英語(yǔ)句子成分及基本結(jié)構(gòu)PPT課件

1、（一）句子成分的定義（一）句子成分的定義 構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；要成分； 主要成分有主要成分有主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)（subject）和）和謂語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)（predicate）；）； 次要成分有次要成分有表語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)(predicative)、賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)(object)、定語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)(attribute)、狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)(adverbial)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(complement)和同和同位語(yǔ)位語(yǔ)(appositive)。第1頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)（二）（二）句子的具體成分 主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)（subject)：主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在

2、：主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問(wèn)句（當(dāng)主語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問(wèn)句（當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不是疑問(wèn)詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語(yǔ)可由不是疑問(wèn)詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語(yǔ)可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語(yǔ)從句式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語(yǔ)從句等表示。等表示。第2頁(yè)/共29頁(yè) 1 During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名詞） 2 We often speak Engli

3、sh in class.（代詞） 3 One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞） 4 To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） 第3頁(yè)/共29頁(yè) 5 Smoking does harm to the health.（動(dòng)名詞） 6 The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞） 7 When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語(yǔ)從句） 8 It is necess

4、ary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)為后面的不定式）第4頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)謂語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)(predicate) 謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作動(dòng)作或具有的或具有的特征和狀態(tài)特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，一般放在主語(yǔ)之后。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，一般放在主語(yǔ)之后。謂語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下：的構(gòu)成如下： 1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。、簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如：如：He practices running every morning. 2、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如：詞

5、原形構(gòu)成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. 第5頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)表語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)(predicative) 表語(yǔ)用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如表語(yǔ)用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞及表語(yǔ)等）之后。表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞及表語(yǔ)從句表示。從句表示。 第6頁(yè)/共29頁(yè) O

6、ur teacher of English is an American. （名詞） Is it yours?（代詞） The weather has turned cold. （形容詞） The speech is exciting. （分詞） Three times seven is twenty one? （數(shù)詞） 第7頁(yè)/共29頁(yè) His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（愛(ài)好）is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞） The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語(yǔ)） Time is up. The

7、class is over.（副詞） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語(yǔ)從句）第8頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)（常見(jiàn)的系動(dòng)詞有: be, sound（聽(tīng)起來(lái)）, look（看起來(lái)）, feel(摸起來(lái)，smell（聞起來(lái)）, taste（嘗、吃起來(lái)）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感覺(jué)）It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious. The food tastes

8、 good.The door remains open. Now I feel tired.第9頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)(object) 賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛(ài)者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介及物動(dòng)詞和介詞詞后 面。例如： They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名詞） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代詞） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞） They helped the old with their h

9、ousework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語(yǔ)） I enjoy listening to popular music.（動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語(yǔ)從句）第10頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)2）介詞后的名詞、代詞和動(dòng)名詞-介賓 Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks. 3）雙賓語(yǔ)-間賓（指人）和直賓（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. Give th

10、e poor man some money第11頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(complement of object) 英語(yǔ)中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等等+賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)。第12頁(yè)/共29頁(yè) His father named h

11、im Dongming.（名詞）They painted their boat white.（形容詞）Let the fresh air in.（副詞）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語(yǔ)）We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語(yǔ)）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）第13頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)定語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)(attributive) 修飾名詞或

12、代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句稱為定語(yǔ)。定語(yǔ)可由以下修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句稱為定語(yǔ)。定語(yǔ)可由以下等成分表示：等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名詞） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞） Our monitor is always the first to e

13、nter the classroom.（不定式短語(yǔ)） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語(yǔ)）He is reading a book that he has never read.（定語(yǔ)從句）第14頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)(adverbial) 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語(yǔ)?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆?Light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞

14、組） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語(yǔ)） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語(yǔ)） He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語(yǔ)） Wait a minute.（名詞） Once you begin, you must continue.（狀語(yǔ)從句）第15頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)狀語(yǔ)種類如下?tīng)钫Z(yǔ)種類如下 How about meeting again at six?（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)） Last nigh

15、t she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語(yǔ)） I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（條件狀語(yǔ)） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語(yǔ)） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語(yǔ)） In order to catch up with the others, I must work h

16、arder.（目的狀語(yǔ)） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)） She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語(yǔ)） I am taller than he is.（比較狀語(yǔ)）第16頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)同位語(yǔ) 同位語(yǔ)是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞或名詞短語(yǔ)對(duì)前者加以說(shuō)明的成分，近乎于后置定語(yǔ)。如： We students should study hard. We all are students. Carol , an American teacher, will come to our s

17、chool.第17頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)獨(dú)立成分 有時(shí)句子中會(huì)有一些與句子沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法聯(lián)系的成分，稱為句子獨(dú)立成分感嘆詞：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。 肯定詞yes 否定詞no 稱呼語(yǔ)：mum, dad。 插入語(yǔ)：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。 如: The story, I think, has never come to the end情態(tài)詞,表示說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣（多作為修飾全句的狀語(yǔ)）:perhaps也許,maybe大概,actually實(shí)際上,certainly當(dāng)然，等。 第18頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句（一）句子種類兩種分類法 1、按

18、句子的用途可分四種： 1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）疑問(wèn)句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class4）感嘆句：How clever the boy is!第19頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種： 1）簡(jiǎn)單句：只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)（或并列主語(yǔ)）和一個(gè)

19、謂語(yǔ)（或并列謂語(yǔ)）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.第20頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型 1主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞：( S V) We work. She came My head aches. The bell rang.第21頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)2主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)(SVC) 系動(dòng)詞 一 be動(dòng)詞類： am、 is 、are 、was 、were 二 表示變化類：become、 get 、 turn 、 grow 、go 三 感官動(dòng)詞類: look sound smell taste feel appear, seem四 表示延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞 ：rem

20、ain 、stay 、keep He is a student His face turned red The apple tastes sweet The soldier keeps still.第22頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)3主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)(SVO） e.g. Henry bought a dictionary. Mike ate three cakes she drew a beautiful picture.第23頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)4、主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)）(SVIOO)(SVOiO) e.g. My father bought me a car.-My father bou

21、ght a car for me He gave me three yuan. -He gave three yuan to me第24頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)5、主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)）(SVOC) Tom made the baby laugh.We made him our monitor. I cant make myself understood. We want to have the desk repaired. 第25頁(yè)/共29頁(yè) 1. Dont tell lies. 2. Tell him to wait for us. 3. He told us an interesting story. 4. May I ask a question ? 5. We often ask our teacher to explain the sentence a gain. 6. He made a fire. 7. We must make our