高三英語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)全國(guó)通用

1、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)英語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)變化從時(shí)間上可劃分為“現(xiàn)在時(shí)”，“過去時(shí)”，“將來時(shí)”和“過去將來時(shí)”四大類，每類又包括“一般式”、“進(jìn)行式”、“完成式”和“完成進(jìn)行式”四式，共十六種時(shí)態(tài)形式。其中常用的有十種：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)、過去將來時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)、將來完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)等十種。L 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：也j構(gòu)成：主語+動(dòng)詞原形或第三人稱單數(shù)形式用法：* 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與usually, always, sometimes, every day, frequently等一起使用。We raise ducks as a sideline.

2、我們以養(yǎng)鴨為副業(yè)。I cycle to work every day.我每天騎車去上班。Mike always takes a job in his holidays.邁克總是在假期找個(gè)工作。It often rains in this area.這個(gè)地區(qū)經(jīng)常下雨。*現(xiàn)在存在的狀態(tài)或具有的特征必The Arabs are famous for their horses and camels.阿拉伯人以馬和駱駝而聞名于世。China is a great socialist country.中國(guó)是一個(gè)偉大的社會(huì)主義國(guó)家。*客觀規(guī)律、正確事實(shí)或科學(xué)真理、格言以及其他不受時(shí)間限制的客觀存在匡1Lig

3、ht travels much faster than sound.光比聲音傳播快得多。Most matter has three states.大多數(shù)物質(zhì)有三種形態(tài)。*表示安排或計(jì)劃要做的動(dòng)作（句中常有表示未來時(shí)間的狀語），主要用于begin, come, leave,go, arrive, start, stop, open, close 等瞬間動(dòng)詞。The plane takes off at seven o clock this evening.飛機(jī)定于今晚七點(diǎn)起飛。He leaves for Paris next Saturday.他將于下周六去巴黎。*在時(shí)間、條件、方式、讓步狀語從

4、句中，表示將來的動(dòng)作常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)匡Even if it snows tomorrow, the sports meet will take place.（讓步）即使明天下雪，運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)也要舉行。He ll be angry when I tell him.（時(shí)間）我告訴他的時(shí)候，他會(huì)生氣的。If you don t mind, we will go there without you.（條件）如果你不介意，我們將不帶你去那里。Next time I will do as he says.（方式）下次我會(huì)按照他說的去做。*在here, there引導(dǎo)的句子中，常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)施Here

5、 comes the train! =The train is coming !火車來了 ！There goes the bell! =The bell is ringing.鈴響了 ！2. 一般過去時(shí)：包構(gòu)成：主語+動(dòng)詞的過去式用法：*表示過去某時(shí)間發(fā)生的事或存在的狀態(tài)，常與yesterday, the other day, last , ago等時(shí)間狀語連用。My teacher made a report at the meeting yesterday.我的老師昨天在會(huì)議上做了一個(gè)報(bào)告。He was out last Tuesday.他上周二不在家。* used to do和would

6、 do都可表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情，但used to do暗含“過去曾經(jīng)或常常做某事，而現(xiàn)在不做了”之意。住jHe used to smoke.他過去常常吸煙（暗含“現(xiàn)在已不吸煙”之意） 。I used to be shy, but now I have grown out of it.我過去靦腆，但現(xiàn)在已改變了。I would sit there for hours, doing nothing at all.我常坐在那里幾個(gè)小時(shí)，什么事也不做。We used to get up at six every morning when we were at school.我們上學(xué)時(shí)常六點(diǎn)起床。*表

7、示過去發(fā)生的一連串動(dòng)作也The professor put one finger in his mouth, tasted it, and smiled with satisfaction.教授把一根手指頭伸進(jìn)嘴里，嘗了嘗，滿意地笑了。He opened his eyes, looked at the captain and then died.他睜開了眼睛，看了看船長(zhǎng)，然后死去了。*在時(shí)間、條件等狀語從句中用一般過去時(shí)表示將來的動(dòng)作回He promised that he would buy some copies for us when he went there.他答應(yīng)當(dāng)他去那里的時(shí)候會(huì)

