2021年中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解解題方法與技巧課件

1、中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解解題方法與技巧初中生閱讀理解失分原因未讀懂文章似懂非懂看懂文章而做錯(cuò)未讀懂文章生詞多，詞匯量少不熟悉固定搭配語(yǔ)法知識(shí)欠缺，長(zhǎng)句困擾缺少背景知識(shí)似懂非懂閱讀能力較差看懂文章而做錯(cuò)文章理解錯(cuò)誤（詞、句、段、主旨）只懂字面意思，未深入理解文章未準(zhǔn)確理解題干未注意選項(xiàng)與文章內(nèi)容的細(xì)微差別未核準(zhǔn)文章內(nèi)容，僅憑印象選擇推斷錯(cuò)誤初中生做閱讀面臨的三大難題讀不懂找不到選不對(duì)任何的方法技巧都是建立在一定的知識(shí)水平基礎(chǔ)之上重復(fù) 歸納 repeat summarize聯(lián)想associate閱讀理解 解題方法與技巧一掌握具體事實(shí)和重要細(xì)節(jié)運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法、語(yǔ)境線索等方法依據(jù)主題句定短文的中心020301講究

2、閱讀方法01依據(jù)主題句定短文的中心 任意一篇文章通常是圍繞一個(gè)中心展開(kāi)并且由段落組成的。段落之間有著內(nèi)在的緊密聯(lián)系，而表達(dá)段落主題的句子叫主題句，通常置于段落的開(kāi)頭，有時(shí)在段落末尾和中間。 其它的句子是用來(lái)說(shuō)明和闡述主題句的，若把一個(gè)個(gè)主題句加以整理，你能悟出其中心思想，同時(shí)還可以回避、排除個(gè)別生詞、難句（等困難信號(hào)）所帶來(lái)的干擾。 但也有一些文章的中心思想常貫穿在全文中，因而要綜觀全文，對(duì)全文有一個(gè)透徹的理解才行。如： My friend Matt and I arrived at the Activity Centre on Friday evening. The accommodatio

3、n wasnt wonderful, but we had everything we needed (beds, blankets, food ), and we were pleased to be out of the city and in the fresh air.On Saturday morning we met the other ten members of our group. Cameron had come along with two friends, Kevin and Simon, while sisters Carole and Lynn had come w

4、ith Amanda. There were some other members I didnt know. We had come from different places and none of us knew the area.We knew we were going to spend the weekend outdoors, but none of us was sure exactly how. Half of us spent the morning caving while the others went rock-climbing and then we changed

5、 at lunchtime. Matt and I went to the caves (巖洞) first. Climbing out was harder than going in, but after a good deal of pushing, we were out at last. Though we were covered with mud, we were pleased and excited by what wed done.This passage mainly talks about _.A. the writers friends at the Activity

6、 CenterB. the writers experience at the Activity CenterC. outdoor sports at the Activity CenterD. how to go rock-climbing and caving參考答案B 上述這段短文的中心是說(shuō)明“the writers experience at the Activity Center.”。作者以及作者的朋友，還有組上的其他一些成員一起在活動(dòng)中心度周末的一些活動(dòng)以及感受。02掌握具體事實(shí)和重要細(xì)節(jié)閱讀文章時(shí)，要求學(xué)生養(yǎng)成辨認(rèn)和記憶具體事實(shí)、重要細(xì)節(jié)的習(xí)慣。因?yàn)榫唧w事實(shí)、重要細(xì)節(jié)是主題句的擴(kuò)

7、展、補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明或例證，是用來(lái)支持和說(shuō)明中心思想的，而且是閱讀理解測(cè)試的重要組成部分。如：If someone asks me: “Do you like music?” Im sure I will answer him or her: “Of course, I do.” because I think music is an important part of our lives.Different people have different ideas about music. For me, I like rock music because its so exciting. And

8、my favorite rock band, the “Foxy Ladies” (酷妹) is one of the most famous rock bands in the world. I also like pop music. My classmate LiLan loves dance music, because she enjoys dancing. My best friend, Jane, likes jazz music (爵士樂(lè)). She thinks jazz is really cool.“I like dance music and rock very muc

