傳播學英文材料An Introduction to Communication

1、Words StudyNew Words:sociology n. 社會學 psychology n.心理學 economics n.經(jīng)濟學 politics n.政治學 academic adj.學院的，理論的 system n. 系統(tǒng)，體系 environment n.環(huán)境 biological n. 生物學的 community n. 團體，社會，社區(qū) root n.根 mechanism n.機制 symbol n.象征 means n. 手段，方法 preserve v.保存 opposite adj.相反的，對立的 conduct v. 進行，操作 gesture n. 姿勢，手勢

2、 facial adj. 面部的 pitch n.聲調(diào) pattern n.類型，模式Key Words & Expressions: communication n.傳播 journalism n. 新聞學 transfer n.& v.傳遞，遷移 information n.信息circulation n.流通，運行，循環(huán)，傳播 convey v. 傳送，傳遞 feedback n. 反饋，反應 medium n.媒體，媒介，中介Text StudySTUDY PREVIEW communication is an important word in our todays academic

3、 study in journalism, sociology, psychology, economics & politics. Its also heard more & more often in our daily life. So what iscommunication?Communication:The transfer of social information & the circulation of social information systems.Social:When we say “communication” in our study, we usually

4、mean human communication, not animal communication; a “communication” happening in a society, not in other environments such as natural, physical or biological ones.Why we study “human communication?Communication is the tool that makes societies possible. It is no accident that communication and com

5、munity have the same word root. Without communication, there would be no communities; and without community, there could be no communication.The sociologist Charles Cooley called communication “the mechanism through which human relations exist and develop_ all the symbols of the mind, together with

6、the means of conveying them through space and preserving them in time”.Transfer of information:When “communication” happens, information flows from one person to another, and then the receiver may give some feedback to the giver. During this process, the information is shared, and the giver and rece

7、iver can play the opposite role.Also, communication needs some medium, which is something both parts of a communication can understand. For example, two or more people come together, trying to share some information. But they are from different countries and have different life experiences. So if th

8、ey want to understand one another, they must use some medium such as English language, or even body language.In modern times, words are important tools or media for communication. But communication is not conducted entirely, or even mostly, in words. A gesture, a facial expression, a pitch pattern,

9、a level of loudness, an emphasis, a kiss, a hand on the shoulder, a haircut or lack of one _ all these carry information.Text Two Types of CommunicationI. Words Studyi） New Words:engage v.使從事于，參加 differentiate v.區(qū)別，區(qū)分 precede v. 領先，在之前，先于 prefixe n.前綴 intrasquad adj.（班）內(nèi)部的 intercollegiate adj. 學院間的

10、intimacy n. 親密，隱私 auditorium n.聽眾席，觀眾席，會堂，禮堂 define v.定義，詳細說明 accomplish v.完成，實現(xiàn) purpose n. 目的 inform v.告矢口 entertain v.娛樂persuade v.說服，勸說，使相信 conceive v.構思，考慮 essentially adv. 本質(zhì)上 distinctive adj.與眾不同的，有特色的 craft n. & v.工藝，手藝 background n.背景 complex adj.復雜的 device n.設計，裝置，設備 printing press n.印刷機 ca

11、mera n. 照相機 recorder n. 錄音機 singular adj. 單數(shù)的 plural adj. 復數(shù)的ii) Key Words & Expressions:mass media 大眾傳播媒體 mass communication大眾傳播intrapersonal communication自我傳播interpersonal communication人際傳播group communication 群體傳播 audience受眾，觀眾，聽眾 encode編碼 code代碼transmit傳輸，傳達，傳播decode 解碼internalize 使內(nèi)在化II. Text St

12、udySTUDY PREVIEW The communication in which the mass media engage is only one form of communication. One way to begin understanding the process of mass communication is to differentiate it from other forms of communication.Intrapersonal CommunicationWe engage in intrapersonal communication when we t

13、alk to ourselves to develop our thoughts and ideas. This intrapersonal communication precedes our speaking or acting.Intrapersonal communication is an exchange of information we have with ourselves, such as when we think over our next move in a video game or sing to ourselves in the shower. Typing i

