電大開放教育開放本科社會醫(yī)學(xué)考試復(fù)習(xí)試題資料

1、社會醫(yī)學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料一、名詞解釋 1醫(yī)學(xué)模式 2生活質(zhì)量 3生活方式 4社會制度 5初級衛(wèi)生保健 6專題小組討論 7初級衛(wèi)生保健 8人口老齡化 9模式 10健康危險因素 1121世紀(jì)人人享有衛(wèi)生保健 12健康危險因素評價 13健康老齡化 14問卷調(diào)查 15生物-心理-社會醫(yī)學(xué)模式 16健康危險因素評價 17社會康復(fù) 18文化 19專題小組討論 20生活事件 21健康相關(guān)生活質(zhì)量 23社會心理因素 24行為方式 25信度 26效度 二、填空題 1心理健康包括正確認(rèn)識 、 和及時適應(yīng)環(huán)境 。 2對健康有負(fù)面影響的家庭因素有_ _、_ _、_ _ _。 3我國的衛(wèi)生工作方針是以 為重點；預(yù)防為主；中西醫(yī)

2、并重；依靠科技和教育；動員 。 4社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)以人的健康為中心、_為單位、_為范圍、需求為導(dǎo)向的基本醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)。 5促進健康的行為包括_ _、_ _、_ _、 。 6對健康有明顯影響的應(yīng)激因素有 、 、 。 7社會因素對健康的作用有 、持久性、 的特點。 8社會因素包括_ _、文明和 。 9健康狀況指標(biāo)主要有 、疾病統(tǒng)計指標(biāo)、 。 10健康的概念包括_ _健康、_ _健康和_ _。 11生物醫(yī)學(xué)模式的觀點是兩個理論,一個是 ，另一個是 。12圍產(chǎn)保健的目的降低孕產(chǎn)婦和 的死亡率；降低孕產(chǎn)婦的 和殘疾兒的出生率；提高 工作質(zhì)量。13社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)機構(gòu)設(shè)置原則中指出：以_為主體，以_作為補充。 1

3、4環(huán)境危險因素包括 、 。15問卷的基本結(jié)構(gòu)主要包括 、 和 三大部分。 三、選擇題1觀察法的主要缺點是 （ ）A資料的可靠性較低； B沒有時間彈性； C費用較高 D難獲得“有說服力”的統(tǒng)計量，以致觀察研究的結(jié)果不能外推 E觀察研究的結(jié)果不全面 2生活質(zhì)量指數(shù)是由以下哪三個指標(biāo)通過指數(shù)計算綜合得到的（ ）A嬰兒死亡率，平均期望壽命，成人識字率 B嬰兒死亡率，平均期望壽命，15歲及以上人口識字率 C嬰兒死亡率，1歲平均期望壽命，15歲及以上人口識字率 D5歲兒童死亡率，平均期望壽命，成人識字率 E5歲兒童死亡率，1歲平均期望壽命，15歲及以上人口識字率 3圍產(chǎn)保健包括（ ）A青春期保健、孕期保健

4、、產(chǎn)前保健、產(chǎn)后保健 B孕前保健、孕期保健、產(chǎn)時及產(chǎn)褥期保健、新生兒保健 C孕期保健、產(chǎn)前保健、產(chǎn)后保健、分娩保健 D產(chǎn)前保健、產(chǎn)時保健、產(chǎn)褥期保健、產(chǎn)后保健 E優(yōu)生優(yōu)育、新生兒保健、母乳喂養(yǎng)、產(chǎn)后訪視 4社會醫(yī)學(xué)是（ ）A醫(yī)學(xué)的分支學(xué)科 B社會學(xué)的分支學(xué)科 C醫(yī)學(xué)與社會學(xué)之間的交叉學(xué)科 D預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)的分支學(xué)科 E基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)的分支學(xué)科 5健康狀況評價是 （ ）A分析人群健康水平及發(fā)展變化 B發(fā)現(xiàn)人群存在的健康問題 C篩選人群健康的主要因素 D評估各種健康計劃、方案、措施的效果 E以上都是 6美國社會健康學(xué)會指標(biāo)（ASHA）是評價人口健康的（ ）A生理學(xué)指標(biāo) B心理學(xué)指標(biāo) C生存健康指標(biāo) D生命長度