9、h.” says my brother, “because they are amazing.”But my mother thinks rock is boring. “I like some relaxing (輕松的) music,” she says. Thats why she likes country music, I think.The writer likes music because he thinks _.A. its an exciting part of our lives B. its an amazing part of our lives C. its an

10、important part of our livesWhat kind of music does the writer like?A. Rock and pop music. B. Rock and dance music. C. Jazz and country music.Who likes dancing?The writer. B. Li Lan. C. Jane.The writers mother thinks that country music is _.A. amazing B. boring C. relaxing How many peoples ideas abou

11、t music are talked about in this passage (短文)?A. 4. B. 5. C. 6.這是幾道重要事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的辨認(rèn)題，全是圍繞短文的主題句“Different people have different ideas about music”來(lái)展開(kāi)說(shuō)明的，起補(bǔ)充舉例作用。答案分別為 C A B C B。03運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法、語(yǔ)境線索等方法在閱讀文章的過(guò)程中，常常會(huì)遇到一些生詞，如果不懂得這些詞義就會(huì)妨礙理解，但大部分生詞的詞義是可以根據(jù)上下文，結(jié)合構(gòu)詞法、借助文章中的語(yǔ)境線索幫助在理解基礎(chǔ)上猜測(cè)其詞義，這有助于加快閱讀速度，提高閱讀理解能力。如：Water is

12、 all around us. Water is in the ocean. Water is in the lakes and rivers. Water is in the air. There is more water than land on the earth. All living things must have it. We must have it, too. We cannot live without drinking water. Sometimes, we do not have all the water that we need. The land will d

13、ry up without water. Sometimes, there can be too much water in the land. If it rains very, very hard, the rain water will run down the hill. It takes some of the land with it when it runs down the hills. It is called erosion when the water takes the land away.“Erosion” in the passage means _. A. 地震

14、B. 雪崩 C. 侵蝕 D. 霜凍根據(jù)前面的語(yǔ)句If it rains very, very hard, the rain water will run down the hills. It takes some of the land with it when it runs down the hills.解釋可以推知erosion是一種自然地理現(xiàn)象，即“侵蝕”，答案為C。閱讀理解 解題方法與技巧二 指代題 詞匯題 句子理解題 例證題02030401CONTENT目錄0506 推理題 主旨題 1.例證題：例證題的標(biāo)記。當(dāng)題干中出現(xiàn)example, case等詞時(shí)。返回原文，找出該例證所在的位

15、置，既給該例子定位。搜索該例證周圍的區(qū)域，90%向上，10%向下，找出該例證支持的觀點(diǎn)。例子周圍具有概括抽象性的表達(dá)通常就是它的論點(diǎn)。注意：舉例的目的是為了支持論點(diǎn)或是為了說(shuō)明主題句。舉例后馬上問(wèn)這個(gè)例子說(shuō)明了什么問(wèn)題?不能用例子中的話來(lái)回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題。 找出該論點(diǎn)，并與四個(gè)選項(xiàng)比較，得出選項(xiàng)中與該論點(diǎn)最一致的答案。例證題錯(cuò)誤答案設(shè)計(jì)的干擾特征經(jīng)常是：就事論事。即用例子中的某一內(nèi)容拉出來(lái)讓你去選。()要求：在閱讀中，遇到長(zhǎng)的例子，立即給這個(gè)例子定位，即找出起始點(diǎn)，從哪開(kāi)始到哪結(jié)束。You also might have heard that sleepwalkers can get fright

16、ened if you wake them up. Thats true, so what do you do if you see someone sleepwalking? You should call for a grown-up who can lead the person back to bed. And once the sleepwalker is tucked back in bed, its time for you to get some sleep, too!(2020 河南)What should we do if we see people sleepwalkin

17、g?AWake them up. BWalk around with them.CDo nothing and get your own sleep.DAsk grown-ups to lead them to bed.根據(jù)最后一段中“You should call for a grown-up who can lead the person back to bed.”可知，如果你看到有人在夢(mèng)游，你應(yīng)該找個(gè)成年人帶他回去睡覺(jué)。故選D。242.指代題：返回原文，找出出題的指代詞。向上搜索，找最近的名詞、名詞性短語(yǔ)或句子(先從最近點(diǎn)開(kāi)始找，找不到再找次近的，一般答案不會(huì)離得太遠(yuǎn))。將找到的詞、詞組