8、給我們買一些的。He said he would let us know if he got any news.他說如果他有任何消息會(huì)讓我們知道的。*用于“It +時(shí)間+ since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句（一般過去時(shí)）”運(yùn)i當(dāng)since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的過去式時(shí)，意為：自一以來時(shí)間了；當(dāng)since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞過去式時(shí)，意為：自不以來，已經(jīng)一時(shí)間了。It is twelve years since we got married.我們結(jié)婚已經(jīng)十二年了。It is four months since he joined the Party.他入黨已經(jīng)四個(gè)月了

9、。It is three weeks since my brother lived in London.我哥哥離開倫敦有三個(gè)星期了。一般將來時(shí)同構(gòu)成：主語 + shall/will + 動(dòng)詞原形用法：* 表示將來發(fā)生的行為或存在的狀態(tài)， 常與tomorrow, some day, next , from now on, in the future, in等時(shí)間狀語連用。No one knows what will happen in the future.沒人知道將來會(huì)發(fā)生什么事情。He will be back in a few minutes.他幾分鐘后回來。*表示一種傾向運(yùn)iA drow

10、ning man will catch at a straw.（諺語）快淹死的人連一根稻草也要抓。Crops will die without water.沒有水，莊稼會(huì)死的。*祈使句或名詞短語 + and/or +主語+will do匡JWork hard and you ll succeed.努力吧，你就會(huì)成功的。Work harder, or you ll fail in the exam.再勤奮些，否則你考試會(huì)不及格的。Another move and the snake will bite you.你再動(dòng)一下，蛇就會(huì)咬你的。* won t可表示“不能”，“沒法”回The machin

11、e won t work.這臺(tái)機(jī)器開不動(dòng)。*幾種將來時(shí)態(tài)的表達(dá)方式：也be going to do sth.表打算；（客觀跡象）預(yù)示If I have enough money now, I am going to travel around the world.如果我有足夠的錢，我打算去周游世界。Look at the clouds,-there is going to be a storm.看看玄朵，快來暴風(fēng)雨了。be to do sth表示按計(jì)劃安排要發(fā)生的事情或注定要發(fā)生的事The line is to be opened to traffic next Monday.這條鐵路將于下周

12、一通車。The worst was still to come.最糟糕的事情還在后面。be about to do sth.即將或正要去做“，常不與時(shí)間副詞連用The film is about to begin.電影馬上就要開演了。be doing指最近按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常用于 go, start, set out, leave,arrive, come, return 等動(dòng)詞They are leaving Nanjing for Guangdong on Sunday.他們將于周日離開南京去廣東。We are moving to a new house this year.今年

13、我們將搬進(jìn)新家。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來，（常用于go, come, start, set out, arrive等動(dòng)詞），表示早已計(jì)劃好，到時(shí)一定發(fā)生的事，也可表示按時(shí)間進(jìn)程或時(shí)間表的安排，到時(shí)一定要發(fā)生的事The film starts at five o clock.電影將于五點(diǎn)鐘開演。When do you take your next exam?你什么時(shí)候參加下次考試？*將來時(shí)間表達(dá)法的用法比較：（1） will 和 be going to：這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)都可表示“意圖”，?？苫Q。如果是事先考慮過的，即說話之前已經(jīng)考慮過的，常用be going to表示；如果不是事先考慮過的，即說話時(shí)刻才考慮

14、到的，要用 will表不。-Why are you taking down all the pictures? 你為什么把所有的畫摘下來？-1 m going to paper the room.我想給房間貼壁紙（不用 will）。-This is a terribly heavy box. 這個(gè)箱子真重。-I ll help you to carry it.我?guī)湍惆岚桑ú挥?be going to ）。另外，be going to還可表示具備已有跡象表明將發(fā)生某事，體現(xiàn)進(jìn)程已經(jīng)開始，事情即將發(fā)生。如：Look, it s going to rain.（不能換成 will rain。） be

15、going to 和 be to :兩者都可用于表示按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，即人們意志所能控制的動(dòng)作。如：I m going to play tennis this afternoon.I m to play tennis this afternoon.對(duì)于不受人們意志控制的將來動(dòng)作，也就是非人們主觀所能安排的將來動(dòng)作，只能用be going to 表示，不能用 be to.如：可以說：It s going to snow.不能說：It s to snow.4.過去將來時(shí)：住J構(gòu)成：主語+ would +動(dòng)詞原形用法：這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)主要表示從過去某時(shí)看將來要發(fā)生的事情，它是一種相應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài)，總是同

