大學英語考級四級寫作專題講解

1、大學英語四級寫作專題1菜單概述四級寫作難點分析學生寫作現(xiàn)狀分析四級寫作得高分技巧四級作文解析四級考試評分標準2概述大學英語四級新題型考試第一部分是寫作，寫作寫得如何會直接影響以后的做題。短文寫得得心應手，對后面的答題可起到事半功倍的作用，否則就有可能功虧一簣。四級寫作的體裁包括說明文、議論文和應用文。寫作的素材或要求可以是中文、英文和圖表。寫作字數(shù)在120字以上，寫作的時間為30分鐘，但你應留少量時間作最后的檢查。寫作既考查你的思考判斷能力，也考查你的表達能力。因此，你應對一些校園、社會新聞和常識有一定的認識和見解，并能夠有層次地、結構完整地在文章中清楚表達你的觀點。3四級寫作難點分析 難點一

2、：主觀判分，有所影響難點二：體裁多樣，難度較大難點三：老題新出，千變?nèi)f化 4學生寫作現(xiàn)狀分析1.理缺詞窮2.偏愛長句3.重復啰嗦4.單調(diào)無味5.結構混亂6.錯誤連篇7.無話可說5學生寫作現(xiàn)狀分析第一、英語底子太薄。第二、詞匯量太小，且對已學詞匯記憶不清。第三、缺乏思想，深度不夠。第四、缺乏應試技巧。6四級寫作高分技巧7一、文章的基本結構二、寫作實例分析四級作文解析8文章的基本結構概論文章的基本結構寫作的三段論模式9一、概論文章是由段落構成，而段落的基本結構是由主題句、支撐句和結尾句所構成，它的具體結構可以用以下的圖表加以表示：1/210二、文章的基本結構2/211寫作的三段論模式大學英語四級寫

3、作通常采用三段論模式，即：開頭段(introduction)主體段(body paragraph)結尾段(conclusion)12(一)開頭段開頭段概論常用的開頭段的表達方法開頭段的常用核心句型13開頭段概論對于大學英語四級的寫作考題來說，限于篇幅，其開頭段一般都不長。然而，這寥寥幾句話卻占有十分重要的地位，它表達的是整篇文章的主題思想。在議論文中，我們稱之為中心論點，它起到駕馭全文的作用。一個意義清晰、明確的開頭段，將有助于讀者理解全文；一個精彩、新穎的開頭段還能激起讀者的閱讀欲望。14常用的開頭段的表達方法使用引語（use a quotation）引用具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù) （use figu

4、res or statistics）提出問題（ask a question）給出具體實例或報道（offer relevant examples or reports）定義法（give definition）主題句法（use of topic sentence）15常用的開頭段的表達方法 使用引語（use a quotation） 使用一段名人名言，或人們常用的諺語、習語，以確定文章的寫作范圍和方向。如：“Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.” Colton, a great w

5、riter once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success.分析：開頭引用Colton的名言說明“創(chuàng)造機會”對于成功的重要性，點明主題。 16常用的開頭段的表達方法引用具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù) （use figures or statistics）當然對于圖表題型，該種方法是必須的選擇，具體做法是給出一些

6、具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù)，然后作出概括性分析，點明主題或引出需要論述的問題。如：As is demonstrated in the table, more and more college graduates are out of a job in our country, which is a serious problem to our economic development and social security. It is estimated that in 2004, there are 500,000 unemployed graduates, more than 30% higher

7、 than in 2002.分析：文章引用2004年找不到工作的畢業(yè)生達到50萬這一數(shù)據(jù)來說明大學生找工作難這一現(xiàn)象的嚴重性，很有說服力。17常用的開頭段的表達方法提出問題（ask a question）提出有爭議或探討性的具體問題，然后加以簡要回答或展開引導性簡短討論。如：What do you want from your work Money Promotions Interesting challenges Continual learning Work-based friendships The opportunity to develop your own idea and pot

