TCPIP協(xié)議原理教學(xué)課件：Chapter 1 Introduction

1、Chapter 1 IntroductionA brief history of InternetProtocols and standardsStandards organizationsInternet standardsInternet administration7/15/20221TCP/IP Protocol SuiteKey TermsNetwork: An interconnected collection of autonomous computers 每種網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)都是為某種具體目標(biāo)而設(shè)計的internetworking 網(wǎng)際互聯(lián)/互連把不同物理網(wǎng)絡(luò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)互聯(lián)起來，使之成為一個

2、協(xié)調(diào)的整體interconnect 互聯(lián)/互連internet，internetwork互聯(lián)網(wǎng)（網(wǎng)際網(wǎng)），互聯(lián)形成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)集合Internet（因特網(wǎng)）The largest internet in the world, running on TCP/IP7/15/20222TCP/IP Protocol SuiteARPANETARPA（the Advanced Research Projects Agency ，遠(yuǎn)景研究規(guī)劃署）determined to build ARPANET which would be a packet switching network （分組交換網(wǎng)）. Pack

3、et switching network:Host（主機）IMP (Interface Message Processors，接口報文處理機) IMPs were connected by 56-kbps transmission lines.For high reliability, each IMP would be connected to at least two other IMPs. ARPANET is the first electronic store-and-forward packet-switching network 7/15/20223TCP/IP Protocol

4、 SuiteThe Original ARPANET DesignSource IMP to destination IMP protocolIMP-IMP protocolIMP-IMP protocolHost-host protocolHost-IMP protocolHostIMPDatagram SubnetAs an experimental network, ARPANET went on the air in Dec. 1969 with four nodes, at UCLA, UCSB, SRI and University of Utah.7/15/20224TCP/IP

5、 Protocol SuiteARPANET ProtocolThe software was split into two parts: Subnet software Host software The Subnet software: The IMP end of the host-IMP connection The IMP-IMP protocol A source IMP to destination IMP protocol designed to improve reliability The host software:The host end of the host-IMP

6、 connectionThe host-host protocol The application software 7/15/20225TCP/IP Protocol SuiteARPANET was not suitable for The experiment demonstrated that the existing ARPANET protocols were not suitable for running over multiple networks 7/15/20226TCP/IP Protocol SuiteInternet誕生ARPA于20世紀(jì)70年代中期啟動網(wǎng)絡(luò)互聯(lián)方面

7、的研究目標(biāo)：使得一個網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的主機能與另一個不同網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的主機通信重要概念：“網(wǎng)關(guān)”7/15/20227TCP/IP Protocol SuiteTCP/IP ProtocolTransmission Control Protocol (TCP) Host Transfer the responsible for error correction from the IMP to the host To be responsible forSegmentation（分段）Reassembly（重裝）Error detection （差錯檢測）Internetworking Protocol (IP，

8、網(wǎng)際互連協(xié)議) IMP Routing Internetworking 7/15/20228TCP/IP Protocol SuiteBerkeley UNIX與 TCP/IPBerkeley將TCP/IP協(xié)議集成到Berkeley UNIX（BSD UNIX）提供了大量基于TCP/IP協(xié)議的UNIX應(yīng)用工具提供了強大的的編程接口：套接字（socket）BSD UNIX迅速廣泛部署恰逢其時7/15/20229TCP/IP Protocol SuiteNSFNET & ANSNET1981, CSNET was sponsored by NSF互連美國高校80年代中期，連接到Internet19

9、86, NSFNET was sponsored by NSFBackbone:Connected community (including universities) networksT1 line with 1.544 Mbps data rateProvided connectivity throughout USA1990，NSFNET取代ARPANET1991，ANS (Advanced Networks and Services)took over NSFNET upgraded the 1.5-Mbps links to 45 Mbps to form ANSNET 7/15/2

10、02210TCP/IP Protocol SuiteA Brief History of Internet1969. Four-node ARPANET established.1970. ARPA hosts implement NCP.1973. Development of TCP/IP suite begins.1977. An internet tested using TCP/IP.1978. UNIX distributed to academic/research sites.1981. CSNET established.1983. TCP/IP becomes the of

11、ficial protocol.1983. MILNET was born.1986. NSFNET established.1990. ARPANET decommissioned and replaced by NSFNET.1995. NSFNET goes back to being a research network.1995. ISPs started.7/15/202211TCP/IP Protocol SuiteInternetToday7/15/202212TCP/IP Protocol SuiteHierarchy of Internet(Top) Internation

12、al Service Providers: connect nations togetherNational Service Providers (NSP):Backbone networks （主干網(wǎng)）Be connected by NAP (complex switching stations)Regional Internet Service Providers (Regional ISP):Be connected to NSPLocal Internet Service Providers (ISP):Be connected to Regional ISPOffer individ

13、ual users the ability to call up one of their machines and connect to the Internet7/15/202213TCP/IP Protocol SuiteArchitecture of the internetPhysical networks are interconnected by routersHosts are attached to one of the physical networksRRouterRRRRRRPhysical network7/15/202214TCP/IP Protocol Suite

