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1、動(dòng)詞 聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞行為動(dòng)詞后加行為動(dòng)詞后加行為動(dòng)詞單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞 1) be 2) 表示狀態(tài)類 3) 感官動(dòng)詞 作謂語(yǔ),后接表語(yǔ) (形容詞、 名詞)助動(dòng)詞 be 的用法 am / is / are + 現(xiàn)在分詞 was / were + 現(xiàn)在分詞 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) am / is / are + 過(guò)去分詞 was / were +過(guò)去分詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) / 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) / 一般過(guò)去時(shí)be + to do sth (不定式)表示將來(lái)的計(jì)劃、安排助動(dòng)詞 do (do, does, did )的用法 置于句首. ? 一般疑問(wèn)句 do + not 否定句D

2、o + not置于句首否定祈使句助動(dòng)詞 have 的用法 have / has + 過(guò)去分詞 had + 過(guò)去分詞 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí) have / has been + 過(guò)去分詞 had been + 過(guò)去分詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)/現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)/過(guò)去完成時(shí) have to do not have to “不得不”“沒(méi)有必要” goes went has gone had been gone go are singing were doing are written are writing was found have been found finished had studied must h

3、ave lost might have been lost 判斷下列時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)常見的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有: 用法見課本 p 80 p 82情態(tài)動(dòng)詞: 表示說(shuō)話人的情緒,態(tài)度或語(yǔ)氣不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ), 只能和其他動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。 2. 表示否定的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法: 部分情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的否定式是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞中的考點(diǎn)之一。 mustnt 不準(zhǔn), 禁止 neednt 沒(méi)必要 ( = dont have to )cant 不能; 不可能may not 不可以; 可能不shouldnt 不應(yīng)該 ( = ought not to )注意對(duì)need問(wèn)句的回答: -Need I finish the work today? -Yes,

4、 _. No, _. No, _.you mustyou needntyou dont have toneednt 對(duì)其它情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的回答: -Shall I tell John about it? -No, you _. -Must we do it now? -No, you _. neednt (dont have to) neednt(dont have to)表示推測(cè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的重要用法.肯定的推測(cè)可能的推測(cè)否定的推測(cè)疑問(wèn)的推測(cè)must 對(duì)將來(lái) 對(duì)現(xiàn)在 對(duì)過(guò)去情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may, might cant, couldntcan, could + V. + V. + have done常見mus

5、t be + be doing + V. + V. + have done + be doing 可以用not表示“可能不” +V. + V. + have done + be doing+ V. + V. + have done + be doing表示推測(cè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的重要用法.1. You must be Mr. Smith-I was told to expect you here.2. He must have known what we wanted.3. We may have read the same report.4. He cant have slept through al

6、l that noise.5. Theres someone outside-who can it be?6. What can they be doing?7. These pills might help to cure your disease.不同的“肯定”程度可按下列層次排列: He is at home. (事實(shí)) He must be at home.(非常肯定的推斷) He could be at home.(很可能) He may be at home.(僅僅可能而已) He might be at home.(或許, 非常不確定) He might not be at ho

7、me.(也許不在家)He may not be at home. (比might可能) He couldnt be at home.(很可能不在家) He cant be at home.(一定不在家)He isnt at home.(事實(shí)) 一. can和 could用于表示“可能”或“推測(cè)”,表示說(shuō)話人能,可以,準(zhǔn)許以及客觀條件許可,could為can的過(guò)去式1.1表能力,有“能”、“會(huì)”、“能夠”的意思例如:Can you drive a car? 你會(huì)開車嗎?-Yes, I can. 我會(huì)。-No, I cant. 我不會(huì)。 1.2表允許,在口語(yǔ)中代替 may,有“可以”的意思例如:C

8、an I use your bike?我可以用你的自行車嗎? 1.3表示可能性,常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句例如:Can it be true?那會(huì)是真的嗎? Today is Sunday. He cant be at school.今天是星期天。他不可能在學(xué)校里 1.4過(guò)去式could表示的語(yǔ)氣更加委婉、客氣例如:Could I come to see you tomorrow? 明天我可以來(lái)見你嗎? 1.5 can 和 be able to 的比較1) can 只有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)兩種時(shí)態(tài)(could),其他時(shí)態(tài)要用be able to的形式例如:I havent been able to