8、entials Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provide more than material things.分析：文章開頭提出“你想從工作中得到什么”這一問題，然后自問自答，指出工作除了物質(zhì)利益，還可以給我們帶來很多其它收獲這一結論。18常用的開頭段的表達方法給出具體實例或報道（offer relevant examples or reports）給出具體生活實例或新聞報道如：As regards the stress for college studen

9、ts, there has been a heated discussion among the public in the society. It was reported that a student killed four of his classmates just because of a trivial matter. It can be easily seen that pressure has become a serious issue we cannot neglect.分析：文章通過引用新聞報道的一個實例，說明了大學生心理問題的嚴重性。19常用的開頭段的表達方法定義法（g

10、ive definition）針對討論的主題或問題加以定義，然后進行深入探討。如：As we all know, practice makes perfect. This is an accumulated experience we inherit from our forefathers, and now it is still widely applied to our daily life. It means that the more we practice, the more likely we are going to do things perfectly.分析：文章用It m

11、eans that這一句型，說明了practice makes perfect的含義。20常用的開頭段的表達方法主題句法（use of topic sentence）文章一開始就以主題句點明全文主題，然后圍繞主題內(nèi)容進行發(fā)展。如：Nowadays one of the serious problems China is faced with is the increasing illiteracy among the adolescents. According to a recent survey by Dr. Li, dean of Educational Department of Be

12、ijing Normal University, about 18% of the children between 8 and 15 years old have dropped out of school across the country.分析：文章開頭即提出中國的文盲現(xiàn)象日益嚴重這一問題，然后再用實例數(shù)據(jù)加以佐證。21開頭段的常用核心句型 As opposed to generally accepted views, I believe that The arguer may be right about , but he seems to neglect to mention th

13、e fact that . Although it is commonly agreed that , it is unlikely to be true that . There is an element of truth in this statement, but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that . In all the discussion and debate over , one important fact is generally overlooked.22開頭段的常用核心句型 On the surface （At f

14、irst thought）, it （this） may seem a sound （an attractive）suggestion （solution / idea）, but careful weighing on the mind （on closer analysis / on second thought）, we find that Although many people believe that , I wonder whether the argument bears much analysis23開頭段的常用核心句型 The danger （problem / fact

15、/ truth / point） is that. I agree with the above statement because I believe that . There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of . Those who object to argue that . But people who favor , on the other hand, argue that.24開頭段的常用核心句型 Currently （In recent years / In the past few years / For m

16、any years now）, there is （hasbeen） a（n） general （widespread / growing / widely held） feeling towards （concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in）. As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that . Now it is commonly （widely / generally

17、 / increasingly） believed （thought / held /accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged） that . But I wonder （doubt） whether 25(二)主題段主體段概述主體段段落擴充方法26主體段概述主體段的寫作方法是多種多樣的，而不同的方法會產(chǎn)生不同的效果，不同的方法需用不同的組織形式。因此，在動筆之前，必須先選擇好所采用的方法，然后根據(jù)自己所選的方法確定相應的結構形式，才能把文章寫好。27主體段段落擴充方法一、列舉法（Listing）二、舉例法（Exemplification）三、分類法

18、（Classification）四、比較對照法（Comparison and Contrast）五、因果法（Cause and Effect）28列舉法（Listing）定義也叫枚舉法。是一種在主題句中提出論點，然后列舉一系列論據(jù)或原因?qū)χ黝}進行論證或闡述的方法。列舉的順序可以按照所列各點內(nèi)容的相對重要性、時間、空間順序等進行。 29列舉法作文例子To get the most out of your textbook you should follow several steps very carefully. First, you should make a preliminary sur

19、vey of each book to get a general idea of what the book contains. Second, you should read for deeper understanding and formulate questions as you read. Next, make notes of the major point of each chapter. Then, test yourself to be sure that you can answer questions likely to be raised in class or in

20、 examinations. Finally, review your notes and reread any parts of the book that are unclear to you.30常用于列舉法的過渡連接詞first, second, third, etc.; in the first place, in the second place; first of all, first and foremost; to begin with, to start with; for one thing, for another; also, besides, furthermore

