電氣自動(dòng)化專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)_secret

1、第6章(6)-3)Section 3 Operation and Control of Power Systems 第3節(jié) 操作和控制的電力系統(tǒng) The purpose of a power system is to deliver the power the customers require in real time, on demand, within acceptable voltage and frequency limits, and in a reliable and economic manner. 該系統(tǒng)的目的，權(quán)力是為客戶(hù)提供電力的時(shí)間為客戶(hù)需要實(shí)際需求，對(duì)，在可接受的電壓

2、和頻率的限制，在一個(gè)可靠和經(jīng)濟(jì)的方式。 In normal operation of a power system, the total power generation is balanced by the total load and transmission losses. 在電力系統(tǒng)正常運(yùn)行的，總發(fā)電是平衡的總負(fù)荷和傳輸?shù)膿p失。 The system frequency and voltages on all the buses are within the required limits, while no overloads on lines or equipment are re

3、sulted. 該系統(tǒng)的頻率和電壓的所有公共汽車(chē)都在規(guī)定的限額，而沒(méi)有超載或設(shè)備上線(xiàn)造成的。However, loads are constantly changed in small or large extents, so some control actions must be applied to maintain the power system in the normal and economic operation state. 但是，負(fù)載不斷變化幅度小或大，所以一些控制行動(dòng)必須適用于維持在正常和經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行狀態(tài)的電力系統(tǒng)。Optimal economic operation 優(yōu)化經(jīng)

4、濟(jì)運(yùn)行 It is an important problem how to operate a power system to supply all the (complex) loads at minimum cost. 這是一個(gè)重要的問(wèn)題如何操作電源系統(tǒng)，以提供所有的負(fù)載以最低的成本（復(fù)雜）。 The basic task is to consider the cost of generating the power and to assign the allocation of generation ( P Gi) to each generator to minimize the to

5、tal production cost while satisfying the loads and the losses on the transmission lines. 其基本任務(wù)是考慮發(fā)電成本的生成和分配產(chǎn)生的分配性（P基）每個(gè)發(fā)電機(jī)，以盡量減少總的“生產(chǎn)成本”，同時(shí)滿(mǎn)足負(fù)載和傳輸線(xiàn)路上的損失。 The total cost of operation includes fuel, labor, and maintenance costs, but for simplicity the only variable costs usually considered are fuel co

6、sts. The fuel-cost curves for each generating unit are specified, the cost of the fuel used per hour is defined as a function of the generator power output. When hydro-generation is not considered, it is reasonable to choose the PGi on an 總的經(jīng)營(yíng)成本，包括燃料，勞動(dòng)和 維修費(fèi)用，但只有簡(jiǎn)單的可變成本通常被認(rèn)為是燃料成本。曲線(xiàn)每個(gè)機(jī)組的燃料成本是指定的，時(shí)間成

7、本占燃料使用的是輸出功率定義為一個(gè)函數(shù)的發(fā)電機(jī)。當(dāng)水文一代是不考慮它是合理的選擇上一的PGI instantaneous basis (ie always to minimize the present production cost rate). 瞬間的基礎(chǔ)上（即始終以減低目前的生產(chǎn)成本率）。 With hydro-generation, however, in dry periods, the replenishment of the water supply may be a problem. 隨著水電發(fā)電，但是，在干燥的時(shí)期，供應(yīng)補(bǔ)給的水可能是個(gè)問(wèn)題。The water used to

8、day may not be available in the future when its use might be more advantageous. Even without the element of the prediction involved, the problem of minimizing production cost over time becomes much more complicated. 今天使用的可能不會(huì)在將來(lái)提供其使用時(shí)，可能會(huì)更有利的水。即使沒(méi)有參與預(yù)測(cè)的元素，最大限度地減少生產(chǎn)成本的問(wèn)題變得更加復(fù)雜。 It should be mentioned

9、 that economy of operation is not the only possible consideration. 應(yīng)當(dāng)提及的是經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行的不是唯一可能的考慮。 If the optimal economic dispatch requires all the power to be imported from a neighboring utility through a single transmission link, considerations of system security might preclude that solution . 如果在“最佳”的經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度

10、要求所有的權(quán)力，是從鄰國(guó)進(jìn)口的效用，通過(guò)一個(gè)單一的傳輸鏈路，系統(tǒng)安全的考慮可能會(huì)排除這種解決辦法。 When water used for hydro-generation is also used for irrigation, nonoptimal releases of water may be required. Under adverse atmospheric conditions it may be necessary to limit generation at certain fossil-fuel plants to reduce emissions. 當(dāng)水發(fā)電用于水力發(fā)電

