工程管理專業(yè)英語(yǔ) 第3章

1、3.1 Factors Affecting Job-Site Productivity影響工地生產(chǎn)率的因素Job-site productivity is influenced by many factors which can be characterized either as labor characteristics, project work conditions or as non-productive activities. 影響工地生產(chǎn)率的因素很多，大致分為勞動(dòng)力特性、工程工作條件（環(huán)境）和非生產(chǎn)性活動(dòng)。The labor characteristics include:勞力特

2、性包含：Age, skill and experience of workforceLeadership and motivation of workforce員工的年齡、技能和工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)員工的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力和動(dòng)力The project work conditions include among other factors:工程施工環(huán)境因素包括：Sob size and complexity工作規(guī)模和復(fù)雜性Job site accessibility工作場(chǎng)地的易接近性Labor availability勞力的可用性Equipment utilization設(shè)備的使用Contractual agreeme

3、nts合同Local climate當(dāng)?shù)氐臍夂騆ocal cultural characteristics, particularly in foreign operations當(dāng)?shù)氐奈幕卣?，特別是海外工作的文化特征The non-productive activities associated with（與相關(guān)，與聯(lián)系） a project may or may not be paid by the owner, but they nevertheless take up potential labor resources（占據(jù)可能的勞動(dòng)力資源） which can otherwise b

4、e directed to the project.與項(xiàng)目有關(guān)的非生產(chǎn)型工作業(yè)主可以支付，也可以不支付，但他們占據(jù)潛在的勞動(dòng)力資源，這些資源原本可以投入到項(xiàng)目中的.The non-productive activities include among other factors:非生產(chǎn)型活動(dòng)包括：Indirect labor required to maintain the progress of the project維護(hù)工程進(jìn)度的間接性勞力Rework for correcting unsatisfactory（不合格的） work不合格任務(wù)的返工Temporary work stoppa

5、ge（停工） due to inclement （嚴(yán)酷的）weather or material shortage嚴(yán)酷的天氣或者物料缺乏導(dǎo)致的臨時(shí)停工Time off for union activities因工會(huì)活動(dòng)而休假Absentee（缺勤） time, including late start and early quits缺勤時(shí)間，包括遲到和早退Non-working holidays節(jié)假日Strikes罷工Each category of factors affects the productive labor available to a project as well as t

6、he on-site labor efficiency.每類因素都影響生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)力的可用性和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)勞動(dòng)力效率。Labor Characteristics勞動(dòng)力特征勞動(dòng)力特征Performance analysis is a common tool for assessing worker quality and contribution. 績(jī)效分析是評(píng)定員工能力和貢獻(xiàn)的一種通用方法。Factors that might be evaluated include:評(píng)估的要素可以包括：Quality of work-caliber of work produced or accomplished工作質(zhì)

7、量所完成工作的水準(zhǔn)Quantity of work-volume of acceptable work工作數(shù)量可承擔(dān)工作的份量Job knowledge-demonstrated（證明，說(shuō)明，表示） knowledge of requirements, methods, techniques and skills involved in doing the job and in applying these to increase productivity工作知識(shí)工作中應(yīng)用到的需求知識(shí)、方法、技能和技巧，以提高生產(chǎn)率效率Related Work Knowledge knowledge of e

8、ffects of work upon other areas and knowledge of related areas which have influence on assigned work相關(guān)的工作知識(shí)其他相關(guān)領(lǐng)域能對(duì)當(dāng)前工作產(chǎn)生影響和效果的知識(shí)Judgment-soundness of conclusion, decisions and actions穩(wěn)健的判斷力，用于總結(jié)、決策和行動(dòng)Initiative-ability to take effective action without being told主動(dòng)性，積極主動(dòng)高效的執(zhí)行工作Resource Utilization-a

9、bility to delineate（敘述、歸納） project needs and locate, plan and effectively use all resources available.資源的利用能力，歸納項(xiàng)目的需求，確定計(jì)劃和有效利用所有可用的資源These different factors could each be assessed on a three point scale:(1)recognized strength,(2)meets expectations,(3)area needing improvement. 這些不同的因素可以評(píng)定為三個(gè)等級(jí)：1）優(yōu)秀2

10、）達(dá)到期望3）需要進(jìn)步。Examples of work performance in these areas might also be provided.也可以提供這些方面工作績(jī)效的例子。Project work conditions工作環(huán)境工作環(huán)境Job-site labor productivity （現(xiàn)場(chǎng)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率）can be estimated either for each craft（工藝，行業(yè)）(carpenter, bricklayer, etc.) or each type of construction (residential housing, processing

