第五冊課文及課后閱讀譯文new unit5science and the scientific attitude

1、As the author pos out below, the sucs of science has less to do wiparticularmethodn win essential attitude of the scientist. This attitude is essentially oneof inquiry, experimenion and humility before the facts. Therefore, a good scientistis an honest one. True scientists do not bow to any authorit

2、y but they are ever ready to modify or even abandon their ideas if adequate evidence is found contradicting them. Scientists, they do place a high value on honesty.正如作者在下面的文章中指出的那樣，科學(xué)的成功與其說取決于特定的方法，不如說與科學(xué)家的基本態(tài)度更有關(guān)聯(lián)。從根本上來講，這種態(tài)度是一種探究、實(shí)驗(yàn)、尊重事實(shí)的態(tài)度。因此，一位優(yōu)秀的科學(xué)家是一位誠實(shí)的科學(xué)家。真正的科學(xué)家不屈從任何，假若發(fā)現(xiàn)了與他們的見解相的足夠證據(jù)，他們就會(huì)修正

3、甚至放棄這些想法?？茖W(xué)家作為人，也許不比其他人更加誠實(shí)，但在他們的職業(yè)之內(nèi)，科學(xué)家確實(shí)極為重視誠實(shí)。Science and the Scientific Attitudeby Paul G. HewittScience is the body of knowledge about naturet represents the collective efforts,insights, findings, and wisdom of the human race. Science is not something new buthad its beginnings before recorded

4、history when humansdiscovered reoccurringrelationships around them. Through careful observations of these relationships, theybegan to know nature and, because of natures dependability, found they could make predictions to enable some control over their surroundings.科學(xué)是關(guān)于自然地知識(shí)總體，它 代表了人類的共同努力、洞察力、成果和智

5、慧?？茖W(xué)并不是什么新的東西，在有文字記載的歷史以前，當(dāng)人們最初發(fā)現(xiàn)了在他們周圍反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的各種關(guān)系時(shí)，就有了科學(xué)的開端。通過對這些關(guān)系的仔細(xì)觀察，人們開始了解了自然，而由于自然的可靠性，人們還發(fā)現(xiàn)他們能夠作出，從而有可能在某種程度上控制他們的周圍環(huán)境。Science made its greatest headway in the sixteenth century when people beganasking answerable questions about nature - when they began replacing superstition by a systematic s

6、earch for order - when experiment in addition to logic was used totest ideas. Where people once tried to influence natural events withandsupernatural forbecause of the, they now had science to guide them. Advance was slow, however,erful opition to scientific methods and ideas.科學(xué)在 16 世紀(jì)取得了最偉大的進(jìn)展，因?yàn)檫@時(shí)

7、人們提出了有關(guān)自然地可以回答的問題，開始以對自然規(guī)律的系統(tǒng)代替了， 而且除了運(yùn)用邏輯外，還運(yùn)用實(shí)驗(yàn)來檢驗(yàn)各種觀點(diǎn)。以前人們曾試圖用巫術(shù)和超自然的力量來影響自然事件，而現(xiàn)在有了科學(xué)來指導(dǎo)他們。然而由于對科學(xué)方法和科學(xué)的強(qiáng)有力的，進(jìn)展是緩慢的。In about 1510 Copernicurevolved about the sun. He universe. After years of hesiggestedt the sun was sionary andt the earthrefuted the ideat the earth was the center of theion, he p

8、ublished his findings but died before his bookwas circulated. His book was considered heretical and dangerous and was banned bythe Church for 200 years. A century after Copernicus, the mathematin Bruno wasburned at the stake - largely for supporting Copernicus, suggesting the sun to be astar, and su

9、ggestingt space was infinite. Galileo was imprisoned for popularizingthe Copernican theory and for his other contributions to scientificcouple of centuries later, Copernican advocates seemed harmless.thought. Yet a在 1510 年前后，是不動(dòng)的，地球繞著旋轉(zhuǎn)。他駁斥了地球是宇宙中心的觀點(diǎn)。經(jīng)過多年的猶豫，他了自己的成果，但他沒等到自己的著作廣為流傳便了。他的著作被認(rèn)為是的，被查禁了

