第一章著作權(quán)制度的基本問(wèn)題（章節(jié)課程）

1、著作權(quán)法Copyright law1凌云書(shū)屋第一章 著作權(quán)制度的基本問(wèn)題2凌云書(shū)屋第一節(jié)著作權(quán)的概念著作權(quán)的概念3凌云書(shū)屋一.狹義著作權(quán)與鄰接權(quán)又稱(chēng)版權(quán)。指著作人(自然人或法人)基于創(chuàng)作智力作品而產(chǎn)生的一種民事權(quán)利。它主要是指作者依照法律的規(guī)定,對(duì)其創(chuàng)作的作品在一定期限內(nèi)所享有的各項(xiàng)專(zhuān)有權(quán)利,其中既有精神權(quán)利的內(nèi)容,也有經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)利的內(nèi)容。這種權(quán)利未經(jīng)作者的許可和轉(zhuǎn)讓,他人不得占有和行使。- 來(lái)源：遠(yuǎn)距離開(kāi)放教育詞典4凌云書(shū)屋著作權(quán)Copyright is a legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator o

2、f an original work exclusive rights to its use and distribution, usually for a limited time. - From Wikipedia5凌云書(shū)屋鄰接權(quán)：指作品的傳播者對(duì)其在傳播作品的過(guò)程中所作出的創(chuàng)造性勞動(dòng)成果的權(quán)利。是與版權(quán)相鄰的一種權(quán)利,它從屬于版權(quán),是知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的一個(gè)組成部分。國(guó)際版權(quán)法的通用概念。日益增多的國(guó)家授權(quán)保護(hù)表演者、唱片制作者和廣播組織進(jìn)行活動(dòng)的利益,在公開(kāi)使用作者作品、各種藝術(shù)家的演出或向公眾播送時(shí)事、新聞報(bào)道及任何音響或圖像方面進(jìn)行活動(dòng)的利益。6凌云書(shū)屋鄰接權(quán)：Related rights

3、is a term in copyright law, used in opposition to the term authors rights. The term neighboring rights is exactly equivalent, and is a more literal translation of the original French droits voisins.7凌云書(shū)屋Related rights in civil law are similar to authors rights, but are not connected with the works a

4、ctual author. Both authors rights and related rights are copyrights in the sense of English or U.S. law.8凌云書(shū)屋There is no single definition of related rights, which vary much more widely in scope between different countries than authors rights.9凌云書(shū)屋The rights of performers, phonogram producers and br

5、oadcasting organizations are certainly covered, and are internationally protected by the Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations signed in 1961.10凌云書(shū)屋For example: Relation to authors rightsRelated rights are independent of any authors

6、rights, as is made clear in the various treaties (Art. 1 Rome; Art. 7.1 Geneva; Art. 1.2 WPPT). Hence a CD recording of a song is concurrently protected by four copyright-type rights:Authors rights of the composer of the musicAuthors rights of the lyricistPerformers rights of the singer and musician

7、sProducers rights of the person or corporation that made the recording11凌云書(shū)屋二.著作權(quán)與版權(quán)12凌云書(shū)屋copyright是英美法系的概念A(yù)uthors right大陸法系多用13凌云書(shū)屋漫畫(huà)：在中國(guó)著作權(quán)=版權(quán)14凌云書(shū)屋15凌云書(shū)屋16凌云書(shū)屋第二節(jié)著作權(quán)制度的產(chǎn)生History of copyright law17凌云書(shū)屋一.特許出版權(quán)Copyright came about with the invention of the printing press and with wider literacy. As

8、a legal concept, its origins in Britain were from a reaction to printers monopolies at the beginning of the 18th century. 18凌云書(shū)屋為鼓勵(lì)知識(shí)創(chuàng)作授予作者及購(gòu)買(mǎi)者就其已印刷成冊(cè)的圖書(shū)在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)之權(quán)利的法The British Statute of Anne 1710, full title An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Aut

