土木工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)Unit-14-Environmental-Engineeringr-earth課件

1、Earth Song By Michael JacksonEarth, Gaia in Greek, means mother earth.The earth is approximately 4.6 billion years old.But for how long can it survive?Earth： 29% of the earth is covered by land, 71% by seas and oceans.But in recent years, industrial pollution is getting worse and worse. Exhaustion o

2、f resources will lead to wars between nations.Innocent children become the victims in wars. Perhaps we are trying efforts only to construct tombs of our own.Maybe we should do something to stop this!Now we are fighting for the earth.Now we are fighting for the earth.Now we are fighting for the earth

3、.Save Our Life!Stop Pollution !Save The Earth!NOWVocabulary Link Guess out the following issues job opportunityrush hournoise pollutionaffordablehousingLesson BVocabulary Link And more graffitihungerAIDSWarming up What does this video clip tell us? rain forest.avi1. Talk about environmental problems

4、2. Practise reading skills3. Learn useful words and expressionsObjectivesPart One: Talk about itPicture DescriptionDisappearingNatural Beauties White Pollution Water Pollution Air Pollution Noise Pollution Types of Pollution Animals Living in HarmonyEndangeredclearing of the forest Illegal HuntingDi

5、scussionWhat can we do to protect our environment? For IndividualsUnit 14Environmrntal Engineering The main environmental problems The causes of the environmental problemsThe effects of the environmental problemsActions and measures to be takenPre-reading ActivitiesThink about it Can you name some o

6、f the most frequently heard environmental problems? global warming;greenhouse effects;the extinction of certain species acid rain, indoor pollution, etc, air/water pollution;waste of energy;Words and Expressions Relating to Environmentdesertificationdeforestationwater and soil erosionindustrial dust

7、 dischargemotor vehicle exhaustfossil fuels Topsoilsustainable developmentozone layersewage treatment/ sewerageEcosystemNonrenewableresourcesenvironment-friendly products bio-degradable plasticAir pollution (空氣污染)Water pollution (水污染)Global warming (全球變暖)The Main Environmental ProblemsSandstorm Hits

8、 Hong Kong Air pollution in Hong Kong has hit record levels after a huge sandstorm swept across northern China over the weekend. For a third day, the Chinese capital, Beijing, was shrouded in a yellow haze, and people who go outside have been warned to wear masks and scarves. Scientists say a combin

9、ation of drought, cutting down forests and city developments is to blame for these weather conditions. (BBC News 3-29-2010 )Air PollutionPower plants, heating furnacesautomobiles, trains, planes.volcanic eruptions, sand storm, forest fires industrialization trans-portation natural sourcesAir polluti

10、onAir Pollution: Causes Air Pollution: Causes respiratory diseases, lung cancerget killedby destroying their leavesclimate change, acid rainpeopleclimateplantsAir Pollution: Effects April 20, 2010 the huge oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico is a potentially unprecedented environmental disaster. Waterpe

11、sticides（殺蟲劑）industrial effluent（工業(yè)廢水）sewage（污水）fertilizers（化肥）oil spill（石油泄漏）garbage（垃圾）Water Pollution: CausesA newly formed desert near Qinghai Lake because of over pasturing. It was a piece of grassland several years ago.The Yellow RiverWhat to drink?Global Warming: Questions1. Why did Susies ic

12、e cream melt away before eating?2. What method did the politicians come up with to get rid of global warming? Do you really think it works? Global Warming: QuestionsGlobal Warming: Questions1. Why did Susies ice cream melt away before eating?2. What method did the politicians come up with to get rid

13、 of global warming? Do you really think it works? glaciers melting （冰川融化） sea level rising （海平面上升） low countries flooded （低地國(guó)家被淹）Global Warming: Effects The 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, commonly known as the Copenhagen Summit, was held at Copenhagen, Denmark, between December 7 and

14、 18. According to the Bali Road Map, a framework for climate change mitigation beyond 2012 has been agreed there. Actions and Measures TakenEnvironmentEarth songAir pollutionGlobal warmingWater pollutionCopenhagenSummary of Pre-reading Proposals for environmental protectionActions and Measures to Be

15、 TakenAre you ready to change the way you live? The climate crisis can be solved. Here is how:Change your habits to reduce energy for heating and cooling.If you can, buy a hybrid car.When you can, walk or ride a bicycle.Where you can, use light rail and mass transit.To Save The EarthTell your parent

