多元文化課件2

1、Topioc：Canadian Diversity: immigration, immigration policy, and Chinese immigrantsIndigenous issuesQuebec issues 1Immigration and diversityAboriginal peoples: relative stable (slowing rising)Charter groups: decliningEthnic minorities: increasing, esp. visible minoritiesPopulation of ethnic groups: 8

2、% in 1867, 36% in 2001（with visible minority being 13%） Politics has been shaped by immigration and racial relations. 2Some facts about diversity: Foreign-born: 18% in 2001 (16% in 1990)Over 200 ethnic groups (over a million - German, Italian, Chinese Ukrainian, Native)Over 100 languages as a mother

3、 tongueEthnic composition in 1986: British-one third, French-slightly below a quarter, other-slightly over one third, Native-3%) , Trend: ethnic groups on the rise, Charter groups decline, Natives stable. 81% Canadians think MC positively (The younger, the more positive)3Immigration in Canada and de

4、mographic changeEarly settlement in the East:French (New France), British (in Coastal regions), Germans (in British army), Arcadians (deported), Black (run-away slaves), Gold rush and construction of CPR:Large scale white immigrants, coming of visible minorities Opening interior:Large scale white im

5、migrants from Europe (Ukrainians, Jews, Italians, Poles, Germans, Hutterite, Mennonite, Doukhabors (religious groups fleeing persecution), Russians, 4After the WWII:After 1967 point system: influx of visible minorities immigrantsChange of immigration composition: Table 15Major change in Canadian imm

6、igration historyUntil 1947: preferred treatment given to British subjects. 1949: preferred treatment was broadened to include France1951: further broadened to include NW European countries1952: Immigration Act: continuation of preferred nationalities1962: removal of “preferred treatment” regulations

7、, put emphasis on education and skills. 1967: Immigration Act: introduction of point system, applicable to all immigrants, linking immigration to labor market needs.61976: Immigration Act: (starting in 1978) Parliament is required to announce immigration levels for subsequent year(s), based on consu

8、ltation with provincial leaders.1983: immigration levels linked to economic conditions.1985: The “restricted occupation list” was introduced. 1987:Quebec assumes a larger role in reception of immigrants.1988:broaden the rules for “family class” to include extended family members, e.g., cousins and a

9、unts. 1989:a new system for dealing with refugee claims to clear the backlog, (100,000 on the waiting list).7Refugee admittance:1956: Hungarian revolt refugee, British during the Suez crisis.1968:Czechs (Spring of Prague)1972: Asians expelled from Uganda1979:Vietnamese boat people (60,000).1981:Pole

10、s during the Martial Law1989: clear refugee backlog (100,000 on the waiting list).1999: refugee from Kosovo. 1990s: yearly average: 30,000 to 40,000.8Chinese immigrants in CanadaFirst appearance: 1770sFirst immigrants: 1857Large groups: Gold rush, CPRTable 2 Special policy for Chinese immigrants955,

11、787 Chinese paid head tax ($10-50-100-500), enough to build another CPR. (2005: symbolic compensation to Chinese community 8$/person.) 1923-1947: Chinese Exclusion Law101947: repeal of Exclusion Law1949: citizen rights grantedAfter 1950s: family reunions, sex balance, community growthAfter 1967: pro

12、fessionals, technical, independent immigrants, fast increased After 1997: replace HK as No. 1 immigration source countryTable3 Discriminations against Chinese11Population growth1911: 27,7741921: 39,5871931: 46,5191951: 32,538 (after Exclusion Law)1971: 11.8萬1981： 29萬1986: 40萬1991：61萬2001：100萬12compa

13、rison between old and new Chinese communities in Canadaold: uneducated, bachelors （male-female ratio: 1914- 20:1; 1951-6:1; 1971- 1.08:1; 1981-1:1）new: professionals, families, gender balanced,Now: largest ethnic group, largest language other than Eng. and Fr. 13Famous Chinese-Canadians武冰枝， 鄭天華，林思奇，

14、謝培智，何萬成，Jerry Ma, Yoyo Ma,. Prof. Peter Li （李勝生）, in sports and art, mainly in science and tech, entrepreneurs, professionals, and academics. Profs in every university, in most departments.14ContributionsCPR, restaurants, Chinatowns, During the Wars (500 soldiers) economic development, cultural enri

