包豪斯與魏瑪時期的德國現(xiàn)代主義建筑課件

1、Bauhaus and German Modern Architecture Movement包豪斯與德國現(xiàn)代建筑運動Lecture Series, Thoughts of Modern Architecture 當代西方建筑思潮系列講座October, 2012 The Deutscher Werkbund ( Work Federation)德國制造聯(lián)盟Chief organization of artistic and cultural reform at the beginning of the 20th century in Germany德國20世紀初藝術(shù)和文化改革的主要組織Fou

2、nded in Munich in 1907, Work Federation was aimed to accelerate the integration of art and industry at a national level and it had the orientation towards high-quality goods for mass consumption. 建立制造商與設計者之間的合作Friedrich Naumann: “Many people do not have the money to hire artists, and, consequently,

3、many products are going to be mass produced; for this great problem, the only solution is to infuse mass-production with meaning and spirit by artistic means.” 將藝術(shù)特點注入大工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品中 Deutscher Werkbund, 1907Peter Behrens (1868-1940) Enobling effect of art on technology Behrens: architecture of the machine

4、 age should be based on classicism that in an age of speed the only appropriate buildings would be those with forms as distinct as possible, with quiet, flush surfaces. Peter BehrensThe Deutscher Werkbund ( Work Federation)德國制造聯(lián)盟AEG Turbine Factory, 1908The Deutscher Werkbund ( Work Federation)德國制造聯(lián)

5、盟Behrens also worked for AEG, designing consumer products, standardized parts, companys graphics, and a consistent corporate identity. Walter Gropius (1883-1969) Gropius shared with Muthesius and Behrens that machine could be spiritualized by means of artHowever, Gropius rejected Muthesius idea of c

6、ontrolling artistic conceptualization by bureaucracy and big business. Different from Behrens, Gropius thought that art and pragmatism coexisted and there was no contradiction between type and the continuing role of the individual artist-architect.藝術(shù)和實用主義共存 The Deutscher Werkbund ( Work Federation)德

7、國制造聯(lián)盟With emphasizing transcendent quality of materials, Fagus factory was a dramatic departure from the visual language of Behrens, which emphasized the formality and symbolism. Classicism is abstract here, which is geometry. 材料的表現(xiàn)力Radically simplified forms, the rationality and functionality, and

8、the idea that mass-production was combined with the individual artistic spirit. These can be seen as prophetic of New Objective Modern Movement in the 1920s Germany. Fagus Factory, 1911The Deutscher Werkbund ( Work Federation)德國制造聯(lián)盟Fagus Factory, 1911Weimar Republic (1919-1933) 魏瑪共和國Liberal Democrat

9、ic Constitution In Germany, as in France, there was a return to order after the First World War, though it was delayed by political and economic crisis. Whereas in France the return to order could be seen as re-affirming an established and triumphant national tradition, in Germany, defeated in the w

10、ar, it implied a radical break with the national past and a search for alternative principles. 與過去決裂，追求新的事物Society and politics in Germany between WWI and WWII二戰(zhàn)前德國社會與政治狀況Glass Pavilion, 1914German Expressionism德國表現(xiàn)主義The style was characterised by an early-modernist adoption of novel materials, form

11、al innovation, and very unusual massing, sometimes inspired by natural biomorphic forms, sometimes by the new technical possibilities offered by the mass production of brick, steel and especially glass. Many expressionist architects fought in World War I and their experiences, combined with the poli

12、tical turmoil and social upheaval, resulted in a utopian outlook and a romantic socialist agenda. Expressionist architecture was individualistic and in many ways eschewed aesthetic dogma.反美學教條、對新材料和形式夸張運用 Monument to the March Dead, 1921 Einstein Tower, 1919-22German Expressionism德國表現(xiàn)主義 In the early

13、 years of the Soviet Union, Russian and Soviet artists embraced a wide variety of art forms. Revolutionary politics and radical non-traditional art forms were seen as complementary. In art, constructivism flourished. In poetry, the nontraditional and the avant-garde were often praised.Constructivism

14、 was an artistic and architectural movement that originated in Russia from 1919 onward which rejected the idea of “art for arts sake in favour of art as a practice directed towards social purposes. Tatlin Tower, 1914Influences from Constructivist Movement俄國結(jié)構(gòu)主義運動Influences from Constructivist Moveme