18、或句子的意思代入替換該指代詞，看其意思是否通順。將找到的詞、詞組或句子與四個(gè)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比較，找出最佳答案。What does the word “they ” refer to (指的是)？A.foragers B.ramps C.customersD.restaurantssome small pieces of land where they grow可得知“they”指的是 ramps由第五段第三句話 Most restaurants get them from foragers, who collect ramps by searching forests for some small

19、pieces of land where they grow.Onereasontheplantispopularisthatitgrowsinthewild.Itisdifficulttogrowthem on farms.Mostrestaurantsgetthemfromforagers,whocollectrampsbysearchingforestsfor somesmallpiecesoflandwheretheygrow.Rampshaveashortseason.Withinafewweeks offullgrowth,theplantisdonefortheyear.This

20、shotlifeissomereasonfortheirpopularity.（2018河南）3.詞匯題（單詞或短語(yǔ)）：“搜索代入”法：返回原文，找出該詞匯出現(xiàn)的地方。確定該詞匯的詞性。從上下文(詞匯的前后幾句)中找到與所給詞匯具有相同詞性的詞(如一下子找不到就再往上往下找)，代入所給詞匯在文章中的位置(將之替換)看語(yǔ)義是否合適。找出選項(xiàng)中與代替詞意思相同或相近的選項(xiàng)，即答案。注意：a.如果該詞匯是簡(jiǎn)單詞匯，則其字面意思必然不是正確答案。b.中考閱讀不是考察字認(rèn)識(shí)不認(rèn)識(shí)，而是考察是否能根據(jù)上下文作出正確的判斷。c.詞匯題的正確答案經(jīng)常蘊(yùn)藏在原文該詞匯出現(xiàn)的附近。注意不能靠單詞詞義直接往下推。d

21、.尋找時(shí)要注意同位語(yǔ)、特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)(比如分號(hào)，分號(hào)前后兩句話的邏輯關(guān)系不是形式上的并列就是語(yǔ)義上的并列，也就是兩句話的意思相同，所以可用其中一句話的意思來(lái)推測(cè)另一句話的意思從而推出所給詞匯含義)、定語(yǔ)從句、前后綴，特別要注意尋找時(shí)的同性原則。比如：讓猜一個(gè)名詞詞組(動(dòng)詞詞組)的意思，我們就向上向下搜索名詞詞組(動(dòng)詞詞組)。隱蔽型詞匯題：題干與原文的某句完全重合，只有一兩個(gè)詞被替換掉。隱蔽型詞匯題的做法跟詞匯題的做法幾乎一樣，往上往下找。 Cait, 11, was trying to fall asleep when her 8-year-old brother, Doug, came into

22、her room. He looked around, but seemed really out of it. Then Doug went back into the hallway and stood there looking straight up at the light. This was really strange. Cait didnt know what to do. Just then, Caits father appeared and explained Doug was sleepwalking. （2020河南）What does “out of it” mos

23、t probably mean in Chinese?A茫然不覺(jué)B心滿意足C垂頭喪氣D悠然自得根據(jù)下文中“Caits father appeared and explained Doug was sleepwalking. Sleepwalkers eyes are open, but they dont see the same way they do when theyre awake.”可知，道格正在夢(mèng)游，夢(mèng)游者的眼睛是睜開(kāi)的，但與他們醒著的時(shí)候看東西的方式不同，所以雖然道格環(huán)顧四周，但是他畢竟是在夢(mèng)游，此處劃線部分out of it的意思是“茫然不覺(jué)”，表示“他看東西的方式和醒著的時(shí)候

24、不一樣”。故選A。4.句子理解題：返回原文找到原句。對(duì)原句進(jìn)行語(yǔ)法和詞義的精確分析(找主干)，應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)抓原句的字面含義。若該句的字面含義不能確定，則依據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行判斷。注意：局部含義是由整體決定的。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，選項(xiàng)中的正確答案與原句意思完全相同，只不過(guò)用其它英語(yǔ)詞匯換種表達(dá)而已。句子理解題的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)干擾項(xiàng)特征：推得過(guò)遠(yuǎn)。做題時(shí)應(yīng)把握住推的度。思路：對(duì)句子微觀分析?不行就依據(jù)上下文?選擇時(shí)不要推得過(guò)遠(yuǎn)。5.推理題：“最近原則”標(biāo)志：learn, infer, imply,inform看是否可以通過(guò)題干返回原文或依據(jù)選項(xiàng)返回原文。一般要圍繞文中的一兩個(gè)重點(diǎn)進(jìn)行推理。推理題無(wú)論通過(guò)題干能不能定位，我們