16、s not to ruin the world that you will live in.If you are a parent, join with your children to save the world that they will live in.Plant trees, lots of trees.Now, lets work together.Stop pollution!內(nèi)容提要本章引言：空氣污染源；空氣污染對(duì)環(huán)境以及健康造成的影響；空氣污染的解決辦法。本章重點(diǎn)：a. 空氣污染造成的影響及解決辦法b. 科技英語(yǔ)之狀語(yǔ)從句的翻譯Part I Air Pollution空氣污

17、染源空氣污染對(duì)環(huán)境以及人類健康的影響空氣污染的解決辦法Questions:a. Tell me some patterns of air pollution in different industrial processes.b. How many conventional devices for control of particulate emissions?Air pollution can be defined as the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more containments in such quantities

18、 and of such duration as may be injurious to human, plant, or animal life, or to property, or which may unreasonably interfere with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property, or the conduct of business. Air pollutant sources can be categorized from several perspectives, including the type of sou

19、rce, their frequency of occurrence and spatial distribution, and the types of emissions. Characterization by source type can be delineated as arising from natural sources or from man-made sources. “Natural sources” include plant pollens, windblown dust, volcanic eruptions, and lighting-generated for

20、est fires. “Man-made sources” can include transportation vehicles, industrial processes, power plants, construction activities, and military training activities. Source characterization according to spatial distribution can be categorized as stationary source and mobile sources. Stationary sources a

21、re those that have a relatively fixed location. These include point sources, fugitive sources, and area sources. Mobile sources are emitters of air pollutants that move from place to place while yielding emissions. In this text we will mainly talk about man-made sources, it is contamination of the a

22、ir by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health. The major sources of air pollution are transportation engines, power and heat generation, industrial processes, and the burning of solid waste .Air PollutionDefinition : Air pol

23、lution can be defined as the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more containments in such quantities and of such duration as may be injurious to human, plant, or animal life, or to property, or which may unreasonably interfere with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property, or the cond

24、uct of business.The major sources of air pollution are transportation engines, power and heat generation, industrial processes, and the burning of solid waste.空氣污染空氣污染可以定義為室外大氣中存在的一種或多種污染物，其含量和持續(xù)期可以趨向于傷害人類、植物、動(dòng)物或財(cái)物，或干擾正常生活或商務(wù)行為?？諝馕廴镜闹饕獊?lái)源是運(yùn)輸發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，熱電廠，工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程和固體廢物焚燒。Sources of air PollutionThe air pollut

25、ants can also be grouped into two categories: primary pollutants and secondary pollutants1. Primary pollutants are those emitted directly into the air. They include particulates, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons. Secondary pollutants are pollutants produced through

26、reactions between primary pollutants and normal atmospheric compounds. For example, ozone forms over urban areas through reactions of primary pollutants, sunlight, and natural atmospheric gases. The combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in automobiles, trucks, and jet airplanes produces

27、 several primary pollutants: nitrogen oxides, gaseous hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide, as well as large quantities of particulates, chiefly lead2. In the presence of sunlight, nitrogen oxides combine with hydrocarbons to form a secondary class of pollutants, the photochemical oxidants, among them

28、ozone and the eye-stinging peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN). Nitrogen oxides also react with oxygen in the air to form nitrogen dioxide, a foul-smelling brown gas. In urban areas like Los Angeles where transportation is the main cause of air pollution, nitrogen dioxide tints the air, blending with other co

29、ntaminants and the atmospheric water vapor to produce brown smog. Although the use of catalytic converters has reduced smog-producing compounds in motor vehicle exhaust emissions, recent studies have shown that in so doing the converters produce nitrous oxide, which contributes substantially to glob

30、al warming.Sources of air PollutionThe air pollutants can also be grouped into two categories: primary pollutants(一次污染物) and secondary pollutants(二次污染物).The combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in automobiles, trucks, and jet airplanes produces several primary pollutants: nitrogen oxid

31、es, gaseous hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide, as well as large quantities of particulates, chiefly lead.In cities, air may be severely polluted not only by transportation but also by the burning of fossil fuels (oil and coal) in generating stations, factories, office buildings, and homes and by the