11、 plant, etc.) under a specific set of work conditions. 在特定的工作環(huán)境下，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率可以按照工種進(jìn)行進(jìn)行評(píng)估（如木匠，瓦匠等），也可以按照建設(shè)類型評(píng)估（如住宅，流程型工廠等）。A base（基準(zhǔn)） labor productivity may be defined for a set of work conditions specified（指定;具體說(shuō)明,詳細(xì)說(shuō)明 ） by the owner or contractor who wishes to observe and measure the labor performance

12、over a period of time under such conditions.基準(zhǔn)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率可以定義為： 在給定的工作條件（環(huán)境）下，業(yè)主或承包商期望觀測(cè)和衡量（此條件下）的一段時(shí)期內(nèi)的勞動(dòng)績(jī)效。A labor productivity index（指數(shù)） may then be defined as the ratio（比率） of the job-site labor productivity under a different set of work conditions to the base labor productivity, and【從此處斷開(kāi)翻譯從此處斷開(kāi)翻譯】 i

13、s a measure of the relative（相對(duì)的） labor efficiency of a project under this new set of work conditions.勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)可以定義為不同工作條件下現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率和基準(zhǔn)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的比率，它是對(duì)新工作條件下的項(xiàng)目中勞動(dòng)力相對(duì)效率的計(jì)量。The effects of various factors related to work conditions on a new project can be estimated in advance, some more accurately than others

14、（指index）.勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)（可以）比其他指標(biāo)更準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)估與新項(xiàng)目工作條件相關(guān)的各種影響因素。Eg1： They should check the day-light conditions and ventilation in different weather conditions in advance, if possible. 如果有條件的話,應(yīng)提前提前對(duì)房屋在不同天氣狀況下的采光及通風(fēng)狀況進(jìn)行考察。eg： Another was that startups had to decide in advance how much to raise. 另一個(gè)問(wèn)題是創(chuàng)業(yè)公司必須提前提前確定籌

15、資數(shù)目。For example, for very large construction projects, the labor productivity index tends to decrease as the project size and/or complexity(工程規(guī)模和/或復(fù)雜性) increase because of logistic（邏輯的、后勤的） problems（后勤問(wèn)題） and the “l(fā)earning” that the work force must undergo before adjusting to the new environment.log

16、istic*A Thinking about Logistic Problem of Architectural Formal Language. 對(duì)建筑形式語(yǔ)言邏輯問(wèn)題邏輯問(wèn)題的思考* The Problem of Logistic Industry Development in China and Policy Recommendation.我國(guó)物流物流產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展中的問(wèn)題問(wèn)題和政策建議*logistic air support空中后勤支援空中后勤支援*logistic base供應(yīng)基地供應(yīng)基地*logistic system科學(xué)化后勤制度科學(xué)化后勤制度 課后注釋3：對(duì)大型的建設(shè)項(xiàng)目，因?yàn)楹笄?/p>

17、問(wèn)題和勞動(dòng)力在適應(yīng)新環(huán)境前必須經(jīng)過(guò)的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程，隨著項(xiàng)目規(guī)模和/或復(fù)雜性的增長(zhǎng)，勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)力指數(shù)趨于下降。Job-site accessibility often may reduce the labor productivity index if the workers must perform their jobs in round about ways, such as avoiding traffic in repaving the highway surface or maintaining the operation of a plant during renovation.round

18、 about：繞大圈子的,迂回的(路等);轉(zhuǎn)彎抹角的,委婉的;包圍著的,廣泛包含的;長(zhǎng)胖了的 Eg： I have had some experience of the great Cuffs round-about ways. 我對(duì)這位神通廣大的卡夫的門(mén)道門(mén)道也摸透了幾分。翻譯：如果工人們必須按（迂回、繞彎）規(guī)定的工作方式操作，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)輔助功能往往可能會(huì)降低勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)力指數(shù)，例如避免交通shigu路面加鋪或在裝修過(guò)程中維持工廠運(yùn)營(yíng)。Labor availability in the local market is another factor.在本地市場(chǎng)的勞動(dòng)力可用性是另一個(gè)因素。Shortage

19、 of local labor will force the contractor to bring in non-local labor or schedule overtime work or both.本地勞動(dòng)力短缺將迫使承建商引入非本地勞動(dòng)力或/和安排加班工時(shí)。 In either case, the labor efficiency will be reduced in addition to incurring additional expense.在這兩種（引入非本地勞動(dòng)力或/和安排加班工時(shí)）情況下，除了產(chǎn)生額外的費(fèi)用，勞動(dòng)效率將減少。The degree of equipmen