14、nto a computer is electronically mediated intrapersonal communication.Interpersonal CommunicationWhen people talk to each other, they are engaging in interpersonal communication. In this simplest form, interpersonal communication is between two people physically located in the same place. It can occ

15、ur, however, if they are physically separated but emotionally connected, like lovers on cell phones.The difference between the prefixes intra- and inter- is the key difference between intrapersonal and interpersonal communication. Just as intrasquad athletic games are within a team, intrapersonal co

16、mmunication is within ones self. Just as intercollegiate games are between schools, interpersonal communication is between individuals.Interpersonal communication includes exchanges in which two or more people take part, but the term is usually reserved for situations in which just two people are co

17、mmunicating. Having a face-to-face conversation over lunch and writing a letter to a friend are everyday examples. When interpersonal communication is electronically mediated, as in a telephone conversation, the term point-to-point communication is sometimes used.Group CommunicationThere comes a poi

18、nt when the number of people involved reduces the intimacy of the communication process. Thats when the situation becomes group communication. A club meeting is an example. So is a speech to an audience in an auditorium.Mass CommunicationCapable of reaching thousands, even millions, of people is mas

19、s communication, which is accomplished through a mass medium like television or newspapers. Mass communication can be defined as the process of using a mass medium to send messages to large audiences for the purpose of informing, entertaining or persuading.In many respects the process of mass commun

20、ication and other communication forms is the same: Someone conceives a message, essentially an intrapersonal act. The message then is encoded into a common code, such as language. Then its transmitted. Another person receives the message, decodes it and internalizes it. Internalizing a message is al

21、so an intrapersonal act.In other respects, mass communication is distinctive. Crafting an effective message for thousands of people of diverse backgrounds and interests requires different skills than chatting with a friend across the table. Encoding the message is more complex because a device is al

22、ways used-for example, a printing press, a camera or a recorder.One aspect of mass communication that should not be a mystery is the spelling of the often-misused word communication. The word takes no “s” if you are using it to refer to a process. If you are referring to a communication as a thing,

23、such as a letter, a movie, a telegram or a television program, rather than a process, the word is communication in singular form and communication in plural. When the term mass communication refers to a process, it is spelled without the s”.Review:communication: Exchange of ideas, rap

24、ersonal Communication: Talking to erpersonal Communication: Usually two people face to face.group Communication: More than two people; in person.mass Communication: Many recipients; not face to face; a process.Text Three Components of Mass CommunicationSTUDY PREVIEW Mass communication is

25、the process that mass communicators use to send their mass messages to mass audiences. They do this through the mass media. Think of these as the Five Ms: mass communicators, mass messages, mass media, mass communication and mass audience.Mass Communicators The heart of mass communication is the peo

26、ple who produce the messages that are carried in the mass media. These people include journalists, scriptwriters, lyricists, television anchors, radio disc jockeys, public relations practitioners and advertising copywriters. The list could go on and on.Mass communicators are unlike other communicato

27、rs because they cannot see their audience. David Letterman knows that hundreds of thousands of people are watching as he unveils his latest Top 10 list, but he cant see them or hear them chuckle and laugh. He receives no immediate feedback from his mass audience. This communicating with an unseen au

28、dience distinguishes mass communication from other forms of communication. Storytellers of yore told their vocabulary according to how they sensed they were being received. Mass communicators dont have that advantage, although a studio audience.Mass MessagesA news item is a mass message, as are a mo

29、vie, a novel, a recorded song and a billboard advertisement. The message is the most apparent part of our relationship to the mass media. It is for the messages that we pay attention to the media. We dont listen to the radio, for example, to marvel at the technology. We listen to hear the music.Mass

30、 MediaThe mass media are the vehicles that carry messages. The primary mass media are books, magazines, newspapers, television, radio, sound recordings, movies and the web. Most theories view media as neutral carriers of messages. The people who are experts at media include technicians who keep the

31、presses running and who keep the television transmitters on the air. Media experts also are tinkers and inventors who come up with technical improvements, such as compact discs, DVDs, AM stereo radio and newspaper presses that can produce high-quality color.Mass CommunicationThe process through whic

32、h messages reach the audience via the mass media is called mass communicationThis is a mysterious process about which we know far less than we should. Researchers and scholars have unraveled some of the mystery, but most of how it works remains a matters of wonderment. For example, why do people pay

33、 more attention to some messages than to others? How does one advertisement generate more sales than another? Is behavior, including violent behavior, triggered through the mass communication process? There is reason to believe that mass communication affects voting behavior, but how does this work?