16、某一過去的時(shí)間或過去的動(dòng)作相對(duì)應(yīng)而存在，常用在賓語從句和間接引語中。He said he would give us a pleasant surprise.他說要給我們一個(gè)驚喜。*過去將來時(shí)的其他表達(dá)形式：（這些表達(dá)法同現(xiàn)在將來時(shí)的用法一致，只是把立足點(diǎn)移到了過去而已）was/were going to do sth. 表示打算，準(zhǔn)備做的事，或即將或肯定要發(fā)生的事情如：He said he was going to try.他說他準(zhǔn)備試試。 was/were to do sth.表示按計(jì)劃或征求意見I got noticed that the sports meet was to be pu

17、t off to the following week.我接到通知運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)將推遲到下周舉行。 過去進(jìn)行式（限于某些動(dòng)詞，表示按計(jì)劃要發(fā)生的事情）He said he was going to see his parents.他說他要去看他的父母。過去時(shí)（表按計(jì)劃或時(shí)刻要發(fā)生的事）They told me school began on September1.他們告訴我九月一日開學(xué)。 was/were about to do sth.We were about to get there when it began to rain.我們快要到達(dá)時(shí)下起了雨。5.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：住j構(gòu)成：主語+ am/is

18、/are +動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞用法：*說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作ELook ! The monkey is climbing the tree.*當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的活動(dòng)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作（說話時(shí)動(dòng)作不一定正在進(jìn)行）匡JHow are you getting on with your work?你目前工作得如何？*表說話人對(duì)主語的行為表贊嘆、厭惡等情緒，常與 always, constantly, forever, repeatedly等詞連用EHe is always thinking of others. （表?yè)P(yáng)）他總是考慮別人。She is always asking the same qu

19、estion.（厭煩）她總是問同樣的問題。He is constantly leaving things about.（不滿）他老是把東西亂扔。*最近計(jì)劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常用于 go, come, leave, start, arrive, stay, meet, play等詞。I am leaving for Shanghai tomorrow.我準(zhǔn)備明天去上海。6.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：也J構(gòu)成：主語+was/were +動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞用法：*過去某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或從過去某時(shí)刻到某時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。住JThey were having a meeting at four o c

20、lock yesterday afternoon.昨天下午四點(diǎn)他們正在開會(huì)。My family were playing chess from nine to eleven last night.昨晚從九點(diǎn)到十一點(diǎn)我的家人在下棋。*和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)一樣，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)可與 always, forever, constantly等詞連用，表示說話人的情緒曲She was forever complaining about something.（不滿）她老是抱怨這抱怨那。*過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示對(duì)于過去某時(shí)間來說將要發(fā)生的事情也I asked him whether the foreign guest was l

21、eaving for Qingdao.我問他那位外國(guó)客人是否要去青島。*描寫故事的背景國(guó)jIt was winter. The north wind was blowing hard and a heavy snow was falling. A poor girlwas walking in the street.冬天，北風(fēng)刮著，下著大雪，一個(gè)可憐的小女孩走在大街上。7.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：隹J構(gòu)成：主語+ have/has +動(dòng)詞的過去分詞用法：*過去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，句中常有 already, just, never, ever, lately,recently, , in

22、the past+段時(shí)間, so far 等狀語The delegation has already left. TOC o 1-5 h z 代表團(tuán)已走了（現(xiàn)在不在這里了）。We ve at last paid off all our debts.我們終于把所有的債還清了（現(xiàn)在是不欠債的狀況）。*從過去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)國(guó)I ve known him for three years.我認(rèn)識(shí)他已三年了。They have been on strike for several weeks.他們罷工已好幾個(gè)星期了。*用在時(shí)間、條件從句中，表示從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)作之前完成國(guó)JWe ll se

