06專八聽力原文

1、聽力原文2006Part 1, Listening ComprehensionSECTION A MINI-LECTUREGood morning! In todays lecture we shall discuss what meaning is in literary, works. When we read novels, poems, etc. , we invariably ask ourselves a questionthat is, what does the writer mean here? In other words, we are interested in fin

2、ding out the meaning. But meaning is a difficult issue in literature. How do we know what a work of literature is supposed to mean or what its real meaning is? Id like to discuss three ways to explain what meaning is.No. 1, meaning is what is intended by the author. ( Q1) No. 2, meaning is created b

3、y and contained in the text itself.And No. 3 , meaning is created by the reader.Now, lets take a look at the first approachthat is, meaning is what is intended by the author. Does a work of literature mean what the author intended to mean? And if so, how can we tell? If all the evidence we have is t

4、he text itself and nothing else, we can only guess what ideas the author had according to our understanding of literature and world. In order to have a better idea of what one particular author means in one of his works; I suggest that you do the following:First, go to the library and read other wor

5、ks by the same author. ( Q2) Second get to know something about what sort of meanings seem to be common in literary works in that particular tradition and .at that time. In other words, we need to find out what the literary trends were in those days. ( Q3) And last, get to know what were the cultura

6、l values and symbols of the time. I guess you can understand the authors meaning much more clearly after you do the related background research.Now, lets move on to the second approach to meaningthat is, meaning is created by and contained in the text itself. Does the meaning exist in the text? Some

7、 scholars argue that the formal properties of the text like grammar, diction, uses of image and so on and so forth, contain and produce the meaning, ( Q4) so that any educated or competent reader will inevitably come to more or less the same interpretation as any other. As. far as I am concerned, th

8、e meaning is not only to be found in the literary traditions and grammatical conventions of meaning but also in the cultural codes which have been handed down from generation to generation. ( Q5) So when we and other readers, including the author as well, are said to come up with similar interpretat

9、ions. That kind of agreement could be created by common traditions and conventions of usage, practice and interpretation. In other words, we have some kind of shared bases for the same interpretation, but that does not mean that readers agree on the meaning all the time. In different time periods, w

10、ith different cultural perspectives, including class, belief and world view, readers, I mean competent readers, can arrive at different interpretations of tdxts: ( Q6) So meaning in the text is determined by how readers see it. It is not contained in the text in a fixed way.Now, the third approach t

11、o meaningthat is, meaning is created by the reader. ( Q7) Does the meaning then exist in the readers response? In a sense, this is inescapable. Meaning exists only in so far as it means to someone , and literary works are written in order to evoke sets of responses in the reader. This leads us to co

12、nsider three essential issues.The first ismeaning is social( Q8) that is, language and conventions work only a shared meaning and our way of viewing the world can exist only a shared or sharable. Similarly, when we read a text, we are participating in social or cultural meaning, so a response to a p

13、iece of literary work is not merely an individual thing but is part of culture and history.Second, meaning is contextual. If you change the context, you often change the meaning.And last, meaning requires reader competency. ( Q9) Texts constructed as literature have their own ways of expressions or

14、sometimes we say styles. And the more we know of them, the more we can understand the text. Consequently, there is in regard to the question of meaning; the matter of reader competency as it is called the experience and knowledge of comprehending literary texts. Your professors might insist that you

15、 practice and improve competency in reading and they might also insist that you interpret meaning in the context of the whole work. But you may have to learn other competencies too. For instance, in reading Mulk Raj Anands The Untouchables you might have to learn what the social structure of India w

16、as like at that time, what traditions of writing were in practice in India in the early 1930s, what political, cultural and personal influences Mulk Raj Anand came under when constructing the imaginative world of the short novel. ( Q10) Ok , you may see that this idea that meaning requires competenc

17、y in reading in fact brings us back to the historically situated understandings of an author and his works as we mentioned earlier in this lecture, to different conventions and ways of reading and writing and to the point that meaning requires a negotiation between cultural meanings across time, cul

18、ture, class, etc. As readers, you have in fact acquired a good deal of competency already but you should acquire more. The essential point of this lecture is that meaning in literature is a phenomenon that is not easily located, that meaning is historical, social and derived from the traditions of r

