茶多酚綜述(共7頁)

1、PAGE PAGE 10茶多酚的研究進(jìn)展及在食品(shpn)中的應(yīng)用摘 要：茶多酚作為(zuwi)天然添加劑，廣泛應(yīng)用于食品行業(yè)，對食品有保鮮防腐、抑菌除臭等作用，對人體有抗衰老、抗癌等功能(gngnng)。該文綜述了茶多酚的研究進(jìn)展，并展望了茶多酚在食品中的的應(yīng)用前景。關(guān)鍵詞：茶多酚；研究進(jìn)展；展望前言 茶多酚(Tea Polyphenols，TP)是從茶葉中提取的純天然多酚類物質(zhì)，又叫茶單寧，茶鞣質(zhì)，是茶葉中多酚類物質(zhì)的總稱1，是形成茶葉色香味的主要成份之一，也是茶葉中有 HYPERLINK /lemma/ShowInnerLink.htm?lemmaId=125762&ss_c=ssc.

2、citiao.link 保健功能的主要成份之一。具有抗氧化、抗癌、抗衰老、防輻射、防腐保鮮、抑菌除臭等多種生理活性。近年來，茶多酚在油脂、食品、醫(yī)療、保健、日用化工和農(nóng)業(yè)等方面均具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景，茶多酚的抗氧化性在食品貯藏保鮮中的研究與應(yīng)用以及保健食品的研發(fā)已有大量研究，研究表明，茶多酚不僅是一種天然的無毒的抗氧化劑，而且也是一種理想的天然藥物，具有清除自由基和抗氧化等生物活性，應(yīng)用于食品中，不但可以延長食品貨架期，還可以為消費者帶來保健作用。茶多酚的性質(zhì)茶多酚的化學(xué)性質(zhì)茶多酚是一類存在于茶樹的樹梢及其他器官中的多羥基酚類化合物的混合物，簡稱茶多酚或多酚類，俗名茶單寧、茶鞣質(zhì)2。茶多酚是從茶

3、葉中提取的全天然 HYPERLINK /view/595254.htm t _blank 抗氧化食品，具有抗氧化能力強(qiáng)，無毒副作用，無異味等特點。茶多酚在茶葉中的含量一般在20-35%。在茶多酚中各組成份中以黃烷醇類為主，黃烷醇類又以兒茶素類 HYPERLINK /view/35675.htm t _blank 物質(zhì)為主，兒茶素類物質(zhì)的含量約占茶多酚總量的70%左右。茶多酚的毒理性質(zhì) 慢性毒性試驗表明3，飼料中茶多酚含量為0.1%時，對果蠅壽命無不良影響。果蠅終生飼養(yǎng)和小白鼠喂養(yǎng)實驗表明，在適量范圍內(nèi)添加茶多酚到飼料和飲料中，對果蠅的生長、發(fā)育和壽命，以及對小白鼠的血紅蛋白、紅細(xì)胞數(shù)、白細(xì)胞數(shù)

4、、胸腺、脾臟細(xì)胞數(shù)、肝臟量及體重有促進(jìn)作用。說明茶多酚在適當(dāng)范圍內(nèi)應(yīng)用到食品和化工等領(lǐng)域中，對人體是無害的。茶多酚的抗氧化機(jī)理(j l)茶多酚的主要成分(chng fn)兒茶素的結(jié)構(gòu)茶多酚的主要(zhyo)成分兒茶素的結(jié)構(gòu)圖1所示：不同結(jié)構(gòu)式中： LEC： R1=H ， R2=HLEGC： R1=OH ， R2=HLEGC： R1=H ， LEGCG ：R1=0H圖1 茶多酚的主要成分兒茶素的結(jié)構(gòu)茶多酚的抗氧化機(jī)理 兒茶素分子結(jié)構(gòu)上的羥基（-OH）起到供氫(H)體的作用，與脂肪酸中的游離基相結(jié)合而中斷脂肪酸氧化的連鎖反應(yīng)，能抑制氫過氧化物的形成，起到了抗氧化作用4。其過程分別為：1、供氫過程2