5、指標(biāo) E綜合指標(biāo)7存在死亡危險等于（ ）A平均死亡率組合危險分?jǐn)?shù) B平均死亡概率危險分?jǐn)?shù) C平均死亡概率組合危險分?jǐn)?shù) D預(yù)期死亡概率危險降低程度 E平均死亡概率危險降低年齡 8下列不屬于個別訪談實施中的主要工作內(nèi)容的選項是（ ）A提問 B傾聽 C評價 D回應(yīng) E鼓勵 9影響人類健康的四大因素是（ ）A細(xì)菌、病毒、寄生蟲和自身免疫 B個人衛(wèi)生、環(huán)境衛(wèi)生、家庭衛(wèi)生和勞動衛(wèi)生 C自然環(huán)境、社會環(huán)境、家庭和公共場所 D公共場所衛(wèi)生、飲食衛(wèi)生、環(huán)境衛(wèi)生和勞動衛(wèi)生 E環(huán)境、生物、行為生活方式、衛(wèi)生服務(wù) 10下面關(guān)于生命數(shù)量和生活質(zhì)量的說法，錯誤的是（ ）A生命數(shù)量是指個體生存時間的長度 B生活質(zhì)量是人們對

6、自己的身體狀態(tài)、心理功能、社會能力以及個人整體 情形的一種感覺體驗 C生命數(shù)量和生活質(zhì)量是相互聯(lián)系和相互制約的 D生活質(zhì)量是生命數(shù)量的前提和基礎(chǔ) E為了獲得較高的生活質(zhì)量，有時不得不損失一定的生命數(shù)量 11關(guān)于專題小組討論的優(yōu)點, 不正確的是（ ）A可以獲得群體對某事物的具有一定廣度和深度的看法 B與結(jié)構(gòu)式問卷調(diào)查相比，可以較好地了解到調(diào)查對象的態(tài)度和對事物的看法 C與個別訪談比，在較短的時間內(nèi)獲得較豐富的信息 D特別適合于敏感問題的研究 E可以用于探索群體的態(tài)度 12健康類型可以劃分成（ ）A健康型，無病型，有病型，死亡型 B健康型，自創(chuàng)危險因素型，歷史危險因素型，大量危險型 C健康型，存在

7、危險型，大量危險型 D健康型，自創(chuàng)危險因素型，歷史危險因素型，少量危險型 E健康型，不健康型 13關(guān)于健康綜合評價方法的說法，錯誤的是（ ）A用某種方法把一系列群體健康指標(biāo)相結(jié)合形成的新指標(biāo) B用某種方法把一系列個體健康指標(biāo)相結(jié)合形成的新指標(biāo) C可以用加權(quán)法、相乘法和統(tǒng)計方法來計算 D潛在減壽年數(shù)是綜合評價指標(biāo) E定量的、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的、可以全面反映健康狀況的新指標(biāo) 14影響健康的因素分為四大類，下列不在這四大類之列的是（ ）A生物學(xué)因素 B環(huán)境因素 C生態(tài)因素 D生活方式 E衛(wèi)生服務(wù) 15影響殘疾人口健康狀況的第一位因素是（ ） A.教育與就業(yè) B.婚姻與家庭 C.社會環(huán)境 D.經(jīng)濟 E.立法 16

8、社會醫(yī)學(xué)不能夠完成的任務(wù)是（ ）A開展社會衛(wèi)生狀況的調(diào)查研究 B研究某一種臨床治療方法的有效性 C開展特殊人群的社區(qū)保健 D分析社會病因，提出改善衛(wèi)生狀況的對策與措施 E倡導(dǎo)積極的健康觀，保護和促進人群的身心健康 17社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)是以（ ）A病人為中心，家庭為導(dǎo)向 B老年人為中心，社區(qū)為導(dǎo)向 C人的健康為中心，需求為導(dǎo)向 D人的健康為中心，家庭為導(dǎo)向 E老年人為中心，需求為導(dǎo)向 18生物醫(yī)學(xué)模式重視的對人的健康影響的因素是（ ）A生物因素 B心理和社會因素 C社會因素 D心理因素 E科學(xué)技術(shù)因素 19下列不屬于個別訪談實施中的主要工作內(nèi)容的是（ ）A提問 B傾聽 C評價 D回應(yīng) E鼓勵 20當(dāng)