20、t utilization and mechanization(設(shè)備利用率和機(jī)械化) of a construction project clearly will have direct bearing on job-site labor productivity.建筑項(xiàng)目的設(shè)備利用率和機(jī)械化程度對(duì)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率有直接影響。The contractual agreements play an important role in （the utilization of union or non-union(公會(huì)或非公會(huì)) labor, the use of subcontractors and

21、 the degree of field supervision）, all of which will impact job-site labor productivity.合同協(xié)議在使用工會(huì)或非工會(huì)勞動(dòng)力、使用分包商和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)督程度中發(fā)揮重要的作用，而所有這些都將影響現(xiàn)場(chǎng)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率。Since on-site construction essentially involves outdoor activities, the local climate will influence the efficiency of workers directly.由于現(xiàn)場(chǎng)施工主要涉及戶外活動(dòng)，因此當(dāng)?shù)氐臍?/p>

22、候會(huì)直接影響工作效率。In foreign operations, the cultural characteristics of the host country should be observed in assessing the labor efficiency.在海外業(yè)務(wù)中，在評(píng)估勞動(dòng)效率中要注意東道國(guó)的文化特色。Eg：Which country will be the host country for the next Olympic Games? 哪個(gè)國(guó)家將是下屆奧運(yùn)會(huì)的主辦主辦國(guó)?Non-productive Activities非生產(chǎn)型勞動(dòng)The non-productive

23、 activities associated with a project should also be examined in order to examine the productive labor yield(有效勞動(dòng)產(chǎn)出), which is defined as the ratio of direct labor hours devoted to the completion of a project to the potential labor hours（可能工時(shí)）.還應(yīng)該檢查與項(xiàng)目有關(guān)的非生產(chǎn)性活動(dòng)，以考察有效勞動(dòng)產(chǎn)出，即為完成項(xiàng)目的直接工時(shí)與可能工時(shí)的比率。 The dir

24、ect labor hours are estimated on the basis of the best possible conditions at a job site by excluding all factors which may reduce the productive labor yield.在作業(yè)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)最好的條件下估計(jì)直接人工工時(shí)，這要排除可能會(huì)降低有效勞動(dòng)產(chǎn)出的所有因素。3句：the flagmen 信號(hào)旗手Contribute to 貢獻(xiàn)再重鋪高速公路路面時(shí)，假如高速公路關(guān)閉，疏導(dǎo)指揮交通的信號(hào)旗手就是對(duì)鋪路小組勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率沒(méi)有貢獻(xiàn)的間接勞動(dòng)力。第四句：同樣，在偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)

25、的大型項(xiàng)目，間接的勞動(dòng)力可能是為項(xiàng)目直接勞動(dòng)力提供住房和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的。The labor hours spent on rework to correct unsatisfactory original work represent extra time taken away from potential labor hours.花在糾正原來(lái)不滿意工作的返工人工工時(shí)代表從潛在人工工時(shí)所耗費(fèi)的額外工時(shí)。 taken away from =to reduce the positive effect or success of something Eg1：His refusal to accept t

26、he prize does not take away from his success in winning it. 他拒絕受獎(jiǎng)并不損害損害他贏得的成功。Eg2:Now therefore forgive, I pray thee, my sin only this once, and in treat the LORD your God, that he may take away from me this death only. 現(xiàn)在求你,只這一次,饒恕我的罪,求耶和華你們的神使我脫離脫離這一次的死亡。6句：Be deduced from:從被減去Labor hours：工時(shí)為了計(jì)算實(shí)際

27、的有效勞動(dòng)收益，與這些活動(dòng)有關(guān)的工時(shí)必須從可能工時(shí)中扣除。Example3-1；Effects of job size on productivity作業(yè)規(guī)模對(duì)生產(chǎn)力的影響A contractor has established that under a set of “standard” work conditions for building construction, a job requiring 500,000 labor hours is considered standard in determining the base labor productivity.承建商已建立了一套

28、“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”建筑施工的工作條件，一項(xiàng)工作需要50萬(wàn)人工工時(shí)被認(rèn)為是確定基本勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。All other factors being the same, the labor productivity index will increase to 1.1 or 110% for a job requiring only 400,000 labor-hours. 所有其他因素相同，一項(xiàng)工作只有40萬(wàn)人工工時(shí)時(shí)，勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)將上升至1.1或110。Linear relation:線性關(guān)系假如所需300000-700000工時(shí)之間存在線性關(guān)系，如圖4-1所示，在完全相同的工作條件下，確定某項(xiàng)需要650000工時(shí)工作的勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)。Homework3.DialogueA:which properties to building materials have, do you know? B:Stiffness, strength, flexibility, etc.A:你知道建材的屬性嗎？B:剛度，強(qiáng)度，靈活性等A:C