5、、抑制(yzh)過程ROO(過氧化自由基)+RH2(抗氧化劑)ROOH+RHRH+HR2R+H2茶多酚的提取(tq)工藝溶劑萃取法 有機(jī)溶劑萃取法是將茶葉預(yù)處理再進(jìn)行浸提(jn t)、過濾。將濾液真空濃縮后萃取出有機(jī)層濃縮、干燥得粗茶多酚后再經(jīng)柱層析得茶多酚精品。用果膠酶對茶水中的果膠類物質(zhì)酶解處理后，可顯著改善食品抗氧劑茶多酚萃取體系的茶水的溶液性質(zhì)，從而成倍增加萃取體系的萃取速率和傳質(zhì)系數(shù)，提高茶多酚的萃取率5。樹脂吸附法 樹脂吸附可以得到從同一茶葉原料中連續(xù)提取茶多酚。向茶葉或茶末中加15倍的沸水。回流提取30 min，壓濾，取濾渣加數(shù)倍的沸水，回流提取15 min，壓濾。合并二次提取的

6、濾液，靜置冷卻。將提取液通過裝有吸附劑大孔吸附樹脂的吸附末，吸附劑樹脂在使用前首先進(jìn)行活化處理，用蒸餾水或氯化鈉溶液浸泡后，用鹽酸、氫氧化鈉和乙醇洗至無色。吸附物用溶劑甲醇、乙醇或丙醇進(jìn)行洗脫。甲醇、乙醇或丙酮的最佳濃度為72%-78%蒸餾回收洗脫液中的溶劑甲醇、乙醇或酮，待蒸出速度明顯減慢時，抽真空片刻。洗脫液除去溶劑甲醇、乙醇或丙酮后干燥，即得粉狀茶多酚。將熱水浸漬后獲得的茶汁通過離子交換樹脂柱進(jìn)行吸附，吸附完成后，用乙醇洗脫，樹脂上所吸附的茶多酚便脫附于乙醇中，濃縮、干燥即得茶多酚產(chǎn)品。沉淀分離法將茶葉或茶末(ch m)，加入10-12倍的沸水中，攪拌浸提30 min，過濾后的提取液中加

7、入茶葉(chy)量1/2的氮化鈣，用5%的氨水調(diào)pH值至7.0-8.5，使茶多酚沉淀完全，離心分離沉淀。在沉淀中加入6 mol/L鹽酸，至沉淀完全溶解，制得酸化液。酸化液中加入活性炭、硅藻土混合吸附劑，然后用等體積(tj)的乙酸乙酯萃取、分離，保留萃取相，脫去溶劑后真空干燥脫水，即可制得有效成分含量大于98%的近乎白色的粗品天然抗氧化劑-茶多酚。微波常規(guī)水提取法技微波常規(guī)水提取法是指利用微波的電磁輻射將目標(biāo)物質(zhì)從樣品中快速萃取出來，使其進(jìn)入溶劑中的萃取技術(shù)。膜分離 用醋酸纖維素復(fù)合鈦微孔體超濾膜初步純化提取液，用聚酞胺(PA)樹脂吸附分離超濾透過液，再用85%乙醇水溶液洗脫。茶多酚抗氧化性在食

8、品中的效果在食品保藏中的效果茶多酚具有很強(qiáng)的抗氧化作用，其抗氧化能力是人工合成抗氧化劑BHT、BHA的4-6倍，是VE的6-7倍，VC的5-10倍，且用量少：0.01-0.03即可起作用，而無合成物的潛在毒副作用；而茶素對食品中的色素和維生素類有保護(hù)作用，使食品在較長時間內(nèi)保持原有色澤與營養(yǎng)水平，能有效防止食品、食用油類的腐敗，并能消除異味。實際上茶葉的許多作用都是因為茶葉中的茶多酚在起作用。茶多酚可用于食品保鮮防腐，無毒副作用，食用安全同時配上植酸防腐效果更佳。茶葉能夠保存較長的時間而不變質(zhì)，這是其他的樹葉、菜葉、花草所達(dá)不到的。茶多酚參入其他有機(jī)物（主要是食品）中，能夠延長貯存期，防止食品

9、退色，提高纖維素穩(wěn)定性，有效保護(hù)食品各種營養(yǎng)成份。對高脂肪糕點及乳制品，如月餅、餅干、蛋糕、方便面、奶粉、奶酪、牛奶等，加入茶多酚不僅可保持其原有的風(fēng)味，防腐敗，延長保鮮期，防止食品退色，抑制和殺滅細(xì)菌，提高食品衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，延長食品的銷售壽命。另外，還可使甜味“酸尾”消失，味感甘爽。 茶多酚不僅可配制果味茶、檸檬茶等飲料，還能抑制(yzh)豆奶、汽水、果汁等飲料中的VA、VC等多種維生素的降解破壞(phui)，從而保證飲料中的各種營養(yǎng)成份。 在新鮮水果和蔬菜上噴灑低濃度的茶多酚溶液，就可抑制細(xì)菌繁殖，保持(boch)水果、蔬菜原有的顏色，達(dá)到保鮮防腐的目的。茶多酚對肉類及其腌制品如香腸、肉食罐頭