19、eading and thinking and understanding of the world that you are educated about. Thank you for your attention!SECTION B INTERVIEWInterviewer: Well, I see from your resume , Miss Green, that you studied at the university college. How did you find there?Miss Green: I had a great time. The teaching ther

20、e was good and I made a lot of friends. The psychology department was a great place to be. ( Q1) Interviewer: How come you chose psychology?Miss Green: Well, at first I didnt have any clear idea of what I wanted to do after university. I guess Ive just always been interested in people and the way th

21、ey act. I wanted to know why people think and act the way they do. Its a fascinating area.Interviewer: And what was the course like? .Miss Green: Good. The teachers were all really nice and they had the special approach to teaching. You know they didnt just give us lectures and tell us to read books

22、 like they might do in some more traditional places. The whole course was based on the problem-solving approach. You know they described a pai-ticular situation to us and we discuss what might happen. And after that we do some reading and see if it confirmed our own ideas. Thats what I liked bestthe

23、 really practical orientation of the course. I learnt very well with that style. So for me, it was just great. ( Q1) Interviewer: I see from your resume that you graduated about four years ago and after that. let me see.Miss Green:I got a job with the Department of Employment. It was only a temporar

24、y thing for about five months. I was a researcher in the department. We design a survey, go out to the factories, and ask all the questions to the workers and the management , then go back to the office, analyze all the data and produce a report. ( Q2) It was quite interesting and I guessed the psyc

25、hology course at college helped me a lot.Interviewer:And after that you worked for three years in an Advertising Agency. That must be a bit of change from the Department of Employment, wasnt it?Miss Green: Well, not really. I supposed the office furnishings were a bit more sophisticated, but the wor

26、k was quite, similar. I was basically still doing the same thingdesigning questionnaires, going out, asking questions and writing reports. The only difference was that this time I wasnt asking people about their work. I was asking them what kind of shampoo they bought and if they preferred brand X t

27、o brand Y. ( Q3) Then I make up a report and the agency would use the information in the advertising campaigns. I enjoyed my work a lot.Interviewer: So why did you decide to leave?Miss Green :.Three years is a long time to be asking people those sorts of questions about shampoo and drinks. No. Serio

28、usly , after two years I was in charge of the research department of the agency and .I had one assistant researcher. I guess after two years of doing that, I suppose I felt, you know, I can do this well. And now I want to do something else thats a little different. And there was nowhere for me to go

29、 inside the company. It just wasnt challenging for me any more and because I needed a challenge, I decided to move on. ( Q4) When I heard about the position of senior researcher here, I thought thats exactly what I wantthe chance to combine my management skills and my research interests working in a

30、 much larger department with more varied work.Interviewer: And you felt that the job description and our advertisement would offer you the kind of challenge youre looking for?Miss Green:Exactly. Yes. As I said, management in a larger organization and research combined. Also to be honest with you, I

31、heard about the job before it was advertised. A friend of mine, who works here, Mark Austen, told me a few weeks ago that you were looking for someone to take over the job. He described the position to me in quite a bit of detail. And I thought, Well, , thats exactly what Im looking for. So really I

32、d written my letter of application before the job was even advertised.Interviewer: I should tell you that with the present cutbacks, weve only got one full-time administer assistant in the section. How would you feel about doing your own word processing, photo copying, that sort of thing?Miss Green:

33、 Oh, Im used to that. Ive done all my own word processing for ages. Its the only way to write really , isnt it? I can type well about 60 words a minute. I did a secretarial course after I left school, so I learnt typing in short hand. Then a few years later, I bought a PC and I learnt how to do word

34、 processing, too. ( Q5 ) Interviewer: Well , thats handy. Now in the position youve applied for , youd have five to six assistant researchers responsible to you. Thats considerably more responsibility than youve had before. So youre obviously ambitious. And as you said, you like challenge. I was won

35、dering what you see yourself doing in, say, five or ten years on the track.Miss Green:Oh, that is a difficult question. Let me try to answer your question in this way. Im-particularly interested in experimental design and also in teaching. Id like to continue the organization and planning site of re

