated quantum systems, if the two isolated quantum systems manifest relative shear wave properties to each other, they belon

31、g to Euclidean space (Hilbert space).總之，三個時空都具有各自的參照系不變量（幾何學家將該不變量作為距離的定義）；顯然，基于距離的幾何學分析，就與參照系沒有關(guān)系了。In short,All three space-times have their own reference frame invariants (geometers use this invariant as the definition of distance); obviously, the geometric analysis based on distance has nothing t

32、o do with the reference frame.值得注意的是，洛倫茲變換（與引力有關(guān)）與伽利略變換（與引力無關(guān)）是完全不同的；因為，兩者的邏輯是完全不同的。也就是說，不管在高速，還是在低速的情況下，兩者也完全不同。It is worth noting that the Lorentz transformation (related to gravity) and the Galileo transformation (not related to gravity) are completely different; because, the logic of the two is

33、completely different.That is to say, no matter at high speed or low speed, the two are completely different.標準模型理論，標準模型只是一個近似的理論；萬有引力理論（近似的理論），統(tǒng)一了天體運動及地面上物體運動的規(guī)律（主要的數(shù)學工具是微積分）。麥克斯韋方程（近似的理論），建立了電，磁及光等的聯(lián)系（主要的數(shù)學工具是微積分）。廣義相對論（近似的理論），將時間空間的彎曲及引力作用統(tǒng)一起來了（主要的數(shù)學工具是黎曼幾何）。量子力學（近似的理論），提出了量子化概念及波函數(shù)概念（主要的數(shù)學工具是線性代數(shù)

34、）。Standard Model theory, the Standard Model is only an approximate theory; the theory of universal gravitation (an approximate theory) unifies the laws of celestial motion and the motion of objects on the ground (the main mathematical tool is calculus). Maxwell's equations (the theory of approxi

35、mations), establishing the connections between electricity, magnetism, and light (the main mathematical tool is calculus). General relativity (an approximate theory), which unifies the curvature of time and space and the effects of gravity (the main mathematical tool is Riemannian geometry). Quantum

36、 mechanics (the theory of approximation), which proposes the concept of quantization and the concept of wave function (the main mathematical tool is linear algebra).量子三維常數(shù)理論認為，所有的物質(zhì)都是量子化的；最基本的基本粒子就光子，光子是由荷（空間荷，質(zhì)量荷等）及相應(yīng)的場（能量動量場，質(zhì)量場等）組成的；然后，光子通過相互碰撞形成電子，正電子，質(zhì)子，負質(zhì)子，中子及中微子等基本粒子。電子由荷（負電荷）及相應(yīng)的場（電場）組成；內(nèi)稟自旋

37、的電子由荷（電子磁荷）及相應(yīng)的場（電子磁場）組成；質(zhì)子由荷（正電荷）及相應(yīng)的場（電場）組成；內(nèi)稟自旋的質(zhì)子由荷（質(zhì)子磁荷）及相應(yīng)的場（質(zhì)子磁場）組成。The quantum three-dimensional constant theory believes that all matter is quantized; the most basic elementary particle is the photon, which is composed of charge (space charge, mass charge, etc.) and corresponding fields (en

38、ergy momentum field, mass field, etc.) Then, photons collide with each other to form elementary particles such as electrons, positrons, protons, negative protons, neutrons and neutrinos.Electrons are composed of charges (negative charges) and corresponding fields (electric fields); electrons with in

39、trinsic spin are composed of charges (electron magnetic charges) and corresponding fields (electron magnetic fields);Protons are composed of charges (positive charges) and corresponding fields (electric fields); protons with intrinsic spin are composed of charges (proton magnetic charges) and corres