10、臘肉等，具有良好的保質(zhì)抗損效果，尤其是對罐頭類食品中耐熱的芽胞菌等具有顯著的抑制和殺滅作用，并有消除臭味、腥味，防止氧化變色的作用。食用油中加入茶多酚，能阻止和延緩不飽和脂肪酸的自動氧化分解，從而防止油脂的質(zhì)變腐敗，使油脂的貯藏期延長一倍以上。對人體的保健功能大量的研究表明，茶多酚能及時有效阻斷體內(nèi)過量自由基，抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞在體內(nèi)合成癌細(xì)胞，誘導(dǎo)癌細(xì)胞凋亡，調(diào)節(jié)致癌物的新陳代謝，調(diào)節(jié)有關(guān)致癌氧化酶的活性，保護(hù)正常DNA免受損傷和誘使突變癌細(xì)胞DNA斷裂，還可增強(qiáng)機(jī)體整體免疫功能，通過保護(hù)免疫系統(tǒng)而對抗機(jī)體中腫瘤的發(fā)生。日本曾對群眾開展一項研究：比較特定年齡群的癌癥發(fā)病率、比較不同年齡段的癌癥患者

11、不同綠茶飲用量與發(fā)病率的關(guān)系、比較年標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化癌癥發(fā)病率、檢測其他生活習(xí)慣造成的相關(guān)癌癥風(fēng)險，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)飲用綠茶的量與癌癥發(fā)病率呈負(fù)相關(guān)，這在每天飲用10杯綠茶的女性身上表現(xiàn)得尤為明顯6。因此，茶多酚在活體外具有抗突變作用，能抑制動物多種腫瘤的發(fā)生。此外，茶多酚可抑制血漿、腎臟和肝臟中膽固醇含量上升，促進(jìn)脂類化合物從糞便中排出成效，因此，茶多酚可以有效地防止動脈粥樣硬化，降低血壓，防止血小板凝集等。經(jīng)多家醫(yī)院進(jìn)行臨床實驗結(jié)果表明，茶多酚在高血脂，腦血栓，動脈粥樣硬化病癥的治療上有明顯療效7-8。茶多酚還具有抗輻射的作用，輻射超標(biāo)會導(dǎo)致機(jī)體產(chǎn)生過量自由基，從而使組織細(xì)胞變性、變異、壞死，使代謝發(fā)生紊亂

12、，降低免疫功能，阻礙造血功能等一系列病變9。茶多酚吸收放射性物質(zhì)鍶90和鈷60毒害的能力較強(qiáng)，口服和外用茶多酚均能抵抗輻射產(chǎn)生的致癌作用，對腫瘤患者在放射性化療過程中引起的輕度放射病，以及血細(xì)胞減少癥都有很好的治療效果。茶多酚的應(yīng)用(yngyng)展望(zhnwng)茶多酚因其具有(jyu)良好的藥理性能而受到廣泛青睞，在化工、食品、油脂，尤其是醫(yī)藥行業(yè)的研究取得了一定的碩果。茶多酚不僅迎合了當(dāng)前的生物工程、綠色環(huán)保的潮流，也使人們對于防治不治之癥有了希望。但茶多酚對抗癌的藥理效應(yīng)的重現(xiàn)性差，涉及的原因也較為復(fù)雜，需要進(jìn)步的探索。目前研究已知， HYPERLINK /dict/clientse

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29、0pharmacological%20func-%20tions%2C%20for%20example%2C%20their%20receptor%2C%20signal%20pathway%20and%20their%20metabolism%20are%20not%20clear.%20in%20order%20to%20understand%20green%20tea%E2%80%99s%20health%20benefit%20for%20human%20body%2C%20it%20is%20necessary%20to%20study%20these%20aspects. l #

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33、res.%20but%20the%20study%20about%20the%20mechanism%20of%20their%20biological%20and%20pharmacological%20func-%20tions%2C%20for%20example%2C%20their%20receptor%2C%20signal%20pathway%20and%20their%20metabolism%20are%20not%20clear.%20in%20order%20to%20understand%20green%20tea%E2%80%99s%20health%20benefi

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