21、, moreover, in addition, what is more; above all; next; beyond that; initially; eventually, last but not least. 31舉例法（Exemplification）定義作者通過舉出具體事例來闡述、說明主題句的內(nèi)容。嚴格地講，舉例法也是列舉法的一種，它們的區(qū)別在于：列舉法側重羅列事實，所列事實力求全面；而舉例法側重通過舉出典型事例來解釋作者的觀點，且事例可多可少。 32舉例法作文例子There are many different forms of exercises to suit diff

22、erent tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no m

23、atter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sport that is suitable to them.33舉例法中常見的過渡性詞語 for example, for instance, as an example, as an illustration, such as/ such, a case in point is, to illustrate, in particular, specifically, say, next, namely, that is, like, take as an

24、 example, etc. 34分類法（Classification） 定義在闡述某一概念的段落中，常用分類法。通過對概念中所包括的事物進行分門別類地敘述，使讀者有更為清晰的認識。 35分類法作文例子Ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech, when there is

25、 a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for letters, words and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very vivid and exact and can be used i

26、nternationally; spelling, however, cannot. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of language can be found in signal flags, Morse code and pictu

27、re signs. 36常見的用以分類的詞語 動詞：sort (into), divide (into), classify, group, fall into, etc.名詞：sorts, classes, groups, categories, types, kinds, aspects, etc.37比較對照法（Comparison and Contrast） 定義比較對照法由比較和對照兩部分組成，但兩者往往一起用以闡述兩者或者更多事物間的異同，常用于說明文和議論文寫作。比較描述的是所比對象的相同、類似點，而對照則強調(diào)所描述對象之間的不同，甚至相反之處。常用的比較對照的結構模式有兩種，即

28、整塊比較法和逐點比較法。在整塊比較法中先集中描述A，再集中描述B。其模式為：A1、 A2、 A3B1、 B2、 B338第一種模塊例子Computers have both favorable and unfavorable aspects.First, computers can calculate. They can make work more efficient for they have a high speed of calculation. Besides, people can communicate with each other by E-mail, which costs

29、 people less money and less time. Most important of all, computers create wide communication around the world. People can communicate with each other via the Internet. They can make friends all over the world.But every coin had two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. To begin with, since

30、computers can do a lot of work for us, such as calculation, we may rely too much on then and become lazier and lazier. To make matters worse, although it is convenient for people to communicate with each other by E-mail, the original warm relationship may become cold, for people will have fewer oppo

31、rtunities to talk to each other face to face. Worst of all, computers can spread viruses caused by electronic hackers resulting in a lot of important information being lost. 39第二種模塊及例子逐點比較法是A、B雙方同時逐點描述，其模式為：A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3例如：A proverb says, “Like father, like son.” But the proverb doesnt seem to f

32、it my grandfather and my father because they have more differences than similarities.First, my grandfather is introverted, while my father is extroverted. We can easily read what is on my fathers mind, but it is hard to find out what my grandfather is thinking about. Next, my grandfather is always i

33、ndifferent to children. He seldom talks with children and the children are somewhat afraid of him. In contrast, my father is very warm-hearted to children. He likes to talk with them, so the children in my family all like him. Finally, my grandfather is obstinate. Once he had made a decision, he nev

34、er changes it. However, my father, even after he has made a decision, will ask others for opinions. If he thinks the opinions are reasonable, he might change his mind.Although my grandfather and my father resemble each other very much in appearance, they differ in character, thinking and behavior.40

35、常見的比較對照的過渡性詞語常用的表示比較的過渡性詞語有：similarly, likewise, correspondingly, in a similar way, in the same way, too, like, resemble, similar to, equal to, equally, important, bothand, the same as常用的表示對照的過渡性詞語有：on the one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, in/ by contrast, in contrast to, in sharp contra