40、ponding fields (proton magnetic fields).值得一提是，玻色子是由荷（空間荷，質(zhì)量荷）與相應(yīng)的場（能量動量場，質(zhì)量場）組成的。費米子是由荷（電荷，磁荷）及相應(yīng)的場（電場，磁場）組成的。 對于多體系統(tǒng)來說，基本粒子通過相應(yīng)的場糾纏在一起。量子糾纏（超距）就是引力的來源。基本粒子（類似于量子比特）是由荷及相應(yīng)的場組成的。基本粒子的內(nèi)稟屬性取決于荷的結(jié)構(gòu)（類似于量子比特的組織結(jié)構(gòu)），體現(xiàn)為信號速度；基本粒子的糾纏取決于基本粒子相應(yīng)的場，體現(xiàn)為超距。It is worth mentioning that bosons are composed of charges

41、(space charge, mass charge) and corresponding fields (energy-momentum field, mass field). Fermions are composed of charges (electric charges, magnetic charges) and corresponding fields (electric fields, magnetic fields). For many-body systems, elementary particles are entangled together by correspon

42、ding fields. Quantum entanglement (extreme distance) is the source of gravity.Elementary particles (similar to qubits) are composed of charges and corresponding fields. The intrinsic properties of elementary particles depend on the structure of the charge (similar to the organizational structure of

43、qubits), which is reflected in the speed of signals;凝聚態(tài)物理的底層邏輯就是對多體系統(tǒng)的量子糾纏進行研究。由于物質(zhì)是量子化的，對多體系統(tǒng)的量子糾纏的研究 (對拓撲物態(tài)的研究)，也屬于量子場論（宏觀）。量子比特的量子糾纏（超距）就是通過質(zhì)量場（或能量動量場）糾纏。值得一提的是，量子比特的渦旋就是通過電場（或磁場）糾纏。The underlying logic of condensed matter physics is to study the quantum entanglement of many-body systems. Since m

44、atter is quantized, the study of quantum entanglement in many-body systems (the study of topological states of matter) also belongs to quantum field theory (macro).Quantum entanglement (over-distance) of qubits is entanglement through mass fields (or energy-momentum fields). It is worth mentioning t

45、hat the vortices of qubits are entangled by electric (or magnetic) fields.量子三維常數(shù)理論解釋了基本粒子的起源及相應(yīng)的統(tǒng)一；物質(zhì)是由荷及相應(yīng)的場組成的。從量子比特的角度來看，這意味著，物質(zhì)與信息是等價的；物質(zhì)（信息）就是荷及相應(yīng)的場。由此可見，量子三維常數(shù)理論理論可具體解釋基本粒子的起源及統(tǒng)一，可將基本粒子及相互作用全部統(tǒng)一起來(包括萬有引力)。物理學是簡約的，萬物都來源于光子；物質(zhì)是由荷及相應(yīng)的場組成的；荷具有信號速度，場具有超距效應(yīng)；物質(zhì)是量子化的，能量是連續(xù)變化的；宇宙及粒子都具有波粒二象性；量子三維常數(shù)理論是真正

46、的大統(tǒng)一理論。The theory of quantum three-dimensional constants explains the origin of elementary particles and the corresponding unification; matter is composed of charges and corresponding fields. From a qubit perspective, this means that matter and information are equivalent; matter (information) is the

47、 charge and the corresponding field. It can be seen that the quantum three-dimensional constant theory can specifically explain the origin and unity of elementary particles, and can unify all elementary particles and interactions (including universal gravitation).Physics is simple, everything comes

48、from photons; matter is composed of charges and corresponding fields; charges have signal speed, and fields have super-distance effects; matter is quantized, and energy is continuously changing; the universe and particles are both It has wave-particle duality; the quantum three-dimensional constant

49、theory is a real grand unified theory.宇宙大爆炸理論是錯的，宇宙是無窮大的，具有核式結(jié)構(gòu)；引力波就是宏觀的聲波；暗物質(zhì)及暗能量是不存在的；磁單極子是不存在的；光子是最基本的基本粒子，萬事萬物都是由光子演變而來；等效原理有缺陷（比薩斜塔實驗的結(jié)論是錯的）；在一定邊界條件下，熵增原理才成立。中子也屬于玻色子；最小作用量原理基本正確；總之，現(xiàn)有的物理學理論都需要進一步完善；量子三維常數(shù)理論就是萬物之理。The Big Bang Theory is wrong, the universe is infinite and has a nuclear structur