11、也用于灌溉，水nonoptimal釋放可能是必要條件。不良大氣下它可能需要限制某些植物代化石燃料，以減少排放。 In general, costs, security and emissions are all areas of concern in power plant operation, and in practice the system is operated to effect a compromise between the frequently conflicting requirements. 一般而言，成本，安全和排放裝置運(yùn)行一切權(quán)力領(lǐng)域關(guān)注，并在實(shí)踐中系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)作產(chǎn)生影響

12、，要求折衷之間經(jīng)常發(fā)生沖突。 Power system control 電力系統(tǒng)控制 Power system control is very important issue to maintain the normal operation of a system. 電力系統(tǒng)的控制是很重要的問(wèn)題，以維持系統(tǒng)的正常運(yùn)行。 System voltage levels, frequency, tie-line flows, line currents, and equipment loading must be kept within limits determined to be safe in

13、order to provide satisfactory service to the power system customers. 系統(tǒng)電壓水平，頻率，聯(lián)絡(luò)線(xiàn)流，線(xiàn)電流和設(shè)備裝載必須保持確定的限度內(nèi)是安全的，以提供滿(mǎn)意的服務(wù)，電力系統(tǒng)的客戶(hù)。 Voltage levels, line currents, and equipment loading may vary from location to location within a system, and control is on a relatively l ocal basis. 電壓等級(jí)，線(xiàn)路電流和設(shè)備負(fù)荷可能不同地點(diǎn)間的系統(tǒng)內(nèi)

14、，控制相對(duì)升厄恰爾基礎(chǔ)上。 For example, generator voltage is determined by the field current of each particular generating unit; however, if the generator voltages are not coordinated, excess var flows will result. Similarly, loading on individual generating units is determined by the throttle control on thermal

15、 units or the gate controls on hydro-units. Each machine will respond individually to the energy input to its prime mover. Transmission line loadings are affected by power input from generating units and their loadings, the connected loads, parallel paths for power to flow on other lines, and their

16、relative impedances. 例如，發(fā)電機(jī)電壓是由該領(lǐng)域目前的每一個(gè)具體單位產(chǎn)生，但是，如果發(fā)電機(jī)電壓不配合，無(wú)功流量將過(guò)剩的結(jié)果。同樣，對(duì)個(gè)別單位負(fù)荷發(fā)電，是由熱量單位或確定的控制油門(mén)水文單位的大門(mén)管制。每臺(tái)機(jī)器回應(yīng)個(gè)別的能量投入到其原動(dòng)力。輸電線(xiàn)路荷載的影響，輸入功率發(fā)電機(jī)組和他們的負(fù)荷，連接的負(fù)載，其他電力線(xiàn)平行的道路上流動(dòng)以及其相對(duì)阻抗。 Active power and frequency control 有功功率和頻率控制 For satisfactory operation of a power system, the frequency should remain

17、nearly constant. Relatively close control of frequency ensures constancy of speed of induction and synchronous motors. Constancy of speed of motor drives is particularly important for satisfactory performance of all the auxiliary drives associated with the fuel, the feed-water and the combustion air

18、 supply systems. In a network, considerable drop in frequency could result in high magnetizing currents in induction motors and transformers . 對(duì)于電力系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行合格的，頻率應(yīng)該保持幾乎不變。較為密切的保證電動(dòng)機(jī)變頻調(diào)速同步恒定速度感應(yīng)和。驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速恒定，尤其是在重要的關(guān)聯(lián)的所有輔助驅(qū)動(dòng)器的表現(xiàn)令人滿(mǎn)意燃料，飼料，水和空氣供給系統(tǒng)燃燒。在網(wǎng)絡(luò)，大幅下降的頻率可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致電機(jī)和變壓器激磁電流的高感應(yīng)。The extensive use of electric

19、 clocks and the use of frequency for other timing purpose require accurate maintenance of synchronous time which is proportional to integral of frequency. As a consequence, it is necessary to regulate not only the frequency itself but also its integral. The frequency of a system is dependant on acti

20、ve power balance. As frequency is a common factor throughout the system, a change in active power demand at one point is reflected throughout the system by a change in frequency. 廣泛使用的電動(dòng)時(shí)鐘和定時(shí)的目的使用的頻率為其他需要作為一個(gè)同步時(shí)間是成正比的積分。結(jié)果準(zhǔn)確的頻率維持，它是要規(guī)范，不僅本身的頻率，而且它的積分。該系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)頻率依賴(lài)于積極的力量平衡。由于頻率是1點(diǎn)共同的因素在整個(gè)系統(tǒng)，有源電力需求的變化是反映