9、hors or purchasers of such Copies, during the Times therein mentioned, was the first copyright statute. 19凌云書(shū)屋易健雄博士：“世界上第一部版權(quán)法”之反思長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，安妮法被視為“世界上第一部版權(quán)法”。當(dāng)我們深入安妮法的制定背景，重讀安妮法的內(nèi)容時(shí)，卻會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)：當(dāng)時(shí)還不存在“版權(quán)”觀念，作為版權(quán)保護(hù)對(duì)象的“作品”尚未誕生，“版權(quán)”一詞還沒(méi)定型。20凌云書(shū)屋安妮法的真正目的在于遏制書(shū)商公會(huì)壟斷地位，規(guī)范圖書(shū)交易秩序；保護(hù)作者，鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)作，促進(jìn)知識(shí)；協(xié)調(diào)各方利益，維持社會(huì)穩(wěn)定。“安妮法是世界上第一部

10、版權(quán)法”的論斷不過(guò)是后人將自己的版權(quán)觀念強(qiáng)加給安妮法的結(jié)果。但是，安妮法中作者的亮相、促進(jìn)知識(shí)的提出，仍是版權(quán)史上的重大事件。21凌云書(shū)屋第三節(jié)知識(shí)、財(cái)產(chǎn)及著作權(quán)制度的正當(dāng)性knowledge, property and legitimacy of copyright law22凌云書(shū)屋一.知識(shí)與財(cái)產(chǎn)Intellectual property (IP) affects many dimensions of our daily lives. It covers four types of rights: patents, copyright (or droit dauteur), trade m

11、arks and trade secrets. 23凌云書(shū)屋徐國(guó)棟：現(xiàn)代的新財(cái)產(chǎn)分類(lèi)及其啟示*通過(guò)介紹現(xiàn)代世界各國(guó)形成的 7 種新財(cái)產(chǎn)分類(lèi): 1. 人格財(cái)產(chǎn)與可替代財(cái)產(chǎn); 2. 使用財(cái)產(chǎn)和權(quán)力財(cái)產(chǎn); 3. 生存財(cái)產(chǎn)和奢侈財(cái)產(chǎn); 4. 普通財(cái)產(chǎn)、身體財(cái)產(chǎn)、私生活利益; 5、動(dòng)物與無(wú)生命財(cái)產(chǎn); 6. 實(shí)際財(cái)產(chǎn)與虛擬財(cái)產(chǎn); 7. 公域與私有財(cái)產(chǎn)。闡述了它們的意義和對(duì)我國(guó)物權(quán)理論和立法等方面的影響, 并得出了大陸法的物權(quán)理論側(cè)重身外之物, 英美法的物權(quán)理論側(cè)重身內(nèi)之物的結(jié)論。24凌云書(shū)屋二.著作權(quán)制度的正當(dāng)性The stated objective of most intellectual prope

12、rty law (with the exception of trademarks) is to Promote progress.25凌云書(shū)屋Intellectual property In business law比如美國(guó)大學(xué)商科教材中，也會(huì)談到知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法的正當(dāng)性問(wèn)題。26凌云書(shū)屋著作權(quán)和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)以及言論自由之間存在沖突Thus, copyright law and freedom of speech sometimes clash. Legislators and courts play an important role in responding to potential conflic

13、ts. They also balance the rights of innovators who create intellectual property with the interests of the community, especially interests in competition and freedom of expression. 27凌云書(shū)屋洛克的勞動(dòng)權(quán)理論Locke argued in support of individual property rights as natural rights. 28凌云書(shū)屋Natural Rights/Justice Argu

14、ment: this argument is based on Lockes idea that a person has a natural right over the labour and/or products which is produced by his/her body. Appropriating these products is viewed as unjust. 29凌云書(shū)屋Natural Rights/Justice Argument: Although Locke had never explicitly stated that natural right appl