9、個體的實際年齡與評價年齡接近時，該個體（ ）A屬于健康人 B屬于不健康人 C其危險程度與當(dāng)?shù)厝巳阂恢?D其死亡率與健康人一樣 E其生存概率與健康人一樣 21社區(qū)發(fā)展是一項世界性運動，倡導(dǎo)它的機構(gòu)是（ ）A聯(lián)合國 B世界衛(wèi)生組織 C世界銀行 D世界開發(fā)署 E中國政府 22婚前醫(yī)學(xué)檢查包括（ ）A只詢問病史 B只進行全身體格檢查 C只進行一些輔助檢查 D詢問病史，進行全身體格檢查和一些輔助檢查 E以上都不是 23健康老化是指（ ）A老年人保持最長時間身心健康 B老年人保持最長的壽命 C老年人保持最長時間的身體健康 D老年人與朋友相處時間最長 E老年人與家人共度時光最長 24首次提出社會醫(yī)學(xué)一詞的是

10、 （ ）A希波克拉底 B威爾嘯 C德威爾 D格羅蒂揚 E蓋林 25根據(jù)殘疾的嚴(yán)重程度，將殘疾分為（ ）A缺損、殘疾、殘障 B殘疾、殘缺、殘障 C殘缺、缺損、殘疾 D殘障、再障、殘疾 E再障、缺損、殘缺 26下列有關(guān)合作醫(yī)療的敘述，錯誤的是（ ）A合作醫(yī)療是農(nóng)民主要的醫(yī)療保障形式 B合作醫(yī)療是建立在集體經(jīng)濟的基礎(chǔ)之上的 C合作醫(yī)療是一種共擔(dān)疾病風(fēng)險的制度 D合作醫(yī)療是一種互助合作的制度 E合作醫(yī)療從根本上解決了農(nóng)民“因病致貧”與“因病返貧”的問題 27從根本上看，影響健康的因素是（ ）A教育和不公平 B收入水平和貧困 C遺傳因素 D社會經(jīng)濟因素、貧困和不公平 E社會安定 28老少比指標(biāo)指的是 （

11、 ）A65歲及以上人口數(shù)與14歲及以下人口數(shù)之比 B60歲及以上人口數(shù)與14歲及以下人口數(shù)之比 C60歲以上人口數(shù)與14歲以下人口數(shù)之比 D65歲以上人口數(shù)與14歲以下人口數(shù)之比 E59歲及以上人口數(shù)與15歲及以下人口數(shù)之比 四、思考題1我國目前面臨的主要衛(wèi)生問題是什么? 2現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)模式對臨床醫(yī)學(xué)的影響是什么？ 3臨床診斷和社區(qū)診斷的區(qū)別是什么？421世紀(jì)人人享有衛(wèi)生保健的概念和目標(biāo)是什么? 5論述生活方式對健康的影響。 6敘述定性研究的應(yīng)用 。 請您刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(_)O謝謝！2016年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄Basketball can mak

12、e a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the Nat

13、ional Basketball Association (NBA) and Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the play

14、ing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basket-balls range in size from 28.5

15、-30 in (72-76 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in mens games measures 29.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a womens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in circumference. The covering of the b

16、all is leather, rubber, composition, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the balls

17、bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 49-54 in (1.2-1.4 m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft (1.80 m) measured f

18、rom the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere commands considerable atten

19、tion. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two half-bushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training Sc

20、hool of the Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismith (1861-1939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in handling a

21、ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of t

22、he rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismiths five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted a

23、gainst handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players; the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period win

24、s. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the organization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players; smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became general

25、ly established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 10-20 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played

26、in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismiths original players were Canadians, and the game spread to Canada immediately. It was played

27、in France by 1893; England in 1894; Australia, China, and India between 1895 and 1900; and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a socce

28、r ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948; its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were ruled official in 1949. The rule-setters came from several groups early in

29、the 1900s. Colleges and universities established their rules committees in 1905, the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a set of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there were two professional sets of rules. A Joint Rules Committee for colleges, th

30、e AAU, and the YMCA was created in 1915, and, under the name the National Basketball Committee (NBC) made rules for amateur play until 1979. In that year, the National Federation of State High School Associations began governing the sport at the high school level, and the NCAA Rules Committee assume

31、d rule-making responsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the Armed Forces, with a similar committee holding jurisdiction over womens basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War

32、II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some

33、 states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The womens game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to m

34、ore closely resemble the mens game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably become the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, w

35、ith national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the womens game by recognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams.

