土木工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)Unit-11-Railway-Engineering課件

1、Unit 11 Railway Engineering鐵路工程Part Introduction to Rail Engineering Railway engineering is a multi-faceted engineering discipline dealing with the design, construction and operation of all types of railway systems. It encompasses(包含/包括) a wide range of engineering disciplines, including civil engin

2、eering, computer engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, industrial engineering and production engineering.Rail track The track on a railway or railroad, also known as the permanent way, is the structure consisting of the rails, fasteners, sleepers and ballast (or slab track), p

3、lus the underlying subgrade.Track structure Traditional track structure Advantages: low construction costs, high elasticity, high noise absorption or a high maintainability at relatively low costs. Disadvantages: heavy demand for maintenance, the ballast(道渣/碎石) can be churned up(濺起來) at high speeds,

4、 which may cause serious damages to rails and wheels. ballastless tracks Advantages: stable track position, long life cycles, top speed, ride comfort, practically no maintenance and great load-carrying capability.Jointed trackIn the traditional method, jointed tracks are made using lengths of rails,

5、 usually around 20 m long in the UK and 11.9 or 23.8 m long in North America, bolted together using perforated steel plates known as fishplates or joint bars.fishplatesFishplates are usually 600 mm long, used in pairs either side of the rail ends and bolted together with four or six bolts per joint.

6、 Continuously welded rail (CRW)CWR refers to the way in which rails are joined to form track. Through CWR, rails are welded together to form one uninterrupted rail that may be several miles long. Flash butt welding Flash butt welding is a technique for joining segments of metal rail or pipe. It ofte

7、n involves an automated track-laying machine running a strong electrical current through the touching ends of two unjoined pieces of rail.Track gaugeTrack gauge or rail gauge is the distance between the inner sides of the two rails that make up a single line. The standard gauge is 1,435 mm.Wider gau

8、ges are called broad gauge; Narrow gauge(計(jì)量器) Narrow gauge allows a smaller radius curves, allowing obstacles, such as valleys and hills, to be avoided. Therefore, many narrow gauge railways(窄軌鐵路) were built in Wales and the Rocky Mountains of North America. Rail signaling Railway Signaling is a com

9、plex and fascinating research and development area in railways. The purpose of a signaling system is to facilitate the safe and efficient movement of trains on the railway.Fixed Block Systems The railway is divided into sections of track, which are separated by signals. A train is not allowed to ent

10、er a given track section before the preceding train has cleared it. Disadvantages:lack of flexibility low track capacity Moving Block Systems also called Communication Based Train Control It relies on continuous two-way digital communication between each controlled train and a wayside control centre

11、. Each train transmits its identity, location, direction and speed to the area computer which makes the necessary calculations for safe train separation and transmits this to the following train. The radio link between each train and the area computer is continuous so the computer knows the location

12、 of all the trains in its area all the time. It transmits to each train the location of the train in front and gives it a braking curve to enable it to stop before it reaches that train. Part III 科技英語(yǔ)的翻譯技巧（11）句量的增減-分譯與合譯分譯法(1)單詞的分譯(2) 短語(yǔ)的分譯(3)句子的分譯合譯法(1)短語(yǔ)合譯 (2) 單句合譯 (3) 主從復(fù)合句的合譯 分譯法科技英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)中，句子一般較長(zhǎng)，包

13、含許多信息，漢譯時(shí)如果運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法分析和邏輯判斷的手段，對(duì)原文的各個(gè)意思加以分解，能使譯文更加體現(xiàn)漢語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)，這種化整為零的翻譯方法就是分譯法。分譯沒有定規(guī)可循，一切要考譯者對(duì)原文的透徹理解，靈活處理。分譯時(shí)一般有三種處理方法：前置法，后置法和夾心法。同時(shí)，分譯也需要注意兩個(gè)問題：第一，當(dāng)分則分，當(dāng)合則合，不可硬行拆分，否則效果不好；第二，正確把握始分點(diǎn)，嚴(yán)格按照漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣來組織句子，否則會(huì)造成譯文結(jié)構(gòu)混亂。(1) 單詞的分譯副詞分譯 The ammeter must therefore have a very low resistance in order for its effect on

14、 the circuit to be negligible.因此，電流表必須具有很低的電阻以使得它對(duì)電路的影響可以忽略不計(jì)。He made many discoveries in chemistry but, characteristically, he did not publish them.他在化學(xué)上有很多發(fā)現(xiàn)，但并沒有發(fā)表其研究結(jié)果。這是他的特點(diǎn)。形容詞分譯：It is important for the reader to learn and understand the basic concepts presented here.重要的是，讀者要明白這里所講的基本概念。Nuclea

15、r transformations are noteworthy because of their role in the evolution of the universe. 由于核變換在宇宙演變方面的重要作用，所以值得注意。名詞分譯：These circumstances make it difficult to find site on which to carry out experiment. 由于這些環(huán)境條件，難以找到進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)的場(chǎng)所。The price limits its production.由于價(jià)錢昂貴，限制了其生產(chǎn)。(2) 短語(yǔ)的分譯名詞短語(yǔ)分譯：The complex p

16、rocess of photosynthesis is controlled by several genes.光合作用過程是復(fù)雜的，它受數(shù)種基因制約。介詞短語(yǔ)分譯：To every action there must be an equal and opposite reaction. 對(duì)于每個(gè)作用力，必定存在一個(gè)大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。In the high altitude snow and ice remain all year. 海拔高的地方，冰雪常年不化。分詞短語(yǔ)分譯：Given current and resistance, we can find out voltage.

17、 若已知電流和電阻，我們就能求出電壓。不定式短語(yǔ)分譯：Care shall be taken at all times to protect the instrument from dust and damp. 應(yīng)經(jīng)常注意保護(hù)儀器，勿使沾染灰塵和受潮。(3)句子的分譯The technological design of this bed cushion is advanced with novel structure, beautiful shape and various patterns. 這種床墊工藝先進(jìn)，結(jié)構(gòu)新穎，造型美觀，款式多樣。This material attracts ir

18、on objects and can even magnetize such objects.這種物質(zhì)能吸引鐵質(zhì)物體，甚至能使他們磁化。合譯法(1) 短語(yǔ)合譯：Neutron has no charge, neither positive nor negative. 中子既不帶正電也不帶負(fù)電。These particles, called electrons, are moving around the nucleus. 這些粒子被稱為電子，它們不斷地圍繞原子核旋轉(zhuǎn)。(2) 單句合譯：?jiǎn)尉涞暮献g往往以一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的翻譯為基礎(chǔ)，把其他簡(jiǎn)單句的內(nèi)容壓縮成一、二個(gè)句子成分加到譯文中去。Overflow detection can take t