23、t out at once if the rain has stopped.如果雨停了，我們立刻就出發(fā)。I ll give my opinion after I have read the book.我讀完這本書后要發(fā)表自己的看法。* “最高級(jí)+名詞或It is the +序數(shù)詞+ time”后的定語從句中。運(yùn)iThis is the most interesting book that I have ever read.這是我所讀的書中最有趣的。It is the second time that you have been late.這是你第二次遲到了。*應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)應(yīng)注意：瞬間動(dòng)詞用于

24、完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作的結(jié)束，不能和“for”或“since”連用，但它們的否定形式可以連用。如 ：We have not heard from him for ten days.我們已經(jīng)十天沒他的消息了。另外，如果把瞬間動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)變成相應(yīng)的持續(xù)動(dòng)詞，就可和 for或since”連用。如：die f be deadleave/go f be awayjoin 一 be inbegin f be onfall ill be illfinish f be overmake friends f be friendsreturn f be backborrow f keepcome f bebuy f hav

25、emarry 一 be married.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：回構(gòu)成：主語+ have/has + been +動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞用法：表示動(dòng)作從過去一個(gè)時(shí)間開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，強(qiáng)調(diào)在此階段時(shí)間里，動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行。這一時(shí)態(tài)表示如下幾種意義：過去開始而且現(xiàn)在仍在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作也jHow long have you been reading the book?你看這本書多久了 ？過去開始，現(xiàn)在剛剛停止的動(dòng)作運(yùn)JMy hands are very dirty. I ve been cleaning the car.我的手很臟，我清洗汽車來著?，F(xiàn)在看到其直接結(jié)果的動(dòng)作也JYou are out of breath

26、. Have you been running?你上氣不接下氣，是不是跑來著？.過去完成時(shí)：也J構(gòu)成：主語+ had +動(dòng)詞的過去分詞用法：*表示過去某時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作。住JAt the age of ten Edison had already built a small chemistry lab of his own.愛迪生十歲時(shí)就已自建成一個(gè)小型化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。The film had begun when I got to the cinema.我到達(dá)電影院時(shí)，電影已經(jīng)開始了。*表示從過去某時(shí)間開始，持續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，往往和 for, since引導(dǎo)的短 語

27、或從句連用。住JMr. Barker had taught in the US for twenty years when he came to China.貝克先生到中國(guó)來的時(shí)候，已經(jīng)在美國(guó)教書有20年了。We had studied English for two months before you came.你來之前，我們已學(xué)英語兩個(gè)月了。*用于句型：It was the +序數(shù)詞+ time that恒J該句型表示到“ was”時(shí)已是第幾次做某事，即在“was”前已做過某事幾次，因此該句在時(shí)間上體現(xiàn)“過去的過去”，所以應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí)。It was the first time that

28、 he had been late.這是他第一次遲到。It was the third time that he had told a lie.這是他第三次撒謊。*用于句型：It was + 時(shí)間段+ since該句型表示到自從做某事以來已有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，即在這個(gè)（過去）時(shí)間段之前已做某事，因此該句型在時(shí)間上體現(xiàn)“過去的過去，應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí)。They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I had enjoyed a good drink.他們請(qǐng)我和他們一起喝酒，我告訴他們我

29、已經(jīng)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒這么痛快喝酒了。*過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法、希望和打算，即“本打算”回I had hoped to catch the 9:30 train, but I failed to.我本希望能趕上 9:30的火車，但沒趕上。We had intended to see you, but we weren t free.我們本打算來看望你，但卻沒能抽出時(shí)間。* 用于句型：hardly when ,及 no sooner than一 就包Hardly had I got home when the telephone rang.我一到家電話就響起來了。No sooner had he begun

30、 to speak than the audience interrupted him.他一開口講話就被聽眾打斷了。10.將來完成時(shí)：匡J構(gòu)成：主語 + shall/will + have +動(dòng)詞的過去分詞用法：表示未來某一時(shí)間之前將完成的動(dòng)作。I shall have read through that book before you come back this evening.今晚你回來之前我就可以把那本書看完。They ll probably have left when we get there.我們到那里時(shí)他們可能已經(jīng)走了。U.將來進(jìn)行時(shí)：住J構(gòu)成：主語 + will + be +