9、 get in touch with her.我一直沒(méi)能和她聯(lián)系上。2) 通常can 和 be able to 可以互換例如:He will come if he can. 如果可能的話,他一定會(huì)來(lái)。 can 和could表示“可能” “推測(cè)”He cant be at home. (否定句) 他不可能在家。Can the news be true?這消息可能是真的嗎?Anybody can make a mistake. (只表示理論上的可能性) 任何人都可能犯錯(cuò)誤。4. At that time we thought the story could not be true. (表示過(guò)去的可

10、能性)那時(shí)我們認(rèn)為所說(shuō)的故事不可能是真的。5. An accident can happen if you do this. (表示事情肯定會(huì)發(fā)生) -如果你這樣做,可能會(huì)發(fā)生以外。二. may和 might 用于表示“事實(shí)上的可能性”或“預(yù)測(cè)”1.It may rain tomorrow. (表示可能會(huì)發(fā)生)明天可能會(huì)下雨。2. It may snow later this afternoon. (表示預(yù)測(cè))今天下午可能會(huì)下雪。 3. You might be right. (表示有可能)你也許是對(duì)的。4. It is possible he may have called while we

11、 were out. ( 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)may have called)當(dāng)我們出門時(shí),他有可能會(huì)打電話來(lái)。5. Sam might have taken the money , but it seems unlikely. (過(guò)去完成式-might have taken)錢也許會(huì)是Sam拿走的,但又不太像。6. If you took some exercise, you might not be so fat.(might用于條件句)要是你鍛煉鍛煉,可能不會(huì)這樣胖。7. Electric irons could be dangerous; they might give you a severe

12、 shock. 電熨斗會(huì)有危險(xiǎn)的,它可能使你受到嚴(yán)重的電擊。三. will和 would用于表示“預(yù)測(cè)”或“習(xí)慣性”will, 用于構(gòu)成 將來(lái)時(shí)是助動(dòng)詞。用于表示“意志”“決心”“請(qǐng)求”是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。would亦同理。e.g He will be here this afternoon. (助動(dòng)詞) Will you tell her that Im here. (情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)2. 用于各種人稱,表示“意志”“決心”“允諾”e.g. I will try. 我愿意一試。3 在疑問(wèn)句中用于第二人稱,提出請(qǐng)求或詢問(wèn)例如:If you want help, let me know, will you?

13、如果你需要幫助,讓我知道,好嗎? Will you type this, please?請(qǐng)打印這個(gè),好嗎? Wont you sit down?請(qǐng)坐下,好嗎? 4.would比will客氣委婉例如:Would you help us, please?請(qǐng)您幫助我們,好嗎?(表請(qǐng)求) Id go there with you.我要和你一塊到那兒去。(表意愿) Dad wouldnt allow it.爸爸不會(huì)允許這件事。(表許可) 四. shall 和should的用法。1. Each member shall wear a name card. (表示規(guī)定)每一個(gè)會(huì)員必須配帶名卡。 2. I s

14、hould answer his letter as soon as possible. (表示應(yīng)該)我應(yīng)該盡快給他回信。3. You shouldnt judge a man always by the clothes. (shouldnt “不應(yīng)該”含有勸告的意思)你不應(yīng)該總是以貌取人。 4. The rules shall take effect onJan. 1st.(shall 用于規(guī)章等,表示義務(wù)和規(guī)定)新規(guī)則于一月一日起生效。5.Shall I turn on the light, Mom? 媽媽,我把燈打開好嗎?(用于征求對(duì)方的意見,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞) I shall be there

15、.我會(huì)到那兒去的。(表“決心”,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞) 6.should用于構(gòu)成將來(lái)時(shí)是助動(dòng)詞。should用于表示“應(yīng)當(dāng)”“猜測(cè)”是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞例如:We thought we should never see you again. 我們以為再也見不到你了。(構(gòu)成一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),助動(dòng)詞) I should write some letters tonight.今晚我得寫幾封信。(表“應(yīng)當(dāng)”,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞) They should be there by now.他們現(xiàn)在可能到了。 (表“猜測(cè)”,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞) 五. must用于表示“必定”“必須”1.must表示必須,否定回答時(shí)用neednt. mustnt表示不

16、許可 e.g.1) Must I come tonight? -No, you neednt.2) You mustntt smoke in the hospital.2.must用于肯定句,可以表示推測(cè),翻譯為:一定或想必。后面接動(dòng)詞的一般時(shí),表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的推測(cè),接動(dòng)詞的完成式,表示對(duì)過(guò)去的推測(cè)。對(duì)過(guò)去的推測(cè)是考試的重點(diǎn) 1) Shemustlivenearhere,forshecomestoworkonfoot. 2)Shewasabsentfromclass.Theremusthavebeen somethingwrongwithher. 3)Thelightwasout.Theymust