25、都要把它固化到文章的一兩點(diǎn)上。依據(jù)原文的意思進(jìn)行三錯(cuò)一對(duì)的判斷。先不要進(jìn)行推理，若有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)跟原文的意思一模一樣，則該選項(xiàng)必然是正確答案。推理題不是考察我們的想象力，它實(shí)際是考察我們?cè)闹械哪硯讉€(gè)點(diǎn)如一個(gè)、兩個(gè)點(diǎn)所涉及的問(wèn)題我們讀透了沒(méi)有。因此，不推的比推的好;推的近的比推的遠(yuǎn)的要好。推理題的最近答案原則：不推的要比推的好，推的近的要比推的遠(yuǎn)的好，直接推出的要比間接推的好。(原文的某句話變個(gè)說(shuō)法)注意：做題時(shí)不能想得太多，推得過(guò)遠(yuǎn)。是否把原文讀懂才是關(guān)鍵。6.主旨題：“串線摘帽”即在自然段少的時(shí)候串串線，串線法解不出來(lái)時(shí)，大帽子、小帽子摘一下。主旨題的標(biāo)志：mainly about,mainl

26、y discuss,the best title串線法：抓首段和其余各段的第一句話，把其意思連接成一個(gè)整體。要注意總結(jié)性的提示詞和轉(zhuǎn)折詞，特別要注意中心句。(主要針對(duì)自然段少的文章;針對(duì)自然段多的文章，主旨題最好聯(lián)系中心句。找一個(gè)和中心句最貼近的) 小心首段陷阱。主旨題錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的干擾特征經(jīng)常是：局部信息，即選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容小于文章的內(nèi)容;范圍過(guò)寬，即選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容大于文章的內(nèi)容。逆向思維法、快速作文法：在兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)看上去都十分正確無(wú)法選擇時(shí)，試著從選項(xiàng)出發(fā)，想象一下如果自己以此選項(xiàng)來(lái)寫(xiě)文章會(huì)有那些內(nèi)容，然后把它與文章的內(nèi)容比較，接近的即為正確選項(xiàng)。In Cos Angel, a waiter served

27、 a group of teens. The waiter remembered his experience as a young high school prudent. So he made sure the teens had a pleasant experience at the restaurant. The waiter made sure of it.After serving all the teens doing a great job, he was left a tip（消費(fèi)）,only$3.28. That was hardly enough to buy a dr

28、ink at Roebucks.The waiter went home. And he felt hatred for the students who did not know the value of hard work. They looked down on people like him. Or so he thought.“Having no idea of how small this really was ,we left. Later, we realized our mistake and felt terrible. We knew we had to make it

29、right.“So together with this letter, you wail find the correct 18% tip + extra for simply being amazing. Thank you for your help and patience and also thank you for making our night fun. Thank you!”Whatdidthegroupofteestrytosayintheletter?A. Theywerequitethankfulforthewaitersservice. B.Theyhadrealiz

30、edtheirmistakeandmadeitright.C.Theyhadawonderfulexperienceattherestaurant. D.Theywantedmorecustomerstogototherestaurant. 從 Later, we realized our mistake and felt terrible. We knew we had to make it right及“ So together with this letter, you will find the correct18% tip+ extra for simply being amazing.可得知他們最想做的是糾正自己的錯(cuò)誤,所以B正確閱讀理解 解題方法與技巧三判斷題細(xì)節(jié)題重點(diǎn)題型中的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題作者態(tài)度題02030401CONTENT目錄0506 正確答案的特征 錯(cuò)誤答案的特征1.作者態(tài)度題：標(biāo)志：attitude應(yīng)精確理解四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的含義。不要摻雜自己的觀點(diǎn)。可以尋找文中一些具有感情色彩的詞。 如：fortunately, excessively, too many. 舉例的方式。抓論述的主線。把第一段讀透，把其他各段的段首段尾句拉出來(lái)，看整個(gè)文章的謀篇結(jié)