34、 Which is most correct-to say that people can be controlled by mass communication? Or manipulated? Or merely influenced? Nobody has the answer.Mass AudiencesThe size and diversity of mass audiences add complexity to mass communication. Only indirectly do mass communicators learn whether their messag

35、es have been received. Mass communicators are never sure exactly of the size of audiences, let alone of the effect of their messages. Mass audiences are fickle. What attracts great attention one day may not the next. The challenge of trying to communicate to a mass audience is even more complex beca

36、use people are tuning in and tuning out all the time, and when they are tuned in, it is with varying degrees of attentiveness.Review:mass Communicators: Message crafters.mass Message: What is communicated.mass Media: Vehicles that carry messages.mass Audiences: Recipients of mass messages.Text Four

37、Communication ModelsI. Words Studyi） New Words:devise vt.設計，發(fā)明，圖謀，作出（計劃），想出（辦法） in an attempt to 力圖，試圖 simplification n.簡化imperfect adj.有缺點的，未完成的，減弱的illumination n.照明，闡明，啟發(fā)，燈彩（通常用復數(shù)）mysterious adj.神秘的hobbyist n.沉溺于某種癖好者，嗜某愛好成癖的人 automobile n.汽車scale n.刻度，衡量，比例facsimile n. 摹寫，傳真 architect n.建筑師passer

38、by n.過路人，行人plumbing n.鉛工業(yè)，鉛管品制造 ventilation n.通風，流通空氣 nonetheless adv.雖然如此，但是 adequately adv.充分地lay out擺開，展示，布置，安排，投資 advanced adj.高級的，年老的，先進的 switching n.開關，轉(zhuǎn)換，交換，配電，配電系統(tǒng)，整流 diagram n.圖表reference point參考點，控制點baseline n.基線narrative adj.敘述性的Yale n.耶魯pose v.（使.）擺好姿勢，形成，引起，造成 channel n.渠道，途徑，方法reservoi

39、r n.水庫，蓄水池 dominance n.優(yōu)勢，統(tǒng)治 be credited as 被譽為describe v.描寫，記述，形容，形容 originator n.創(chuàng)作者，發(fā)明人content n.內(nèi)容interpretable adj.能說明的，能翻譯的，可判斷的 reverse v.顛倒，倒轉(zhuǎn)destination n.目的地distortion n.扭曲，變形，曲解，失真 originate v.起源，發(fā)生literally adv.照字面意義，逐字地 browser n.瀏覽器 concentric adj. 同中心的 unique adj.唯一的，獨特的 ring n.環(huán)simul

40、taneously adv.同時地resonate v.（使）共鳴，（使）共振gatekeep v.把關，控制variable n.變數(shù)，可變物，變量 track v.追蹤，探尋軌跡comprehensive adj.全面，廣泛，能充分理解的ii） Key Words & Expressions:communication model傳播模式narrative model線性模式system model系統(tǒng)模式the SMCR model施拉姆模式concentric circle model 同心圓模式Claude Shannon 香農(nóng)Warren Weaver韋弗Harold Lasswe

41、ll拉斯韋爾Wilbur Schramm施拉姆Thomas Bohn 波恩II. Text StudySTUDY PREVIEW Scholars have devised models of the communication process in an attempt to understand how the process works. Like all models, these are simplifications and are imperfect. Even so, these models bring some illumination to the mysterious