17、havegonetobed. must用法的例子This must be good for you. (must be 肯定) 這肯定對(duì)你是有益的。2)All animals must die. (表示必然會(huì)發(fā)生的事情)所有的人一定會(huì)死。3) Mustnt there be a mistake? (mustnt多用于疑問(wèn)句)那肯定會(huì)有錯(cuò)誤嗎?六. ought to 用于表示“想必會(huì)” 語(yǔ)氣比must弱They ought to be there by now. 他們想必已經(jīng)到那兒了。2. He ought to stop smoking. 他最好不要抽煙了。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法:表示:“許可”“請(qǐng)求

18、”一. can和 could用于表示“許可”“請(qǐng)求”Can I go with you? ( 請(qǐng)求)我能跟你一起走嗎?2. Father said I could go to the cinema. (過(guò)去的許可)爸爸說(shuō)我可以去看電影。3. Could I ask you something? (請(qǐng)求,用could比can更婉轉(zhuǎn))我可以問(wèn)你一件事情嗎?4. You can come in . (表示允許,常見于口語(yǔ)中) 你可以進(jìn)來(lái)。5. You cant smoke in the meeting room. (cant 表示“禁止”)會(huì)議室里不準(zhǔn)吸煙。6. Cant you do it now

19、? (表示反問(wèn))你不能現(xiàn)在做嗎?二. will和would 表示“請(qǐng)求”Will you kindly tell me the way to the post office? (表示客氣請(qǐng)求) 請(qǐng)問(wèn)郵局怎么走?2. Would you give me your address? (用would比will更客氣。) 請(qǐng)你告訴我你的地址,好嗎?情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示“推測(cè)”的用法。1.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示“推測(cè)”的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示“推測(cè)”時(shí),要記住以下兩種推測(cè)和形式推測(cè):對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的推測(cè);對(duì)現(xiàn)在狀態(tài)的推測(cè)。兩種形式:用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞加完成時(shí)態(tài)表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的推測(cè);用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原型表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在發(fā)生動(dòng)作

20、或狀態(tài)的推測(cè)。具體用法如下:9.1 must have done表示過(guò)去一定做了什么,語(yǔ)氣十分肯定例如:You must have finished your work. 你一定完成了你的工作。9.2 cant have done表示過(guò)去不可能做了什么,語(yǔ)氣也比較肯定(是上面的否定形式)例如:He cant have gone to Beijing, for I had a talk with him just now. 他不可能去過(guò)北京,因?yàn)槲覄偤退徽勥^(guò)。9.3 neednt have done表示過(guò)去沒(méi)有必要做什么但已經(jīng)做了。例如:You neednt have come earlier

21、. 你不需要來(lái)這么早的。9.4 should have done過(guò)去該做什么但沒(méi)有做。(含有責(zé)備的意思)。例如:You should have started earlier.你本應(yīng)該早點(diǎn)開始的。 9.5 shouldnt have done表示過(guò)去不該做什么但做了。(含有責(zé)備的意思)例如:You shouldnt have helped him, he could do it himself.你本不該幫助他的,他能自己做。9.6 ought to have done表示過(guò)去該做什么而沒(méi)有做。(是職責(zé)和義務(wù))例如:You ought to have helped him. (but you d

22、idnt.)你應(yīng)該幫助他的。9.7 can/could do sth.表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的猜測(cè),常用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句或感嘆句中。例如:This news cant be true.這消息不可能是真的。9.8 may/might do sth. 表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的猜測(cè),常用于肯定句中。例如:Mr.Wang may know Professor Lis telephone number.王先生也許知道李教授的電話號(hào)碼。 情 態(tài) 動(dòng) 詞 的 用 法1. can (could) 表示說(shuō)話人能, 可以, 同意, 準(zhǔn)許, 以及客觀條件許可, could 為 can 的過(guò)去式。 Can you pass me t

23、he books? 你能給我遞一下書嗎 ? Could you help me, please? 請(qǐng)問(wèn), 你能幫助我嗎? What can you do? 你能干點(diǎn)什么呢? Can you be sure? 你有把握嗎? can 和could 只能用于現(xiàn)在式和過(guò)去式兩種時(shí)態(tài),將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)用be able to 來(lái)表示。 He could help us at all. 他完全可以幫助我們。 With the teachers help, I shall be able to speak English correctly. 有老師的幫助, 我將能準(zhǔn)確地講英語(yǔ)。 2. may (might) “可以