31、 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞用法:表示在將來某時(shí)刻或某階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作What will you be doing at nine tomorrow morning?明天早上九點(diǎn)你在干什么？He will be arriving at about ten o clock this evening.他將在今晚十點(diǎn)左右到達(dá)。有時(shí)可表示預(yù)計(jì)即將發(fā)生或勢(shì)必要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作She will be taking over my job.她將接替我的工作。Come on, we ll be having lunch in a second.快點(diǎn)，我們馬上就要吃午飯了。各種時(shí)態(tài)用法比較：齒* 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：囪一般

32、現(xiàn)在時(shí)主要用于習(xí)慣性或經(jīng)常性做的事，常拌隨使用頻度副詞 usually, often, seldom 等；現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)主要用于表示目前或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常跟時(shí)間狀語now, atpresent 等?；豀e usually writes a lot of letters, but he isn t writing at present.他經(jīng)常寫許多信，但他現(xiàn)在沒有寫信。表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理時(shí)，要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，不能用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。The earth goes around the sun.地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)?！案杏X”或“短暫”動(dòng)詞，通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。運(yùn)i如：知覺動(dòng)詞： see

33、, hear, taste, smell 等；意識(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞：know, believe, like, hate, understand 等I smell burning.我嗅到燒著的味。He knows German best.他很熟悉德語。*一般過去時(shí)與過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：也J一般過去時(shí)可表示一個(gè)完成的動(dòng)作，而過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：I was reading a novel last night.昨晚我在看小說（可能沒看完）。I read a novel last night.我昨晚看了一本小說（已經(jīng)看完了）。一般過去時(shí)可用于一個(gè)單純動(dòng)作，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)可用于過去一段時(shí)間反復(fù)做的動(dòng)作。如：

34、Did he ask questions?他提問題了嗎？He was asking questions the whole time. 他始終在提問題。一般過去時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻發(fā)生的動(dòng)作（側(cè)重在說明事實(shí)），過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作（強(qiáng)調(diào)在這一過程中所進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或展開的情景）如：He drew a picture yesterday afternoon.他昨天下午畫了一張畫（昨天下午他做了這么一件事）。He was drawing a picture yesterday afternoon.他昨天下午在畫畫（昨天下午他一直在畫畫，沒干別的事）。過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間

35、正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，一般過去時(shí)表示當(dāng)時(shí)臨時(shí)發(fā)生的短暫性動(dòng)作如：When I was pouring the tea, I dropped a cup.我在倒茶的時(shí)候，失手打了一個(gè)茶杯。*現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)：回兩者都表示在過去做的動(dòng)作。但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系，主要說明現(xiàn)在 TOC o 1-5 h z 的情況；一般過去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去某一時(shí)間，與現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生聯(lián)系。運(yùn)i如：They ve gone to Paris.他們到巴黎去了（說明他們現(xiàn)在去巴黎了，不在這里）。They went to Paris.他們?nèi)ミ^巴黎（只說明去過，不表明是否現(xiàn)在仍在那里）。I haven t seen

36、him since last week.我從上周就一直沒見過他（現(xiàn)在仍未見到）。I didn t see him last week.我上周沒看到他（只說明上周末見，不說明現(xiàn)在） 。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過去發(fā)生到現(xiàn)在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的任何時(shí)間，可與 today, this week, since 等表示包括現(xiàn)在一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，但不能和表示過去時(shí)間的狀語連用；一般過去時(shí)表示的是過去某一特定時(shí)間，或與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)的某一過去時(shí)間?；豂 haven t seen the film yet.我還沒看過這部影片（到目前為止）。I saw it the day before yesterday.我前天看的這部電影（

37、表明看電影的時(shí)間是在前天）。*過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)：住J 過去完成時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，在句中一般有另一過去時(shí)間或動(dòng)作與它比較，它是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，表示的是過去的過去，只有在和過去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才用到它；一般過去時(shí)表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的一個(gè)動(dòng)作。如：She had learned some English before she came to our school.她來我們學(xué)校以前學(xué)過一些英語（come to our school是過去發(fā)生的一個(gè)動(dòng)作，learnEnglish 是 come to our school 以前的情況）。We had had