21、整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的頻率變化。 Because there are many generators supplying power into the system, some means must be provided to allocate change in demand to the generators. A speed governor on each generating unit provides the primary speed control function, while supplementary control originating at a central control

22、 center allocates generation. In an interconnected system with two or more independently controlled areas, in addition to control of frequency, the generation within each area has to be controlled so as to maintain scheduled power interchange. The control of generation and frequency is commonly refe

23、rred to as load-frequency control (LFC). 在一個(gè)相互聯(lián)系的系統(tǒng)控制區(qū)的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上獨(dú)立此外，在控制的頻率，在每個(gè)地區(qū)的一代已被控制，以保持計(jì)劃的權(quán)力交換。的生成控制和頻率通常被稱(chēng)為頻率為負(fù)載控制（消失模）。 The control measures of power and frequency include: 功率和頻率的控制措施包括： （1）Regulation of the generators speed governor （1）總督調(diào)節(jié)發(fā)電機(jī)的速度 （2）Underfrequency load shedding （2）低頻減載 （3）Auto

24、matic generation control (AGC) （3）自動(dòng)發(fā)電控制（AGC） AGC is an effective means for power and frequency control in large-scale power systems. 大型電力系統(tǒng)AGC的是一個(gè)有效的手段功率和頻率控制大。In an interconnected power system, the primary objectives of AGC are to regulate frequency to the specified nominal value and to maintain t

25、he interchange power between control areas at the scheduled values by adjusting the output of the selected generators. This function is commonly referred to as load-frequency control . 在一個(gè)相互聯(lián)系的電力系統(tǒng)，自動(dòng)增益控制的主要目的是調(diào)節(jié)頻率到指定的名義價(jià)值，并保持在預(yù)定值，通過(guò)調(diào)整所選發(fā)電機(jī)輸出控制區(qū)之間的交換能力。這個(gè)函數(shù)通常被稱(chēng)為負(fù)載頻率控制。A secondary objective is to dis

26、tribute the required change in generation among units to minimize operating costs. 第二個(gè)目標(biāo)是改變單位之間分配在一代人的需要，以減低經(jīng)營(yíng)成本。 In an isolated power system, maintenance of interchange power is not an issue. Therefore, the function of AGC is to restore frequency to the specified nominal value. This is accomplished

27、 by adding a reset or integral control which acts on the load reference setting of the governors of unit on AGC. 在一個(gè)孤立的電力系統(tǒng)，電力維修轉(zhuǎn)乘不是一個(gè)問(wèn)題。因此，AGC功能是恢復(fù)到指定的頻率標(biāo)稱(chēng)值。這是通過(guò)增加一個(gè)或積分復(fù)位控制于負(fù)載上的AGC的機(jī)組省長(zhǎng)設(shè)置參考行為。The integral control action ensures zero frequency error in the steady state. The supplementary generation

28、control action is much slower than the primary speed control action. As such it takes effect after the primary speed control (which acts on all units on regulation) has stabilized the system frequency. Thus, AGC adjusts load reference settings of selected units, and hence their output power, to over

29、ride the effects of the composite frequency regulation characteristics of the power system .積分控制作用的保證零穩(wěn)態(tài)頻率誤差英寸補(bǔ)充發(fā)電控制行動(dòng)的動(dòng)作比主慢速度控制。因此，它需要具有效力后的首要速度控制（對(duì)所有單位的行為，對(duì)監(jiān)管）穩(wěn)定的系統(tǒng)頻率。因此，AGC的機(jī)組負(fù)荷調(diào)整選定的參考設(shè)置，因此它們的輸出功率，覆蓋電力系統(tǒng)的影響，復(fù)合材料的頻率調(diào)節(jié)特性。 In so doing, it restores the generation of all other units not on AGC to sche

30、duled values. 在這樣做時(shí)，沒(méi)有恢復(fù)的AGC所有其他單位代定值。Reactive power and voltage control 無(wú)功功率和電壓控制 For efficient and reliable operation of power systems, the control of voltage and reactive power should satisfy the following objectives: 為了有效和可靠的電力系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的目標(biāo)，在控制電壓和無(wú)功功率，應(yīng)符合下列條件： （1）Voltages at the terminals of all equip

