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1、探尋新托?？荚囍复?lèi)考題提分秘籍朗閣海外考試研究中心王玉梅每次IBT考試我們都能看到一個(gè)熟悉的詞組“refer to”,這便是新托福閱讀考試每次必考題型的標(biāo)志：指代類(lèi)題。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，3篇IBT閱讀題目中會(huì)有2至3道這種類(lèi)型的題目。在此，朗閣海外考試研究中心閱讀組的專(zhuān)家將帶領(lǐng)廣大IBT考生解密Reference Questions，以助考生考到理想成績(jī)。問(wèn)題形式考試的到文章中會(huì)有一個(gè)單詞或短語(yǔ)用陰影標(biāo)識(shí)出來(lái)，這個(gè)詞通常是一個(gè)代詞。然后考生會(huì)被問(wèn)到：The wordXin the passage refers to四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都來(lái)自于文章中的單詞或短語(yǔ)，但只有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)是被陰影標(biāo)識(shí)出來(lái)的單詞或短語(yǔ)所指代的

2、內(nèi)容(referent)?？疾槟康拇祟?lèi)問(wèn)題考查考生辨認(rèn)文章中但此間指代關(guān)系的能力。通常這種關(guān)系是代詞與其先行詞之間的關(guān)系，有時(shí)也考查其他語(yǔ)法的指代關(guān)系（如：which或this）。代詞類(lèi)型考查的代詞通常為：Subject PronounshesheittheyObject PronounshimheritthemPossessive AdjectiveshisheritstheirDemonstrative pronounsthisthatthesethoseRelative PronounswhowhomwhichwhoseOther Pronounsalleithernonethe fir

3、stanothera fewoneanybothmanyotherseachmosteithersomethe other解題步驟1.看題干，確定指代詞類(lèi)型。2.帶著題干主線索回原文找到陰影代詞，根據(jù)上下文內(nèi)容確定答案。（注意：在文章中，指代內(nèi)容通常在代詞之前出現(xiàn)，但有時(shí)也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在帶代詞后。指代內(nèi)容可能與代詞在同一個(gè)句子，也可能在另一個(gè)句子中出現(xiàn)。）3.將所選的答案替代被標(biāo)識(shí)的單詞或短語(yǔ)放回原文，利用語(yǔ)法檢驗(yàn)它能否使句子表達(dá)通順。我們以O(shè)GPractice Set 6中的question 2為例：Passage: Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have ma

4、de streamlining in to an art form. Their bodies are sleek and compact. The body shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal from engineering point of view. Most species lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery. The eyes lie flush with the body and do not produce at all. They a

5、re also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag. The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag.When not in use, thefinsare tucked into special grooves or depressions so thattheylie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contoursThe wordtheyin t

6、he passage refers toqualitiesfinsgroovesdepressions解題：首先根據(jù)題干我們可以看出此題中考查的是人稱(chēng)代詞they的指代內(nèi)容；然后在文中定位到陰影they所在句子。而我們都知道在主從句中，從句的代詞主語(yǔ)通常指代主句的名詞主語(yǔ)，而主句的代詞主語(yǔ)通常指代從句的名詞主語(yǔ)，因此我們可以初步得出答案為fins；把fins放回原文利用語(yǔ)法檢查，它能夠使句子表達(dá)通順，因此可以確定正確答案為fins。解題技巧就近原則。所謂就近原則即為代詞(尤其關(guān)系代詞)一般指代離它最近的名詞或代詞。例：Passage: The first weekly newspaper in

7、 the colonies was the Boston Gazette, established in 1719, the same year that marked the appearance ofPhiladelphias first newspaper, the American Mercury, where the young Benjamin Franklin worked. By 1760,Bostonhad 4 newspapers and 5 other printing establishments;Philadelphia, 2 newspapers and 3 oth

8、er presses; andNew York, 3 newspapers.The distribution, if not the sale, of newspapers was assisted by the establishment of apostal servicein 1710,whichhad a network of some 65 offices by 1770, serving all 13 coloniesThe wordwhichin the passage refers todistributionsalenewspaperpostal service解題：首先根據(jù)

9、題干我們可以看出此題中考查的是關(guān)系代詞which的指代內(nèi)容；然后在文中定位到陰影which所在句子，根據(jù)就近原則搜索，我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)指代內(nèi)容在代詞之前出現(xiàn)，并且與代詞在同一句子中，postal service可以初步定為答案；把postal service放回原文檢查，語(yǔ)法正確并且符合語(yǔ)義和邏輯，因此可以確定正確答案為postal service。數(shù)格一致原則。所謂數(shù)格一致原則即為被指代對(duì)象通常與指代詞在數(shù)(單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))和格（第一人稱(chēng)、第二人稱(chēng)、第三人稱(chēng)）兩方面相同。如單數(shù)代詞it指代第三人稱(chēng)的單數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)代詞they指代第三人稱(chēng)的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。例：Passage: Most Americans s

10、till get married at some point in their lives, but even that group, is shrinking. Among current generations of adults starting with those born in the 1920s more than 90 percent have married or will marry at some point in their lives. However, based on recent patterns of marriage and mortality, demog

11、raphers calculate that a growing share of the younger generation is postponing marriage for so long that an unprecedented number will never marry at all.Data on cohabitation and unmarried childbearing suggests that marriage is becoming less relevant to Americans. 2.8 million of the nations household

12、s areunmarried couples, and one-third ofthemare caring for children , according to the Census Bureau.The wordthemin the passage refers toyounger generationsdataAmericansunmarried couples解題：首先根據(jù)題干我們可以看出此題中考查的是人稱(chēng)代詞them的指代內(nèi)容，them為復(fù)數(shù)人稱(chēng)代詞，而選項(xiàng)中在原文出現(xiàn)的單詞data為單數(shù)，根據(jù)數(shù)格一致的原則，我們可以直接排除data；然后在文中定位到陰影them所在句子，根據(jù)上下文內(nèi)容，我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)指代內(nèi)容在代詞之前出現(xiàn)，而且與代詞在同一個(gè)句子中，unmarried couples可以初步定為答案；把unmarried couples放回原文檢查，語(yǔ)法正確并且符合語(yǔ)義和邏輯，因此可以確定正確答案為unmarried couples。雅思，新托福，(基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)能力)新概念課程同期上線！高分熱線86030222中心校址：濟(jì)南市歷山路173號(hào)歷山名郡B座北204（歷下大潤(rùn)發(fā)南行168米路西）朗閣只為高分夢(mèng)想：專(zhuān)業(yè)培訓(xùn)：雅思 /