10、200 年之久。在要原因就是他支持之后一百年，數(shù)學(xué)家被在火刑柱上主，認(rèn)為是一顆恒星，空間是無限的。因普及的他對科學(xué)的其他貢獻(xiàn)而遭到。然而，兩個(gè)世紀(jì)之后，哥的鼓吹者似乎就無害了。This happens age after age. In the early 1800s geologists met with violentcondemnation because they differed with tesis account of creation. Laterhesame century, geology was safe, but theories of evolution were c

11、ondemned and theteaching of them forbidden. This most likely continues. At every crossway on theroadappot leads to the future, each progressive spirit is oped by a thousand mened to guard the past. Every age has one or more groups ofellectual rebelswho are persecuted, condemned, or suppressed at the

12、 time; but to a later age, theyseem harmless and often essential to the elevation of human conditions.這種事情一個(gè)時(shí)代接著一個(gè)時(shí)代發(fā)生。19 世紀(jì)初，地質(zhì)學(xué)家們因同創(chuàng)世紀(jì)有關(guān)創(chuàng)世的敘述相左而遭到強(qiáng)烈譴責(zé)。同一世紀(jì)的晚些時(shí)候，地質(zhì)學(xué)安全了，但關(guān)于進(jìn)化的理論卻遭到譴責(zé)，被講授。這種情況很可能會(huì)繼續(xù)下去?！霸谕ㄏ蛭磥淼拿恳粋€(gè)路口，每一個(gè)具有進(jìn)步的人都會(huì)遭到受命過去的千名的?！泵總€(gè)時(shí)代都有一批或幾批叛逆的在當(dāng)時(shí)遭到、譴責(zé)或，但對后一個(gè)時(shí)代來說，他們便似乎無害了，而且對于改善人類的狀況往往還是必不可少的

13、。The enormoucs of science has led to teral beft scientists havedeveloped and ate employing a method - a methodt is extremely effective ingaining,anizing, and applying new knowledge. Galileo, famous scientist of the 1600s, is usually credited with being the Father of the Scientific Method. Hismethod

14、is essentially as follows:1.2.3.4.5.Recognize a problem. Guess an answer.Predict the consequenof the guess.Perform experiments to test predictions.Formulate the simplest theoryanizes the three main ingredients: guess,prediction, experimentale.科學(xué)的巨大成功導(dǎo)致人們普遍產(chǎn)生了這樣一種信念，即科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)制定出來并正在運(yùn)用著法一種在獲取、組織和應(yīng)用新知識(shí)方面

15、極為有效地方法。17 世紀(jì)的著名科學(xué)家學(xué)方法之父。他的方法主要如下：通常被認(rèn)為是科1、確認(rèn)一個(gè)問題2、猜測一個(gè)3、這一猜測的4、做實(shí)驗(yàn)以檢驗(yàn)這些5、用公式表達(dá)能概括猜測、和實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果這三大要素的最簡明的理論Although this cookbook method has a certain appeal, to has not been the key to most of the breakthroughs and discoveries in science. Trial and error, experimen ion without guessing, accidental disco

16、very, and other methodsaccount for much of the progress in science. Rather n a particular method, thesucs of science has more to do with an attitude common to scientists. Thisattitude is essentially one of inquiry, experimenion, and humility before the facts. If a scientist holds an idea to be true

17、and finds any counterevidence whatever, theidea is either modified or abandoned. In the scientific spirit, the idea must bemodified or abandoned in spite of the repuion of theadvocating it. As anexample, the grey respected Greek philosopher Aristotle saidt falling bodiesfall at a speed proportional

18、to their weight. This false idea was held to be true for more n 2,000 years because of Aristotles immense authority. he scientific spirit, however, a single verifiable experiment to the contrary outweighs anyauthority, regardless of repu ion or the number of followers and advocates.盡管這種菜譜式的方法有一定的，但它