15、ied to products of the mind, it is possible to apply his argument to intellectual property rights, in which it would be unjust for people to misuse anothers ideas.30凌云書(shū)屋Natural Rights/Justice Argument: Lockes argument for intellectual property is based upon the idea that laborers have the right to c

16、ontrol that which they create. They argue that we own our bodies which are the laborers, this right of ownership extends to what we create. Thus, intellectual property ensures this right when it comes to production.31凌云書(shū)屋功利主義(Utilitarianism)此立場(chǎng)為主張知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)最普遍之立場(chǎng)，事實(shí)上，這也是目前英美知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)體系(Anglo-American systems o

17、f intellectual property)之立法精神。此立場(chǎng)主張為知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)乃是提供科學(xué)進(jìn)步與文化發(fā)展之重要誘因(incentive)，因此，如果缺乏知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)之保護(hù)的話，社會(huì)最佳之智慧成果產(chǎn)出 (optimal output of intellectual product)將無(wú)法存在。32凌云書(shū)屋功利主義(Utilitarianism)假使競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手可以輕易地復(fù)制書(shū)本、電影、CD、軟件，或是任意取用他人的發(fā)明或營(yíng)運(yùn)技術(shù)，則將不會(huì)有人愿意投入大量的時(shí)間、精力與金錢(qián)，來(lái)發(fā)展這些智慧成果與技術(shù)，特別是具有原創(chuàng)性 (original)與新穎性(novel)之發(fā)明與創(chuàng)作。而為了避免發(fā)生此一破壞社會(huì)進(jìn)步

18、之狀況，必須透過(guò)賦予發(fā)明人或創(chuàng)作人專(zhuān)屬權(quán)(proprietary)，來(lái)限制智慧成果之利用，以保障其權(quán)益，方能使社會(huì)保持進(jìn)步狀態(tài)。同時(shí)，此立場(chǎng)亦主張知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)為公共財(cái)(common property)，因此智慧財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)有存續(xù)期限，當(dāng)存續(xù)期限屆滿時(shí)，即成為公共所有(public domain)，任何人都可以自由使用。33凌云書(shū)屋第四節(jié)著作權(quán)和其他知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)區(qū)別于物權(quán)的特征Difference between the copyright and other intellectual property right and real right34凌云書(shū)屋一.客體不是物（客體與物質(zhì)載體可分離）Under US

19、 copyright law, however, legal protection attaches only to xed representations in a tangible medium.35凌云書(shū)屋所謂無(wú)形性指的是知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)并沒(méi)有固定存在的實(shí)體，雖然知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)常常附著或與其他有體物結(jié)合，呈現(xiàn)于外使人察覺(jué)其存在，但其存在卻不受其所附著或結(jié)合之有體物之限制。而這也突顯出來(lái)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)無(wú)法像房屋、汽車(chē)、等有一固定存在的實(shí)體，可供人類(lèi)的感官去察知其范圍、作用，而是必須透過(guò)法律相關(guān)規(guī)定來(lái)界定其范疇。因此，無(wú)形性可說(shuō)是知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)和一般實(shí)體財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)最大的區(qū)別。36凌云書(shū)屋二.是排他權(quán)而非自用權(quán)The ph

20、rase “exclusive right” means that only the copyright holder is free to exercise those rights, and others are prohibited from using the work without the holders permission. 37凌云書(shū)屋Copyright is sometimes called a negative right, as it serves to prohibit certain people (e.g., readers, viewers, or listen

21、ers, and primarily publishers and would be publishers) from doing something they would otherwise be able to do, rather than permitting people (e.g., authors) to do something they would otherwise be unable to do. In this way it is similar to the unregistered design right in English law and European l

22、aw. 38凌云書(shū)屋三.地域性Copyrights are considered territorial rights, which means that they do not extend beyond the territory of a specic jurisdiction. While many aspects of national copyright laws have been standardized through international copy-right agreements, copyright laws vary by country.39凌云書(shū)屋四.時(shí)間性