36、search, but do some teaching, too. I know that you have lecturers here who do just that sort of thingsome practical worker and some undergraduate and postgraduate teaching. So thats what I really be aiming forto be a lecturer here as well. ( Q5 ) Interviewer: Well, that is certainly a career path th

37、at wed encourage you to follow. But of course it might be necessary to upgrade your present qualifications first. I see from your resume that youve enrolled in an M. A. in experimental psychology. Could you tell me a bit about the courses youre planning to fake?SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTNews Item 1 (f

38、or questions 6 and 7)A man stole a small aircraft at gunpoint Sunday and flew it over downtown Frankfurt, circling skyscrapets and threatening tp crash into the European Central Bank. He landed safely after abouttwo hours and was arrested.,The man told a television station he wanted to call attentio

39、n to Judith Resnik, a U. S. astronautkilled in the 1986 post-launch explosion of the space shuttle Challenger. ( Q6) Military jets chased the stolen , two-seat motorized glider as the man began circling slowly above Frankfurts banking district. Thousands of people were evacuated from the main railwa

40、y station, two opera houses and several skyscrapers. Police identified the man as a 31-year-old German student from Darmstadt, a city about 25 miles south of Frankfurt. In radio contact with air traffic controllers , the man threatened to crash into the. European Central Bank headquarters unless he

41、was allowed the TV interview as well as a call to Baltimore. ( Q7 ) He later said he wanted to commit suicide by plunging the plane into the Maine River. It was unclear if the man was forced to land or talked down. Air traffic controllers and a police psychologist had been in contact with him.News I

42、tem 2 (for question 8)Shanghai plans to build a vast underground network of malls , restaurants and parking lots to make up for a lack of space above ground according to a recent government report. ( Q8 ) The development will cover 600,000 square meters , the equivalent of 120 soccer fields, spread

43、across four underground floors, the city government reported on its website. The city is accepting bids from builders. Shanghai has about 20 million people , plus factories , office towers and high-rise apartments , crowded into a small triangular territory near the mouth of the Yangtze River. The p

44、lans called for the project due to be finished by 2006 to expand existing facilities scattered along Shanghai subway system. The project will need advanced technology to supply fresh air and ensure safety.But the biggest concern is the stability off the soil under the city. Shanghai is sinking by 1.

45、 5 centimeters a year. Lands subsidence has been aggravated by over-pumping of underground water and the construction of thousands of high-rise buildings. Shanghais foundations are built on soft soil. So building multi-storey spaces underground would be like digging holes in the piece of bean curd,

46、the government report says. The difficulties are easy to see.News Item 3 (for questions 9 and 10)A credit card that only works when it hears its owners voice has been developed by US scientists. Researchers hope that the device, which comes with a built-in voice recognition chip and microphone will

47、be a weapon in the battle against credit card fraud. ( Q9) Even if thieves know a cards password and personal identification number, they will still have to copy the owners voice accurately. The trial card was created by scientists at B Card in California, US. The first version is 3 times as thick a

48、s a normal credit card, but researchers believe smaller chips will allow the card to slim down to a more conventional size. The card is apparently the first to put a voice recognition chip, a microphone speaker and battery into a credit card. ( Q10) To use the card, the owner first presses a button

49、and hears the prompt: say your password. If the password is correct and spoken by the right person, the card emits an identification signal which is processed by a computer connected to the Internet. Researchers hope to get the card to handle ten transactions per day for two years before its non- re

50、placeable battery runs out.作文 AmbitionAmbition is the decision one makes and the resolution with which he carries out that decision. It provides us with the required driving force to accomplish any undertakings in our life. Just as Joseph Epstein , a famous American writer put it , And as we decide

51、and choose , so are our lives formed. Indeed, once we make up our minds to choose to do something, then our life becomes meaningful and specifically orientated. This notion of life , as far as I observe , is closest to truth and does apply to ahnost all aspects of life.First things first, ambition r

52、enders us a sense of mission. No matter what decision you make you have to be responsible for your choice. Your choice procures you a sense of orientation, or more specially a sense of mission. And only a strong mission may enable one to accomplish greatness. Caesar of the ancient Roman Empire was urged by his ambition I came, I saw, I conquered , and he became an unrivaled empire builder in the history of Rome. John Milton , stim