15、chment, 15Indigenous issuesTerms：Aboriginal Peoples, Natives, Indigenous, First Nations, First Peoples, Key concepts:Treaty rights, indigenous rights, self-determination, self-government, constitutional rights (after 1982), 16Legal Dimensions:1 Status Indians: Population: 553,316 (1999, expected to

16、increase to 750,000 by 2005)Representative org: Assembly of First NationsCriteria: a) registered by the gov., b) affiliation to one of 605 bands, c) entitled to residence on reserve land, d) jurisdiction under the Indian Act. Highest profiled in national politics5 billion $ / year financial support

17、based on treaty and fiduciary responsibilities172 Non-Status Indians:Popu.: unknown, fluctuating bw 75,000 and 750,000, depending on definitionNo treaty rightsRepresentative org.: Congress of the Aboriginal Peoples183 Metis:Popu.: 210,000; Lack of judicial recognition, lack of original occupancyRepr

18、esentative org.: Metis National Council194. Inuit:Popu.: 41,000Representative org.: Inuit Tabirisat (association of various Inuit leaders)Concentration in NunavutAll Aboriginal popu: over a million, (3.7% of Canadian total in 2001). 20Social-economic Status:At the bottom of society, on some reserves

19、, 95% live on welfare or unemployment benefits,Only 20% finish secondary schooling, birth rate 70% higher, one third of the children under 15 live in one parent family, infant mortality rate 60% higher, 80% deaths related to alcohol, three quarters of males have been imprisoned, suicide rate very hi

20、gh.21Aboriginal policy:Table 4. Stages and MilestonesStagesMilestonesAccommodation (to 1820s)Royal Proclamation (1763)Assimilation (to 1960sIndian Act (1876/1951)Integration (1940s-1970s)White Paper (1961)Devolution (1970s-1990s)Calder Decision (1973)Constitution Act (1982)Conditional Autonomy (1990

21、s- )Oka Crisis (1990)Charlottetown Accord (1992)Royal Commission on Aboriginal Affaires (1998)Nsgaa Agreement in Principle (1998)22Accommodation: (before 1820)Colonial Period:New France: Fur trade, peaceful and cooperativeBritish Royal Proclamation of 1763: recognized Aboriginality, referred to Abor

22、iginals for the first time in policy, as“nations within,” jurisdiction over land, nation-to-nation status, Supreme court ruling: British protective role does not eliminate aboriginal rights but reinforce their status as a distinct community with exclusive authority within their border.Significance:

23、basis for contemporary aboriginal-federal relations23Before 1812:Main aim: Americans, French; fostering allies with Aboriginals After 1912 War, Crown asserted sovereignty over land and people without Aboriginal peoples consent.24Assimilation (1867-1945)Post-Confederation period:BNA of 1867 (first co

24、nstitution): enshrined British sovereignty over Aboriginal land and peopleCanada ignored Aboriginal issues, paternalism, assimilation policy for Indian problem, civilizing, Christianizing through Residential schools, eliminating cultures and languages from childhood, 11 treaties (1871-1923), establi

25、shing a system of reserves, 25Gradual Enfranchisement Act of 1869: trying to eliminating Indian status through enfranchisement, “No More Indians”Indian Act of 1876: special law to control, govern, and assimilate Indians, regulate every aspect of Indian life, divide and rule for over a centuryResiden

26、tial School System: Kill the Indians in ChildhoodResult: failure26Integration: (1945-73)Rise of Human rights, UN conventions, international embarrassment, Aboriginal service costly, failure led to rethinking Indian affairs, from isolation to integration, White Paper of 1969 (Hawthorn Report): sugges

27、ting eliminating special status, normalizing relations with aboriginals, abolishing Indian Act and treaty privileges, transferring power to province, Aboriginal responses: “sui generic” (uniqueness, being different from any other) relations with federal gov., The national Indian Brotherhood, Indian

28、control of Indian educationResult: White Paper not implemented, 27Devolution (1973-1990)Calder decision in 1973: federal gov agreed to expand Aboriginal jurisdiction over their affaires, based on self-determination principle, Aboriginal started to take initiates to change gov policy agenda, 1982 Con

29、stitution: entrench Aboriginal rights from common law to constitutional rights, strengthen legal position for preferential treatment and further negotiation, “nations within state”, (secession not legitimized), 281986: devolution program of community-based, municipal-style self-government, toward self-sufficiency, now many communities established self-gov., (now 82% of federal program expenditure was administered by Aboriginal gov).; gov-to gov relations, result: progress slow29Conditional autonomy (since 1990)1990 Oka