14、如何看待互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶角度單一的虛擬網(wǎng)絡(luò)無需了解網(wǎng)絡(luò)的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)角度所有網(wǎng)絡(luò)是平等的路由器每個接口連接的都是網(wǎng)絡(luò)RRRRRR7/15/202215TCP/IP Protocol SuiteThe Growing of InternetFactorNew protocolsNew technologiesMore and more multimedia applications7/15/202216TCP/IP Protocol SuiteChapter 1 IntroductionA brief history of InternetProtocols and standardsStandar

15、ds organizationsInternet standardsInternet administration7/15/202217TCP/IP Protocol SuiteProtocolsProtocol（協(xié)議）A set of rules that governs data communication3 key elementsSyntax（語法）Structure or format of the data Semantics （語義）Meaning of each section of bitsAnd what action is to be takenSynchronizati

16、on （同步） / Timing （時序）When data should be sentHow fast it can be send7/15/202218TCP/IP Protocol Suite01010110000111110Example protocol Ethernet: 目的MAC類型FCS源MAC66246 15004bytePacket7/15/202219TCP/IP Protocol SuiteProtocols and StandardsStandard（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）For equipment manufacturer創(chuàng)建和維護(hù)開放和競爭的市場基礎(chǔ)確保互操作性（intero

17、perability）Agreed-upon rulesCategoriesDe-facto 事實上的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：by fact or by conventionDe-jury 合法標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：by law or by regulation7/15/202220TCP/IP Protocol SuiteChapter 1 IntroductionA brief history of InternetProtocols and standardsStandards organizationsInternet standardsInternet administration7/15/202221TCP/IP

18、Protocol SuiteStandards OrganizationsStandards Creation CommitteesISO（International Standards Organization，國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織）ITU-T（International Telecommunications Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector，國際電聯(lián) -電信標(biāo)準(zhǔn)部）ANSI（American National Standards Institute，美國國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)會）IEEE（Institute of Electrical and El

19、ectronics Engineering，電氣電子工程師學(xué)會）EIA（Electronic Industries Association，電子工業(yè)協(xié)會） 行動緩慢，按章辦事7/15/202222TCP/IP Protocol SuiteCont.ForumsFrame Relay Forum（幀中繼論壇）ATM Forum（ATM論壇）DSL ForumRegulatory Agencies（管理機構(gòu)）FCC（Federal Communications Commission，聯(lián)邦通信委員會） 加快標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化過程，測試、評價、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化新技術(shù)7/15/202223TCP/IP Protocol Su

20、iteChapter 1 IntroductionA brief history of InternetProtocols and standardsStandards organizationsInternet standardsInternet administration7/15/202224TCP/IP Protocol SuiteInternet StandardsInternet標(biāo)準(zhǔn)經(jīng)過充分測試的規(guī)約在Internet上工作的人都必須遵守的規(guī)約從規(guī)約到Internet標(biāo)準(zhǔn)需要經(jīng)過嚴(yán)格過程7/15/202225TCP/IP Protocol SuiteRFC（Request For

21、Comments）RFC（Request For Comments）請求評論、請求注解、請求注釋當(dāng)Internet draft（草案）被推薦時 RFCThe RFC document series is a set of technical and organizational notes about the Internet (originally the ARPANET), beginning in 1969. Memos in the RFC series discuss many aspects of computer networking, including protocols,

22、procedures, programs, and concepts, as well as meeting notes, opinions, and sometimes humor.每個RFC在編輯時都分配一個編號RFC有6個成熟等級（Maturity Levels）/生存狀態(tài)7/15/202226TCP/IP Protocol SuiteExample：RFC Index0790 Assigned numbers. J. Postel. Sep-01-1981. (Format: TXT =35316 bytes) (Obsoletes RFC0776) (Obsoleted by RFC

23、0820) (Status: HISTORIC)0791 Internet Protocol. (Status: STANDARD)1256 ICMP Router Discovery Messages. (Status: PROPOSED STANDARD)1460 Post Office Protocol - Version 3. (Status: DRAFT STANDARD)1788 ICMP Domain Name Messages. (Status: EXPERIMENTAL)1878 Variable Length Subnet Table For IPv4. (Status:

24、INFORMATIONAL)7/15/202227TCP/IP Protocol SuiteMaturity Levels of an RFCRFC2026：The Internet Standards Process - Revision 3六個月和兩次使用四個月和兩次使用7/15/202228TCP/IP Protocol SuiteRequirement Levels of an RFCRequiredRecommendedElectiveLimited useNot recommendedRequirement levelsMUST, MUST NOT, REQUIRED, SHALL, SHALL NOT, SHOULD, SHOULD NOT, RECOMMENDED, MAY, and OPTIONALRFC 2119 ：Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels7/15/202229TCP/IP Protocol SuiteInternet制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的準(zhǔn)則只要可以應(yīng)用現(xiàn)有協(xié)議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，就使用它們只有當(dāng)現(xiàn)有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不夠時才制定新協(xié)議只要能夠得到這些新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而它們又能提供等價功能，就使用這些新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)7/15/202230TCP/IP Protocol SuiteChapter 1 Introduction