23、我國(guó)著作權(quán)法規(guī)定：1 、公民創(chuàng)作的作品，發(fā)表權(quán)、使用權(quán)與獲得報(bào)酬權(quán)的保護(hù)期為作者終生及其死亡后五十年；2 、法人或者非法人單位的作品，其發(fā)表權(quán)、使用權(quán)和獲得報(bào)酬權(quán)的保護(hù)期為五十年。如果作品自創(chuàng)作完成之后五十年內(nèi)未發(fā)表的，不再受著作權(quán)法保護(hù)。3 、電影、電視、錄像和攝影作品的發(fā)表權(quán)、使用權(quán)與獲得報(bào)酬權(quán)的保護(hù)期為五十年。如果作品創(chuàng)作完成之后五十年內(nèi)沒(méi)有發(fā)表，不再受著作權(quán)法保護(hù)。40凌云書(shū)屋美國(guó)法的規(guī)定：Works created after January 1, 1978, are automatically given statutory copyright protection for the

24、 life of the author plus 70 years.For copyrights owned by publishing houses, the copyright expires 95 years from the date of publication or 120 years from the date of creation, whichever comes first. For works by more than one author, the copyright expires 70 years after the death of the last surviv

25、ing author.41凌云書(shū)屋第二章著作權(quán)的客體：作品42凌云書(shū)屋1. 透過(guò)事例體味“作品”概念 【例1】甲創(chuàng)作一幅國(guó)畫(huà)冰冰出浴圖。乙在欣賞這幅畫(huà)時(shí)，不小心撕毀了這幅畫(huà)。問(wèn)題（一）：甲請(qǐng)求乙承擔(dān)侵犯著作權(quán)的責(zé)任，成立否？問(wèn)題（二）：甲請(qǐng)求乙承擔(dān)侵犯物權(quán)的責(zé)任，成立否？ 【例2】甲創(chuàng)作一幅國(guó)畫(huà)冰冰出浴圖。甲將該畫(huà)以500萬(wàn)元出賣(mài)給乙并交付，未作其他約定。后乙許可丙藥廠使用冰冰出浴圖在各省市做平面廣告（丙為此向乙支付報(bào)酬2000萬(wàn)元）。問(wèn)題（一）：甲起訴丙侵犯展覽權(quán)，能否成立？問(wèn)題（二）：冰冰出浴圖這張畫(huà)（Painting）與冰冰出浴圖這個(gè)作品（Work）到底有嘛區(qū)別？43凌云書(shū)屋Copyri

26、ght may apply to a wide range of creative, intellectual, or artistic forms, or “works”. Specics vary by jurisdiction, but these can include poems, theses, plays and other literary works, motion pictures, choreography, musical compositions, sound recordings, paintings, drawings, sculptures, photograp

27、hs, computer software, radio and television broadcasts, and industrial designs. Graphic designs and industrial designs may have separate or overlapping laws applied to them in some jurisdictions.44凌云書(shū)屋2. 作品的特征作品（Work），指文學(xué)、藝術(shù)和科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)具有獨(dú)創(chuàng)性并能以某種有形形式復(fù)制的智力成果（著作權(quán)法實(shí)施條例第2條）。其特征有三： 從無(wú)到有獨(dú)立創(chuàng)作； 以他人已有作品為基礎(chǔ)再創(chuàng)作，且產(chǎn)生的作品與原作品存在可以被客觀識(shí)別、并非太過(guò)細(xì)微的差異。45凌云書(shū)屋【例】詩(shī)人甲、乙參加中國(guó)房地產(chǎn)協(xié)會(huì)組織的游覽廬山活動(dòng)，晚上回到賓館進(jìn)餐洗浴后，回到各自的房間。令人驚嘆的是，他們各自作出的一首詩(shī)居然不差分毫。詩(shī)曰：“橫看成嶺側(cè)成峰，遠(yuǎn)近高低各不同。不識(shí)廬山真面目，只緣身在此山中?！眱蓚€(gè)作