36、st, conversely, otherwise, however, nevertheless, but, yet, (al)though, even though, whereas/ while, it is truebut, instead, unlike, rather than, in spite of, contrast with, differ(ent) from, contrary to41因果法（Cause and Effect）定義 因果法經(jīng)常用以闡述原因，回答“為什么”這類問題，分析事物發(fā)展的前因后果，也多見于說明文和論述文。因果關系的普遍性決定了因果關系的復雜性，通常因

37、果關系模式有一因一果、一因多果、一果多因和多果多因等，而以因果方式擴展段落時通?？刹捎孟纫蚝蠊蛳裙笠虻囊灰蚨喙蛞还嘁蚰Ｊ?，其中的多因或多果用通常以枚舉方式列舉。 42因果法作文例子The role of women in todays society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the womens movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to stay

38、ing at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields of interest serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.43常用的表示因果關系的過渡性詞語because, as, since, for, ow

39、ing to, because of, due to, on account of, as a result of, for the reason, result from, thus, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, for this reason, on that account, as a result, as a consequence, it follows that, result in, contribute to 44（三）結尾段結尾段概述常用的結尾段的表達方法結尾段常用的的核心句型45結尾段概述開頭和結尾往往是讀者注意最多的

40、部分。開頭引起讀者注意，提出主題；結尾與開頭呼應，使讀者感覺全文論述完整，圓滿結束。從某種意義上來說，結尾更容易給讀者留下深刻印象。人們常把好的文章結尾稱作是“畫龍點睛”，可見結尾部分對整篇文章所起的作用。46常用的結尾段的表達方法總結歸納重申主題預測展望提出建議提出問題引用格言47常用的結尾段的表達方法 總結歸納簡要總結歸納文章要點，以便深化主題印象。如：In conclusion I would like to say that children need to be understood but children also need to understand their parents

41、. It is only when parents and children come to understand each other that we can solve problems effectively and narrow the generation gap.分析：文章通過in conclusion引出對前面所作論述的歸納，使主題更加明確。48常用的結尾段的表達方法 重申主題再次強調(diào)和確定文章開頭闡述的中心思想。如：Admittedly, science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive pollution. But

42、 it has transformed the lives of millions of people. It has multiplied mans energy, hopes, ambitions and understanding. It has elevated and will continue to elevate man intellectually and spiritually.分析：文章對前文的觀點進行了重復，使之更加鮮明。49常用的結尾段的表達方法 預測展望立足當前，放眼未來。如：So to sum up, we should offer our help to all

43、who are in need. We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others. I believe that the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in.分析：文章通過對未來積極的展望，說明了愛在生活中的重要性。50常用的結尾段的表達方法 提出建議提出解決問題的途徑、方法或呼吁人們采取相應的行動。如：As the issue plays

44、such a key role in our society, sufficient attention should be paid from both the government and the public. The government should make sure that the census is well carried out and the people should be actively involved in the census.分析：文章在結尾從政府和公眾兩個角度提出建議，以保證人口普查的順利進行。 51常用的結尾段的表達方法 提出問題提出具有發(fā)人深省的問題

45、，從而突出中心思想。如：Old people may choose to live alone for themselves and even embrace this living pattern. But in the deep part of their hearts, they must feel lonely. They need their children to stay with, to talk with, and take care of them. Why cant young people think of the days when they are getting

46、old分析：文章最有用一個反問句“年輕人為什么不想想自己年老時的情形”來提醒他們將心比心，設身處地，去關心父母雙親。52常用的結尾段的表達方法 引用格言用格言、諺語或習語總括全文中心思想。如：Many yeas ago, a great philosopher Francis Bacon remarked that “Knowledge is power.” This can now be translated into contemporary terms. In our social setting, “Knowledge is change”and accelerating knowle

47、dge-acquisition, fueling the great engine of technology, means accelerating change.分析: 文章借用培根“知識就是力量”名言的結構，指出“知識就是變化”以深化主題，給讀者留下深刻的印象。53結尾段常用的的核心句型 From what has been discussed above （Taking into account all these factors / Judgingfrom all evidence offered）, we may safely draw （reach / come to / arr