42、communication process.Role of Communication ModelsHobbyists build models of ships, planes, automobiles and all kinds of other things. These models help them see whatever they are modeling in different ways. Industrial engineers and scientists do the same thing, learning lessons from models before th

43、ey actually build something to full scale. Communication models are similar. By creating a facsimile of the process, we hope to better understand the process.A reality about models is that they are never perfect. This reality is especially true when the subject being modeled is complex. An architect

44、, for example, may have a model of what the building will look like to passersby, but there also will be models of the building s heating system, traffic patterns, and electrical, plumbing and ventilation systems. None of these models is complete or accurate in every detail, but all nonetheless are

45、useful.Communication models are like that. Different models illustrate different aspects of the process. The process itself is so complex that no single model can adequately cover it.Basic ModelTwo Bell telephone engineers, Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, laid out a basic communication model in 19

46、48. They were working on advanced switching systems. The model, fundamentally a simple diagram, gave them a reference point for their work. That model has become a standard baseline for describing the communication process. The Shannon-Weaver model identifies five fundamental steps in the communicat

47、ion process:O The human stimulation that results in a thought.O The encoding of the thought into a message.O The transmission of the message.O The decoding of the message by the recipient into a thought.O The internalization of the message by the recipient.Narrative ModelYale professor Harold Lasswe

48、ll, an early mass communication theorist, developed a useful yet simple model that was all words-no diagram. Lasswells narrative model poses four questions: Who says what? In which channel? To whom? With what effect?You can easily apply the model. Pick any bylined story from the front page of a news

49、paper.O Who says what? The newspaper reporter tells a story, often quoting someone who is especially knowledgeable4 on the subject.O In which channel? In this case the story is told through the newspaper, a mass medium.O To whom? The story is told to a newspaper reader.O With what effect? The reader

50、 decides to vote for Candidate A or B, or perhaps readers just add the information to their reservoir of knowledge.The SMCR ModelThe classic model that stresses the dominance of the media was developed by Wilbur Schramm (1982), often credited as the founder of mass communication studies. He created

51、what is known as theSource-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model.The Source-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model describes the exchange of information as the message passes from the source to the channel to the receiver, with feedback to the source.The source is the originator of the communication.

52、The message is the content of the communication, the information that is to be exchanged.An encoder translates the message into a form that can be communicated-often a form that is not directly interpretable by human senses.A channel is the medium or transmission system used to convey the message fr

53、om one place to another.A decoder reverses the encoding process.The receiver is the destination of the communication.A feedback mechanism between the source and the receiver regulates the flow of communication.Noise is any distortion or errors that may be introduced during the information exchange.T

54、his model can be applied to all forms of human communication, but here we will just illustrate it with mass communication examples. When you are at home watching a television program, the television network (a corporate source) originates the message, which is encoded by the microphones and televisi

55、on cameras in the television studio. The channel is not literally the number on the television dial to which you are tuned, but rather the entire chain of transmitters, satellite links, and cable television equipment required to convey the message to your home. Although we sometimes call a TV set a

56、“receiver,” it is really the decoder and the viewer is the receiver. Feedback from viewers is via television rating services. Electronic interference with the broadcast and the distractions of barking dogs are possible noise components in this situation. The source of a message, which the author enc

57、oded with the software she used to compose the pages content. The channel is the Internet, including the computer that the Web page is stored on, and the network connections between that computer, called a server, and your own. Your computer acts as the decoder. It decodes the message with your brow

58、ser software (such as Netscape or Internet Explorer), and you are the receiver.In this classic view, mass communication is one-to-many communication, and the mass media are the various channels through which mass communication is delivered. That is, through newspapers, radio, TV, or film, the messag

59、e is communicated from a single source to many receivers at about the same time, with limited opportunities for the audience to communicate back to the source.Concentric Circle ModelThe Shannon-Weaver model can be applied to all communication, but it misses some things that are unique to mass commun

60、ication. In 1974 scholars Ray Hiebert, Donald Ungurait and Thomas Bohn presented an important new model-a series of concentric circles with the encoding source at the center. One of the outer rings was the receiving audience. In between were several elements that are important in the mass communicat