15、nt俄國結(jié)構(gòu)主義運動Workers Club, 1927During the early 1920s, there was considerable cultural exchange between Germany and Soviet Russia. 1922, Exhibition of Soviet Art1922, Constructivist Congress in WeimarExpressionist startWhen Gropius was appointed to succeed Henry van de Velde as director of the Academy

16、of Fine Art at Weimar in 1919, he was given the task of creating a new School of Architecture and Applied Art. He believed that artistic culture was threatened by the materialism of industrial capitalism and could only be saved by a spiritual revolution.Bauhaus Manifesto of 1919:Let us conceive a ne

17、w building of the future architecture, painting, and sculpture rising to Heaven out of hands of a million craftsman. Bauhaus Manifesto, 1919Bauhaus包豪斯Changes between 1919-1923Bauhaus in Weimar魏瑪時期的包豪斯Changes between 1919-1923Johannes Itten, Head of Preliminary Course, 1919-1922Mystical approach to a

18、rt teaching, based on psychological-formalist principlesJohannes Itten Bauhaus in Weimar魏瑪時期的包豪斯Changes between 1919-1923Johannes Itten, Head of Preliminary Course, 1919-1922Mystical approach to art teaching, based on psychological-formalist principlesJohannes Ittens painting Bauhaus in Weimar魏瑪時期的包

19、豪斯Changes between 1919-1923Johannes Itten, Head of Preliminary Course, 1919-1922Mystical approach to art teaching, based on psychological-formalist principlesJohannes Ittens painting Bauhaus in Weimar魏瑪時期的包豪斯Changes between 1919-1923Moholy-Nagy, Head of Preliminary Course, 1922- In contrast to Itten

20、, Moholy-Nagy introduced an objective Constructivist approach, involving the manipulation of industrial materials. Lszl Moholy-NagyBauhaus in Weimar魏瑪時期的包豪斯“Moholy-Nagys course was aimed at the development of a new, contemporary visual idiom. led from an emphasis on personal expression to a more rat

21、ional, economic, and structural use of material itself, in pictorial terms”Moholy-Nagy believed in the association between machines and Platonic forms. Lszl Moholy-Nagys paintingBauhaus in Weimar魏瑪時期的包豪斯“Total Work of Art”:All kinds of art, including architecture would come together完整的藝術(shù)，包括建筑、設計、手工藝

22、、繪畫、雕刻 Gropius: The union of art and technology 格羅皮烏斯：藝術(shù)與技術(shù)的融合“The Bauhaus workshops are essentially laboratories in which prototypes of products suitable for mass production and typical of our time are carefully developed and improved.”1923 Bauhaus Exhibition Bauhaus in Weimar魏瑪時期的包豪斯Bauhaus School

23、 Building in Dessau， 1926-Dynamic functional mannerBauhaus in Dessau德紹時期的包豪斯Bauhaus in Dessau德紹時期的包豪斯Bauhaus in Dessau德紹時期的包豪斯Implementation of the Bauhaus Idiom包豪斯理念的實現(xiàn)Commercially successful designs商業(yè)上非常成功的設計，涵蓋家具、燈具、茶具、建筑等Weissenhof Estate, 1927 Housing projects in Germany同時期的住宅實踐Deutscher Werkbu

24、nd (Work Federation) exhibition, 1927Grosiedlung Siemensstadt Ringsiedlung , 1929-34 Wohnstadt Carl Legien , 1928-30 Housing projects in Germany同時期的住宅建設The estates also provide exceptional examples of new urban and architectural typologies, featuring fresh design solutions, as well as technical and

25、aesthetic innovations. Bruno Taut, Martin Wagner and Walter Gropius were among the leading architects of these projects which exercised considerable influence on the development of housing around the world.Siedlung Schillerpark, 1924-30 Horseshoe Estate, 1925-30 Housing projects in Germany同時期的住宅實踐Th

26、e properties are outstanding examples of the building reform movement that contributed to improving housing and living conditions for people with low incomes through novel approaches to town planning, architecture and garden design. Housing projects in Germany同時期的住宅建設Functionalists vs. Rationalists功能主義與理性主義Functionalists VS RationalistsAdolf BehneDer Moderne Zweckbauex-expressionistVan DoseburgHet BouwbedriffFunctionalists vs. Rationalists功能主義與理性主義Functionalists vs. Rationalists功能主義與理性主義Functionalists vs. Rationalists功能主義與理性主義Lu