19、并不是大多數(shù)科學(xué)上的突破和發(fā)現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵。反復(fù)試驗(yàn)、事先不做猜測的實(shí)驗(yàn)、偶然的發(fā)現(xiàn)以及其他一些方法才是科學(xué)上許多進(jìn)步的原因所在?？茖W(xué)的成功與其說取決于某種特定的方法，不如說與科學(xué)家們所共有的一種態(tài)度更為有關(guān)。從根本上來講，這種態(tài)度是一種探究、實(shí)驗(yàn)、尊重事實(shí)的態(tài)度。如果一位科學(xué)家認(rèn)為某個(gè)想法是正確的，而隨后又發(fā)現(xiàn)了任何相反的證據(jù)，他就會(huì)修正這法或完全放棄它。依照科學(xué)的，不管提出這法的人有多高的名望，這一觀點(diǎn)都必須修正或放棄。例如，深受人們敬仰的希臘哲學(xué)家說過，落體的降落速度是同它們的重量成正比的。然而，依照科學(xué)的，一次可證實(shí)相反結(jié)論的實(shí)驗(yàn)就可以勝過任何，不管該有多高的聲望，也不管他有多少的追隨者和鼓

20、吹者。Scientists must accept facts even when they would like them to be different.They must strive to distinguish betn what they see and what they wish to see -for humanitys capacity for self-deception is vast. People have traditionally tendedto adopt general rules, befs, creeds, theories, and ideas wi

21、thout thoroughlyquestioning their validity and to retahem long after they have been shown to bemeaningless, false, oreast questionable. The most widespread amptions arethe least questioned. Most often, when an idea is adopted, particular attention isgiven to casest seem to support it, while casest s

22、eem to refute it aredistorted, belittled, or ignored. We feel deeplyt it is a sign of weakness tochange out minds. Competent scientists, however, must be expert at changingtheir minds. This is because scieneeks not to defend our befs but to improvethem. Better theories are made by those who are notg

23、 up on prevailing ones.科學(xué)家必須接受事實(shí)，即使在他們希望事實(shí)不同時(shí)也必須如此。他們必須竭盡全力把他們看到的同他們所希望看到的區(qū)分開來因?yàn)槿祟惥哂袠O大地自欺能力。人們一貫傾向于徹底詢問其是否正確，便采納一般的規(guī)則、信仰、信念、觀點(diǎn)，而且在它們被證實(shí)是毫無意義的、錯(cuò)誤的或者至少是可疑的之后，能長久地抱住它們不放。流傳最廣的假定是最少受到懷疑的。當(dāng)某種觀點(diǎn)被采納之后，人們特別注意的往往是那些似乎是證實(shí)這一觀點(diǎn)的事例，而似乎是駁斥它的事例則被歪曲、貶低或忽視。都深深感到，改變看法是一種軟弱的表現(xiàn)。然而，有能力的科學(xué)家必須改變看法。這是因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)所追求的并不是的信念改進(jìn)的信念。只有

24、那些不迷戀于流行理論的能創(chuàng)造出更好的理論來。Away from their profes, scientists are inherently no more honest orethicaln otheople. Butheir profesthey work in an arenat puts ahigh premium on honesty. The cardinal rule in science ist all claims must betestable - they must be capable,east in principle, of being proved wrong.

25、 Forexample, if someone claimst a certain procedure has a certain result, it must inprincipesible to perform a proceduret will either confirm or contradictthe claim. If confirmed, then the claim is regarded as useful and a stepfurther knowledge. None of us has the time or energy or resour-stone tote

26、st everytoclaim, so most of the time we must take somebodys word. However, we musvesome criterion for deciding whether ones word is as good as anothers andwhether one claim is as good as another. The criterion, again, ist the claimmust be testable. To reduce the likelihood of error, scientists accept the word onlyof those whose ideas, theories, and findings are testable - if not in practice then atleast in prin