50、e; gravitational waves are macroscopic sound waves; dark matter and dark energy do not exist; magnetic monopoles do not exist; photons are the most basic elementary particles , everything is evolved from photons; the equivalence principle is flawed (the conclusion of the Leaning Tower of Pisa experi

51、ment is wrong); under certain boundary conditions, the principle of entropy increase can be established. Neutrons also belong to bosons; the principle of least action is basically correct; in short, the existing physical theories need to be further improved; the theory of quantum three-dimensional c

52、onstants is the principle of everything.從另一個角度來看，基本粒子是由荷及相應(yīng)的場組成的。荷具有實體空間，荷與荷之間是具有距離的；場不具有實體空間，場與場之間是超距的（糾纏的）。值得注意的是，荷與荷之間一定會通過相應(yīng)的場聯(lián)系起來。From another point of view, elementary particles are composed of charges and corresponding fields. The charge has a solid space, and there is a distance between the

53、charge and the charge; the field does not have a solid space, and the field and the field are super-distance (entangled). It is worth noting that the charge and the charge must be connected by the corresponding field. 第二部，光子及基本粒子光子是萬物之源，物質(zhì)是由光子組成，眾多的光子構(gòu)成了豐富多彩的物質(zhì)。具體來說，光子通過相互碰撞形成電子，質(zhì)子及中子等基本粒子；然后，再由基本粒子

54、形成萬事萬物。Part II, Photons and Elementary ParticlesPhotons are the source of all things, matter is composed of photons, and many photons constitute colorful matter. Specifically, photons collide with each other to form elementary particles such as electrons, protons and neutrons; then, everything is fo

55、rmed from elementary particles.1物質(zhì)的量綱及量綱分析1.1基本粒子的量綱根據(jù)德布羅意波長公式，電子的動量與電子的波長的聯(lián)系可表達為：1 Dimension and Dimensional Analysis of Matter1.1 Dimensions of elementary particlesAccording to the de Broglie wavelength formula, the relationship between the momentum of the electron and the wavelength of the electr

56、on can be expressed as: p=e;或，or , =pe=meVe;顯然，Obviously,C=pCe=me(VC)e=meVe(2)e;其中，p，電子的動量，量綱，<L(3)T(-1)>*>L(1)T(-1)<；，普朗克常數(shù)，量綱，<L(3)T(0)>*>L(2)T(-2)<；e，電子的波長，量綱，>L(1)T(0)<；C ，最大的信號速度（真空中的光速），量綱，>L(1)T(-1)<；me，電子的質(zhì)量，量綱，<L(3)T(-1)>；V，電子的相對速度，量綱,>L(1)T(-1)&

57、lt;；Ve，電子的信號速度，量綱,>L(1)T(-1)<；C，量子三維常數(shù)，量綱，<L(3)T(0)>*>L(3)T(-3)<.in,p， electron momentum, dimension, <L(3)T(-1)>*>L(1)T(-1)<， Planck's constant, dimension, <L(3)T(0)>*>L(2)T(-2)<e， the wavelength of the electron, dimension, >L(1)T(0)<C ，Maximum sig

58、nal speed (speed of light in vacuum), dimension, >L(1)T(-1)<me， the mass of the electron, dimension, <L(3)T(-1)>V， the relative velocity of electrons, dimension, >L(1)T(-1)<Ve， the signal speed of the electron, dimension, >L(1)T(-1)<C, quantum three-dimensional constant, dimension, <L(3)T(0)>*>L(3)T(-3)<.對于光子來說，可表達為：For photons, it can be expressed as: C=(f)=(fC2)C2=(EC2)C2=mC2.其中，普朗克常數(shù)，量綱，<L(3)T(0)>*>L(2)T(-2)<；C ，最大的信號速度（真空中的光速），量綱，>L(1)T(-1)<；m，光子的相對質(zhì)量，量綱，<L(3)T(0)>*>L(0)T(-1)<；，光子的波長，量綱，>L(1)T(0)<；f,光子的頻