32、 incineration of garbage. 空氣污染源空氣污染物也可以分為兩類：一次污染物和二次污染物。汽車、卡車、噴氣式飛機(jī)燃燒汽油和其它碳?xì)淙剂希a(chǎn)生一些主要的污染物質(zhì)：氧化氮，碳?xì)浠衔铮谎趸?，還有大量的微粒，其主要成分是鉛。在城市里，空氣被嚴(yán)重污染不僅由于交通運(yùn)輸，也由于發(fā)電廠、工廠、辦公樓、住宅里化石燃料（石油和煤炭）的燃燒以及垃圾焚燒。Definition of primary and secondary pollutants.Primary pollutants are those emitted(排放) directly into the air. They inc

33、lude particulates, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons. Secondary pollutants are pollutants produced through reactions between primary pollutants and normal atmospheric compounds. For example, ozone forms over urban areas through reactions of primary pollutants, sunlig

34、ht, and natural atmospheric gases. 一次污染物和二次污染物的定義“一次污染物”直接釋放進(jìn)入空氣。它們包括微粒、二氧化硫、一氧化碳、氮氧化物和碳?xì)浠衔?。“二次污染物”是一次污染物與常見大氣化合物反應(yīng)的產(chǎn)物。例如，城市上空的臭氧是一次污染物、陽(yáng)光與自然界大氣的反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物。Effects on Health and the EnvironmentLike photochemical pollutants, sulfur oxides contribute to the incidence of respiratory diseases. Acid rain, a f

35、orm of precipitation that contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids, can contaminate drinking water and vegetation, damage aquatic life, and erode buildings. When a weather condition known as a temperature inversion prevents dispersal of smog, inhabitants of the area, especially children and

36、the elderly are chronically ill, are warned to stay indoors and avoid physical stress. Even everyday levels of air pollution may insidiously affect health and behavior. Indoor air pollution is a problem in developed countries, where efficient insulation keeps pollutants inside the structure. In less

37、 developed nations, the lack of running water and indoor sanitation can encourage respiratory infections. Carbon monoxide, for example, by driving oxygen out of the bloodstream, causes apathy, fatigue, headache, disorientation, and decreased muscular coordination and visual acuity. Effects on Health

38、 and the EnvironmentEven everyday levels of air pollution may insidiously(潛在的) affect health and behavior.Air pollution may possibly harm populations in ways so subtle or slow that they have not yet been detected. A recently discovered result of air pollution are seasonal holes in the ozone layer in

39、 the atmosphere above Antarctica and the Arctic, coupled with growing evidence of global ozone depletion(臭氧耗竭).空氣污染的影響每天空氣污染都在不知不覺(jué)中影響著我們的健康和行為?？諝馕廴竞芸赡芤约?xì)微緩慢不易察覺(jué)的方式危害人類。最近發(fā)現(xiàn)的空氣污染的后果是南北極上空出現(xiàn)季節(jié)性的臭氧層空洞，也有越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)證明全球臭氧消耗。In different countriesIndoor air pollution is a problem in developed countries, where

40、 efficient insulation keeps pollutants inside the structure. In less developed nations, the lack of running water and indoor sanitation can encourage respiratory infections. Carbon monoxide, for example, by driving oxygen out of the bloodstream, causes apathy, fatigue, headache, disorientation, and

41、decreased muscular coordination and visual acuity. 不同國(guó)家的現(xiàn)狀室內(nèi)空氣污染在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家是個(gè)問(wèn)題，高效的隔熱系統(tǒng)滯留了室內(nèi)污染物。在欠發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，自來(lái)水和衛(wèi)生設(shè)備的欠缺助長(zhǎng)了呼吸道感染。例如一氧化碳，它可以趕走血液中的氧氣，使人冷漠，疲勞，頭痛，神志不清，肌肉協(xié)調(diào)性降低，視力下降。Solutions to Air PollutionThe conventional devices for control of particulate emissions from industrial sources are cyclones, electrost

42、atic precipitators, fabric filters, and scrubbers. Cyclonic collectors are round conically shaped vessels in which the gas stream enters tangentially and follows a spiral path to the outlet. The spiral motion produces the centrifugal forces that cause the particulate matter to move toward the periph

43、ery of the vessel and collect on the walls and fall to the bottom of the vessel. Fabric filters, i. e., baghouses, usually consist of tubular bags made of woven synthetic fabric or fiberglass, in which the dirty gases pass through the fabric while the particulates are collected on the upstream side

