醫(yī)學(xué)心理學(xué)資料：2theory-2

1、Humanism Theory Humanism Psychology. humanistic psychology as the third force in psychologyHumanism is a psychological approach that emphasises the study of the whole person, and the uniqueness of each individual. Humanism TheoryAbraham H. Maslow 馬斯洛(19081970) Carl Ranson. Rogers 羅杰斯(1902-1987 )Huma

2、nism PsychologyDuring the 1950s, humanistic psychology began as a reaction topsychoanalysisand behaviorism, which dominated psychology at the time. Psychoanalysis was focused on understanding the unconscious motivations that drive behavior while behaviorism studied the conditioning processes that pr

3、oduce behavior. Humanist thinkers felt that both psychoanalysis and behaviorism were too pessimistic, either focusing on the most tragic of emotions or failing to take into account the role of personal choice.Humanistic psychology was instead focused on each individuals potential and stressed the im

4、portance of growth and self-actualization. The fundamental belief of humanistic psychology is that people are innately good and that mental and social problems result from deviations from this natural tendency.During the late 1950s, Abraham Maslow and other psychologists held meetings to discuss the

5、 development of a professional organization devoted to a more humanist approach to psychology. They agreed that topics such as self-actualization, creativity and individuality and related topics were the central theme of this new approach. In 1961, they officially established the American Associatio

6、n for Humanistic Psychology.In 1962, Abraham Maslow publishedToward a Psychology of Being, in which he described humanistic psychology as the third force in psychology. The first and second forces were behaviorism and psychoanalysis respectively.However, it is not necessary to think of these three s

7、chools of thought as competing elements. Each branch of psychologyhas contributed to our understanding of the human mind and behavior. Humanistic psychology added yet another dimension that takes a more holistic view of the individual.Criticisms of Humanistic PsychologyHumanistic psychology is often

8、 seen as too subjective; the importance of individual experience makes it difficult to objectively study and measure humanistic phenomena. How can we objectively tell if someone is HYPERLINK /od/theoriesofpersonality/a/hierarchyneeds_2.htm self-actualized? The answer, of course, is that we cannot. W

9、e can only rely upon the individuals own assessment of their experience.Another major criticism is that observations are unverifiable; there is no accurate way to measure or quantify these qualities.Strong Points of Humanistic PsychologyOne of the major strengths of humanistic psychology is that it

10、emphasizes the role of the individual. This school of psychology gives people more credit in controlling and determining their state of mental health.It also takes environmental influences into account. Rather than focusing solely on our internal thoughts and desires, humanistic psychology also cred

11、its the environments influence on our experiences.Humanistic psychology continues to influence therapy, education, healthcare and other areas.Humanistic psychology helped remove some of the stigma attached to therapy and made it more acceptable for normal, healthy individuals to explore their abilit

12、ies and potential through therapy.Humanistic Psychology TodayToday, the concepts central to humanistic psychology can be seen in many other areas including other branches of psychology, education, therapy, political movements and other areas. For example,transpersonal psychologyandpositive psycholog

13、yboth draw heavily on humanist influences.The goals of humanistic psychology remain as relevant today as they were in the 1940s and 1950s. As Maureen OHara, former president of the Association of Humanistic Psychology, explained, As the worlds people demand freedom and self-determination, it is urge

14、nt that we learn how diverse communities of empowered individuals, with freedom to construct their own stories and identities, might live together in mutual peace. Perhaps it is not a vain hope that is life in such communities might lead to the advance in human consciousness beyond anything we have

15、yet experienced.Self-actualization自我實(shí)現(xiàn) HYPERLINK /wiki/Kurt_Goldstein o Kurt Goldstein Kurt Goldsteinthe tendency to actualize itself as fully as possible is the basic drive.the drive of self-actualization.“ HYPERLINK /wiki/Carl_Rogers o Carl Rogers Carl Rogersthe curative force in psychotherapy-man

16、s tendency to actualize himself, to become his potentialities.to express and activate all the capacities of the organism.Humanism PerspectiveIt views human nature is inherently and rational and as naturally moving toward self-actualization . Psychological disorders result when a persons natural tend

17、ency toward self-actualization is blocked. Remove the psychological blocks, and the person can move toward self-actualization人的本性機(jī)體估價(jià)過程 以自我實(shí)現(xiàn)為參照系自我實(shí)現(xiàn)自我和諧關(guān)懷的需要和自尊需要 價(jià)值條件有條件的正性關(guān)懷經(jīng)驗(yàn)的三種結(jié)果 符號化 歪曲知覺 經(jīng)驗(yàn) 準(zhǔn)確知覺 -意識 否認(rèn)父母偏愛姐姐 妹妹嫉妒、怨恨、憤怒 （真實(shí)的、最基本的情感體驗(yàn)）社會價(jià)值觀、道德觀 自己的道德觀、價(jià)值觀 （即價(jià)值條件） 人應(yīng)該寬容，人不應(yīng)該嫉妒、對別人心存惡意、對父母有怨恨、憤怒的情

18、緒。自我概念是：我是一個好孩子，我不嫉妒人，我孝敬父母，我對父母沒有怨恨憤怒的情緒。父母偏愛姐姐 嫉妒、怨恨和憤怒（經(jīng)驗(yàn)） 價(jià)值條件 焦慮（意識） 當(dāng)她因父母偏愛姐姐，自己受到不公正待遇而產(chǎn)生嫉妒、怨恨和憤怒的情緒時(shí)，她所持有的價(jià)值條件、她的自我概念就會壓抑、拒絕、否認(rèn)、歪曲，她的這些真實(shí)的、基本的情感體驗(yàn)。當(dāng)她的個人經(jīng)驗(yàn)、體驗(yàn)、情感和她的自我概念、價(jià)值條件不一致時(shí)，威脅到她的自我概念和價(jià)值條件時(shí)，她就會體驗(yàn)到焦慮，這時(shí)她不是忠實(shí)于自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)與體驗(yàn)，改變自己不現(xiàn)實(shí)的價(jià)值條件和自我概念，而是壓抑、拒絕、否認(rèn)、歪曲自己的真實(shí)情感和體驗(yàn)，以適應(yīng)自己的價(jià)值條件和自我概念，使自己的真實(shí)體驗(yàn)和情感不威脅自

19、己現(xiàn)有的價(jià)值條件和自我概念，這就會引起心理失調(diào)、心理障礙。 Cognitive TheoryCognitive psychology TheoryThe school of psychology that examines internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory, and language. Aaron Beck 貝克(1921 - )Becks cognitive therapyAlbert Ellis 艾里斯 (1913 -)rational-emotive therapy,RET; rational-emotiv

20、e-behavior therapy, REBTThe cognitive perspective It suggests that faulty thinking or distorted perceptions can contribute to some types of psychological disorders. For example, negative thinking is intimately involved in depression and anxiety. Treatment consistent with this perspective is aimed at

21、 changing thinking and perceptions, which presumably will lead to a change in behavior Psychophysiological theoryCannon 坎農(nóng)Pavlov 巴甫洛夫Selye 塞里Wolff 沃爾夫Miller 米勒New Direction of PsychologyPositive psychologyCultural and cross-cultural psychologyEvolutionary psychologyKey wordsDefense mechanism RepressionDenialUndoing Regression Projection DisplacementReaction formationRationalizationCompensationIntellectualizationSublimationPsychosexual Stages 1.oral stage (0-1): mouth, feeding ,fixation 2.anal stage (2-3): anus, toilet tra