48、ive at） the conclusion that . All the evidence （analysis） supports （justifies / confirms / warrants / points to） a（n）unshakable （unmistakable / sound / just） conclusion that . It is high time that we place （lay / put） great （special / considerable） emphasis onthe improvement （development / increase

49、/ promotion） of .54結尾段常用的的核心句型 It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated （unhealthy / undesirable /deplorable） situation （tendency / phenomenon） of . We must look （search / call / cry） for an immediate action （method / measure）,because the present （current） situation （phenomenon / tenden

50、cy / state / attitude） of , if permitted （allowed） to continue （proceed）, will surely （certainly） lead to （result in） the end （destruction / heavy cost） of .55結尾段常用的的核心句型 There is no easy （immediate / effective） solution （approach / answer / remedy） tothe problem of , but might be useful （helpful /

51、beneficial）. No easy method （solution / recipe / remedy） can be at hand （found / guaranteed） to solve （resolve / tackle） the problem of , but the common （general / public） recognition of （realization of / awareness of / commitment to） the necessity （importance / significance） of might be the first s

52、tep towards change （on the right way / in the right direction）.56結尾段常用的的核心句型 Following these methods （suggestions） may not guarantee the success in （solutionto）, but the pay-off will be worth the effort. Obviously （Clearly / No doubt）, if we ignore （are blind to） the problem, there isevery chance th

53、at . Unless there is a common realization of （general commitment to） , it is very likely（the chances are good） that .57結尾段常用的的核心句型 There is little doubt （no denying） that serious （special / adequate / immediate /further） attention must be called （paid / devoted） to the problem of . It is necessary （

54、essential / fundamental） that effective （quick / proper） action （steps/measures / remedies） should be taken to prevent （correct /check / end / fight） the situation （tendency / phenomenon）.58結尾段常用的的核心句型 It is hoped that great efforts should be directed to （expended on / focused on） finding（developing

55、 / improving） . It remains to be seen whether , but the prospect （outlook） is not quite encouraging（that rosy）. Anyhow, wider （more） education （publicity） should be given to the possible（potential / grave /serious / pernicious） consequences （effects） of .59結尾段常用的的核心句型 To reverse （check / control） th

56、e trend （tendency） is not a light task （an easy job）,and it requires （demands / involves / entails） a different state of mind towards （attitude towards / outlook on） . For these reasons, I strongly recommend that . For the reasons given above, I feel that .60二、寫作實例分析議論文說明文應用文61議論文概論議論文段落結構議論文案例（1）議論

57、文案例（2）62概論議論文的第一種形式是要求考生針對某一有爭議性的兩種觀點，來闡述自己的立場，或?qū)@一問題反映出的某一觀點進行駁斥，然后提出自己的看法并加以論證。它的基本形式是：一些人認為；另一些人認為；我的看法。這種文章的基本結構如下：63議論文段落結構Paragraph 1 Introduction(啟)Paragraph 2 Analysis(承)Paragraph 3 Conclusion(轉(zhuǎn)合)64議論文案例(1)例如：1.一些人認為數(shù)據(jù)庫威脅個人隱私2.另一些人認為數(shù)據(jù)庫有利于提高工作效率3.我的看法My view on Data Collection65My view on Da

58、ta Collection Data collection is a fact of modern life. Some argue that data collection is endangering the rights of individuals, though others see it as a useful tool which increases efficiency. (啟)To be frank, I believe data collection does more good than harm. (作者觀點)66My view on Data Collection F

59、or one thing, databases provide a very useful tool. Large databases which contain information on many individuals can enable more effective decisions to be made. Institutions such as government departments and police rely ondata collection in order to operate efficiently, and hospitals use computeri

60、zed records to help in their fight against disease. (承1)67My view on Data Collection For another, databases stored on computer can also be very efficient. Data which has been collected in one area can be sent anywhere in the world almost instantly. This means that those who have legitimate access to