36、 The first professional mens basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a per-game basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the ever-changing players on a team. After the Great Depre

37、ssion, a new NBL was organized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was organized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game; under these premises, the two joined to form the Nationa

38、l Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. A rival American Basketball Association (ABA) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the NBA for college talent and market share for almost ten years. In 1976, this league disbanded, but four of its teams remained as NBA teams. Unification came just in time fo

39、r major television support. Several womens professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the Womens Professional Basketball League (WBL) and the Womens World Basketball Association, before the WNBA debuted in 1997 with the support of the NBA. James Naismith, originally from Al-monte, Ont

40、ario, invented basketball at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. The game was first played with peach baskets (hence the name) and a soccer ball and was intended to provide indoor exercise for football players. As a result, it was originally a rough sport.

41、Although ten of Naismiths original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first f

42、ive-man teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine nets but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the nets were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year

43、later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Nonetheless, many rules still differ

44、ed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or au

45、dience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would barnstorm into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facili

46、ties suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were played in arenas with chicken wire separating the players from fans, thus the word cagers, others with posts in the middle of the floor and often with balconies overhanging the corners, limiting the areas from which shots could b

47、e taken. Until the late 1930s, all players used the two-hand set shot, and scores remained low. Basketball in the 1920s and 1930s became both more organized and more popular, although it still lagged far behind both baseball and college football. In the pros, five urban, ethnic teams excelled and pl

48、ayed with almost no college graduates. They were the New York Original Celtics; the Cleveland Rosenblums, owned by Max Rosenblum; Eddie Gottliebs Philadelphia SPHAs (South Philadelphia Hebrew Association); and two great black teams, the New York Renaissance Five and Abe Sapersteins Harlem Globetrott

49、ers, which was actually from Chicago. While these teams had some notable players, no superstars, such as Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, or Red Grange, emerged to capture the publics attention as they did in other sports of the period. The same was true in college basketball up until the late 1930s, with c

50、oaches dominating the game and its development. Walter Doc Meanwell at Wisconsin, Forrest Phog Allen at Kansas, Ward Piggy Lambert at Purdue, and Henry Doc Carlson at Pittsburgh all made significant contributions to the games development: zone defenses, the weave, the passing game, and the fast brea

51、k. In the decade preceding World War II, five events changed college basketball and allowed it to become a major spectator sport. In 1929, the rules committee reversed a decision that would have outlawed dribbling and slowed the game considerably. Five years later, promoter Edward Ned Irish staged t

52、he first intersectional twin bill in Madison Square Garden in New York City and attracted more than 16,000 fans. He demonstrated the appeal of major college ball and made New York its center. In December 1936, Hank Luisetti of Stanford revealed the virtues of the one-handed shot to an amazed Garden

53、audience and became the first major collegiate star. Soon thereafter, Luisetti scored an incredible fifty points against Duquesne, thus ending the Easts devotion to the set shot and encouraging a more open game. In consecutive years the center jump was eliminated after free throws and then after fie

54、ld goals, thus speeding up the game and allowing for more scoring. In 1938, Irish created the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in the Garden to determine a national champion. Although postseason tournaments had occurred before, the NIT was the first with major colleges from different regions and

55、 proved to be a great financial success. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) created its own postseason tournament in 1939 but did not rival the NIT in prestige for some time. The 1940s saw significant changes for college basketball. Players began using the jump shot after Kenny Sail

56、ors of Wyoming wowed the East with it in 1943. The behind-the-back dribble and pass also appeared, as did exceptional big men. Bob Kurland at Oklahoma A&M was almost seven feet tall and George Mikan at DePaul was six feet ten inches. While Kurland had perhaps the better college career and played in

57、two Olympics, he chose not to play professional ball, whereas Mikan became the first dominant star in the pros. Their defensive play inspired the rule against goal tending (blocking a shot on its downward flight). Adolph Rupp, who played under Phog Allen, also coached the first of his many talented

58、teams at Kentucky in that decade. However, in 1951, Rupp and six other coaches suffered through a point-shaving scandal that involved thirty-two players at seven colleges and seriously injured college basketball, particularly in New York, where four of the seven schools were located. While the game

59、survived, the NCAA moved its tournament away from Madison Square Garden to different cities each year and the NITs prestige began to decline. Professional basketball remained a disorganized and stodgy sport up until the late 1940s, with barnstorming still central to the game and most players still u

60、sing the set shot. In 1946, however, hockey owners, led by Maurice Podoloff, created the Basketball Association of America (BAA) in the East to fill their arenas, but few fans came, even after Joe Fulks of Philadelphia introduced the jump shot. The BAAs rival, the National Basketball League, had exi