44、by the filtering action of the fabric. The dust retained on the bags periodically shaken off and falls into a collecting hopper for removal. Wet scrubbers use water “sprays” to collect and remove particulates. They may generally be classified as low and high energy scrubbers. Low energy scrubbers of

45、 1 to 6 inches of pressure drop may consist of simple spray towers, packed towers or impingement plate towers, which find frequently application in incinerators, fertilizer manufacturing, lime kilns, and iron foundries. The high energy scrubber, or Venturi, imparts high velocity to the gas stream by

46、 means of converging-diverging dust section, and contacts the stream with injected water. The Venturi scrubber is often used in conjunction with steel furnaces, pulp mills and foundry cupolas. The principal mechanisms of the wet collectors are: 1) increasing the size of the particles by combination

47、with liquid droplets thereby increasing their size so they may be collected more easily; 2) trapping them in liquid film and washing them away. Electrostatic precipitators are particularly suited for gas streams which can be easily ionized and which contain either liquid or solid particulate matter.

48、 The operating principle requires three basic steps: 1) electrical charging of the suspended particulates; 2) collection of the charged particulate matters on a grounded collection surface; 3）removal of the particulates from the collecting surface by mechanical scrubbing or flushing with liquids.Sol

49、utions to Air PollutionThe conventional devices for control of particulate emissions from industrial sources are cyclones, electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, and scrubbers.We should control air pollution not only from the aspect of technology, but also from the aspect of international laws

50、.The most satisfactory long-term solutions to air pollution may well be the elimination of fossil fuels and the ultimate replacement of the internal-combustion engine.空氣污染的解決辦法用于控制工業(yè)污染源顆粒釋放的常規(guī)裝置有旋風(fēng)除塵器、靜電除塵器、布袋除塵器和滌氣器。人類不僅要在技術(shù)方面還要在國(guó)際法律方面控制污染。最有效的解決空氣污染的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)方案就是消除化石燃料的使用并最終替換內(nèi)燃機(jī)。Classification of conven

51、tional devicesCyclonic collectors are round conically shaped vessels in which the gas stream enters tangentially and follows a spiral path to the outlet. The spiral motion produces the centrifugal forces that cause the particulate matter to move toward the periphery of the vessel and collect on the

52、walls and fall to the bottom of the vessel. Fabric filters, i. e. , baghouses, usually consist of tubular bags made of woven synthetic fabric or fiberglass, in which the dirty gases pass through the fabric while the particulates are collected on the upstream side by the filtering action of the fabri

53、c. The dust retained on the bags periodically shaken off and falls into a collecting hopper for removal. Wet scrubbers use water “sprays” to collect and remove particulates. They may generally be classified as low and high energy scrubbers.常規(guī)裝置的分類旋風(fēng)集塵器是圓錐形的容器，容器內(nèi)的氣流沿切線方向進(jìn)入，然后螺旋形路徑抵達(dá)出口。螺旋運(yùn)動(dòng)產(chǎn)生使顆粒物朝容器周

54、邊向上運(yùn)動(dòng)的離心力，顆粒物聚集于氣壁并落到氣壁底?？椢镞^(guò)濾器即袋濾器，通常由機(jī)織合成纖維或玻璃纖維制成，含塵氣體穿過(guò)織物時(shí)微粒被攔截收集。截留在袋中的灰塵定期抖落進(jìn)入收集斗中去除。濕式洗滌器使用水霧收集并去除微粒。洗滌器按低能和高能進(jìn)行分類。Part II Reading MaterialsText A: Health Effects of NoiseText B: Water pollutionRequirements of reading materials:( it is arranged by teachers)Part III Translation of EST(12)-狀語(yǔ)從句的翻譯 英語(yǔ)中的狀語(yǔ)從句包括時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句、原因狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句、方式狀語(yǔ)從句、目的狀語(yǔ)從句、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句、比較狀語(yǔ)從句和結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句等九種。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)從句相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)偏正復(fù)句中的偏句，引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞也大多可以在漢語(yǔ)中找到相應(yīng)的關(guān)聯(lián)詞或表達(dá)方式。因此，雖然英語(yǔ)的狀語(yǔ)從句形式多樣且位置靈活多變，但一般不會(huì)給翻譯帶來(lái)很大的困難?？萍加⒄Z(yǔ)中狀語(yǔ)從句的翻譯可采用以下方法：1、順譯法英語(yǔ)大部分狀語(yǔ)從句的位置可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，還可以在主句的主謂語(yǔ)之間