31、ment in the system are within acceptable limits. （1）系統(tǒng)電壓的所有終端設(shè)備，在可接受的限度內(nèi)。 Both utility equipment and customer equipment are designed to operate at a certain voltage rating. 這兩種工具設(shè)備和客戶(hù)設(shè)備的設(shè)計(jì)運(yùn)行在一定的電壓等級(jí)。Prolonged operation of the equipment at voltages outside the allowable range could adversely affect t

32、heir performance and possibly cause them damage. 該設(shè)備在長(zhǎng)期運(yùn)行電壓允許范圍以外的可能影響其性能，并可能導(dǎo)致他們的傷害。（2）System stability is enhanced to maximize utilization of the transmission system. （2）提高系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性，以最大限度地提高系統(tǒng)利用率的傳輸。 （3）The reactive power flow is minimized so as to reduce RI2 and XI2 losses to a practical minimum. （3

33、）無(wú)功功率流最小化，以減少RI2和XI2實(shí)際損失減至最低。 This ensures that the transmission system operates efficiently, ie mainly for active power transfer. 這確保了傳輸系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)作效率，即轉(zhuǎn)讓主要是積極的力量。 The problem of maintaining voltages within the required limits is complicated by the fact that the power system supplies power to a vast numbe

34、r of loads and is fed from many generating units. As loads vary, the reactive power requirements of the transmission system vary. Since reactive power can not transmitted over long distances, voltage control has to be effected by using special devices dispersed throughout the system. This is in cont

35、rast to the control of frequency which depends on the overall system active power balance.問(wèn)題所需的限度內(nèi)保持電壓是復(fù)雜的是，電力系統(tǒng)提供電源的負(fù)載數(shù)量龐大，而且是從許多單位產(chǎn)生厭倦。由于負(fù)載不同，輸電系統(tǒng)的無(wú)功需求各不相同。由于反應(yīng)權(quán)力不能傳輸?shù)木嚯x長(zhǎng)，電壓控制，必須使用特殊設(shè)備實(shí)施分散在整個(gè)系統(tǒng)。這種平衡是相對(duì)于頻率的控制依賴(lài)于整體的系統(tǒng)的積極力量。正確的選擇和設(shè)備的協(xié)調(diào) The proper selection and coordination of equipment for controllin

36、g reactive power and voltage are among the major challenges of power system engineering. 正確的選擇和控制無(wú)功功率和電壓的設(shè)備之間的協(xié)調(diào)，電力系統(tǒng)的工程的重大挑戰(zhàn)。 The control of voltage levels is accomplished by controlling the production, absorption, and flow of reactive power at all levels in the system. The generating units provide

37、 the basic means of voltage control; the automatic voltage regulators control field excitation to maintain a scheduled voltage level at the terminals of the generators. Additional means are usually required to control voltage throughout the system. The devices used for this purpose may be classified

38、 as follows: 水平控制電壓是通過(guò)控制生產(chǎn)，吸收，無(wú)功和功率流在系統(tǒng)各級(jí)英寸的發(fā)電機(jī)組提供了電壓控制的基本手段;自動(dòng)電壓調(diào)節(jié)器控制勵(lì)磁電壓，以保持預(yù)定的水平在碼頭的發(fā)電機(jī)。通常需要額外的手段來(lái)控制整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的電壓。這些器件用于此目的，可分為下列幾類(lèi)： （1）Sources or sinks of reactive power, such as shunt capacitors, shunt reactors, synchro- nous condensers, and static var compensators (SVCs). （1）資料來(lái)源或無(wú)功功率匯，如并聯(lián)電容器，電抗器，同步

39、奴斯冷凝器和靜態(tài)2004/12）無(wú)功補(bǔ)償器（。 （2）Line reactance compensators, such as series capacitors. （2）補(bǔ)償電容器電抗線(xiàn)，如系列。 （3）Regulating transformers, such as tap-changing transformers and boosters. （三）調(diào)壓變壓器的助推器，如調(diào)壓變壓器和。 Shunt capacitors and reactors, and series capacitors provide passive compensation. They are either per

40、manently connected to the transmission and distribution system, or switched. 并聯(lián)電容器和電抗器，電容器，并提供一系列的被動(dòng)賠償。他們要么永久連接到傳輸和分配系統(tǒng)，或切換。They contribute to voltage control by modifying the network characteristics. Synchronous condensers and SVCs provide active compensation, the reactive power absorbed/supplied b

41、y them is automatically adjusted so as to maintain voltages of the buses to which they are connected. Together with the generating units, they establish voltages at specific points in the system. Voltages at other locations in the system are determined by active and reactive power flows through various circuit