24、”,表示說(shuō)話人同意,許可或請(qǐng)求對(duì)方許可。 You may take the book home. 你可以把書帶回家去。 May I come in? 我可以進(jìn)來(lái)嗎? May I use your dictionary? 我可以用你的詞典嗎? You may put on more clothes. 你可以多穿點(diǎn)衣服。 He said he might lend us some money. 他說(shuō)他可以借給我們一些錢。 may 否定式為 may not, 縮寫形式是 maynt。might 是may 的過(guò)去式,有兩種用法,一種表示過(guò)去式,一種表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣,使語(yǔ)氣更加委婉、 客氣或?qū)赡苄缘膽岩伞?/p>

25、 He told me he might be here on time. 他說(shuō)他能按時(shí)間來(lái)。 Might I borrow some money now? 我可以借點(diǎn)錢嗎? He might be alive. 他可能還活著。3. must “必須;應(yīng)該;一定;準(zhǔn)是”,表示說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為有必要做某事,命令、要求別人做某事以及對(duì)事物的推測(cè)。must 用來(lái)指一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般將來(lái)時(shí), 過(guò)去式可用 have to 的過(guò)去式代替。 I must finish my work today. 我今天必須完成我的工作。 You mustnt work all the time. 你不能老是工作。 Must I

26、return the book tomorrow? 我必須明天還書嗎? After such a long walk, you must be tired. 走了這么長(zhǎng)的路, 你一定累了。 He must be the man I am looking for. 他一定是我要找的人。 He had to go because of somebodys calling him that day. 那天他要走,因?yàn)橛腥私兴?。值得注意的是:?)must + have + 過(guò)去分詞,表示現(xiàn)在對(duì)過(guò)去事物的推測(cè)。 He must have told my parents about it. 他一定把這件

27、事情告訴我父母親了。 He must have received my letter now. 他現(xiàn)在一定收到我的信了。 Its six oclock already, we must have been late again. 已經(jīng)六點(diǎn)鐘了,我們一定又遲到了。(2)must 和 have to 的區(qū)別: must 表示說(shuō)話人的主觀思想, have to “不得不,必須”,表示客觀需要、客觀條件只能如此。 You must do it now. 你必需現(xiàn)在就干。(說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為必須現(xiàn)在干) I have to go now. 我得走了。(客觀條件必須現(xiàn)在走) You must be here on

28、 time next time. 你下次一定要按時(shí)來(lái)。 I have to cook for my child. 我得給孩子做飯。 4. need “需要”,多用在否定式或疑問(wèn)句中. Need I attend the meeting tomorrow? 我需要明天參加會(huì)議嗎? You need not hand in the paper this week. 這一周你不必交論文。 need 是一個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,他的用法完全和其他情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一樣,但 need 還可當(dāng)作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞使用,這時(shí) need 就象其他動(dòng)詞一樣,有第三人稱,單復(fù)數(shù), 后面加帶 to 的動(dòng)詞等特性。 I need a bike to

29、 go to school. 我上學(xué)需要一輛自行車。 Do you need a dictionary? 你需要詞典嗎? She needs a necklace. 她需要一條項(xiàng)鏈。 注意:“neednt + have + 過(guò)去分詞” 表示過(guò)去做了沒(méi)必要做的事情。 You neednt have taken it seriously. 這件事情你不必太認(rèn)真。 5. dare “敢”,多用在否定或疑問(wèn)句中。 The little girl dare not speak in public. 小女孩不敢在公眾面前說(shuō)話。 Dare you catch the little cat? 你敢抓小貓嗎?

30、dare 除用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞外,更多的是當(dāng)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞使用, 用法同實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一樣,要考慮人稱,單復(fù)數(shù),時(shí)態(tài)等。 Do you dare to walk in the dark? 你敢黑夜走路嗎? He doesnt dare to tell the teacher what happened that day. 他不敢告訴老師那天發(fā)生的事。6. ought “應(yīng)當(dāng);應(yīng)該”,后面跟帶有 to 的動(dòng)詞不定式。 You ought to read these books if you want to know how to repair the motorcar. 如果你想知道如何修理汽車,你應(yīng)該讀這些書。 You ought to bring the child here

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