38、breakfast when she came.她來時(shí)，我們已經(jīng)吃過早飯了（ come是過去發(fā)生的一個(gè)動(dòng)作，have breakfast是發(fā)生在come之前的事情）。如果主句所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在時(shí)間狀語從句所表示的動(dòng)作之前，在狀語從句中用一般過去時(shí)，在主句中就要用過去完成時(shí)。反之，如果時(shí)間狀語從句所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句所表示的動(dòng)作之前，則在從句中用過去完成時(shí)，主句就用一般過去時(shí)。EWhen I had written the letter, I went at once to post it.我寫好了信，馬上就寄出去。 在以連詞 after和before指明兩個(gè)過去動(dòng)作的時(shí)間先后關(guān)系時(shí)，afte

39、r和before弓I導(dǎo)的狀語從句中可用過去完成時(shí)，也可用一般過去時(shí)。住J如：Mary left the room after she had turned off （ 或 turned off） the light.瑪麗關(guān)燈以后離開了房間。Before he came to college, he served （或 had served ） in the army.他來上大學(xué)以前曾在部隊(duì)服役。*現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過去完成時(shí)：也J現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示對(duì)“現(xiàn)在”來說，過去發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或存在過的狀態(tài)對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或其結(jié)果依然存在。而過去完成時(shí)，則是對(duì)“過去”來說，以前發(fā)生過或完成了的動(dòng)作或存在過的狀態(tài)對(duì)

40、其產(chǎn)生的影響或它的結(jié)果依然存在。住J如： TOC o 1-5 h z We haven t heard from him for quite a long time.我們很久沒收到他的信了（到現(xiàn)在我們都沒收到他的信）。They had known each other for about a year before they got married.他們結(jié)婚以前彼此相識(shí)約一年之久（相識(shí)一年是指他們?cè)诮Y(jié)婚以前，而不是指現(xiàn)在）。*一般將來時(shí)與過去將來時(shí)：E一般將來時(shí)表示對(duì)“現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻”來說，將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或?qū)⒁嬖诘臓顟B(tài)；而過去將來時(shí)表示對(duì)“過去時(shí)刻”來說，將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或?qū)⒁嬖诘臓顟B(tài)。住J如：S

41、he is sixteen, who will be seventeen next year.她十六歲，明年將十七歲。She said that she would be seventeen the next year.她說她次年將十七歲。*一般將來時(shí)與將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法比較：住J（l）Will you do sth.?可以表示邀請(qǐng)，或表達(dá)一個(gè)有禮貌的請(qǐng)求或表達(dá)一項(xiàng)命令，而將來進(jìn)行時(shí)沒有這些意義。E如：Will you help me with the box?請(qǐng)你幫我搬一下這個(gè)箱子好嗎（表示一種請(qǐng)求）？Will you be waiting here?你會(huì)在這里等嗎（一個(gè)關(guān)于將來動(dòng)作的問話）？

42、一般將來時(shí)表示一個(gè)帶有主觀意圖的將來動(dòng)作，將來進(jìn)行時(shí)表達(dá)不帶意圖的將來動(dòng)作I ll write to him and tell him about it.我要給他寫封信，告訴他這件事 （表達(dá)個(gè)人意愿）。We ll be needing more and more machine.我們將需要越來越多的機(jī)器（客觀上將勢(shì)必需要） 。*現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：也J現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去開始的一個(gè)動(dòng)作到目前為止已經(jīng)完成；現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作仍繼續(xù)。如：I ve read The Red Sun.我已經(jīng)看過紅日了（已經(jīng)完成）。I have been reading The Red Sun these d

43、ays.這些天我一直在看紅日（仍在繼續(xù)）?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過去動(dòng)作的現(xiàn)在結(jié)果；現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)如表示剛結(jié)束的動(dòng)作時(shí)則強(qiáng)調(diào)不久前持續(xù)的動(dòng)作。如：I have written him a letter.我給他寫了一封信（到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)寫完了）。I have been writing a letter since three o clock.我從三點(diǎn)以來一直在寫信（強(qiáng)調(diào)一直在寫，不表明是否寫完）?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以和一個(gè)時(shí)間短語連用，也可以沒有時(shí)間短語。這樣用時(shí)，它有別于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)只有增加for, since或never等時(shí)間短語，才能表達(dá)這種持續(xù)的動(dòng)作。運(yùn)i如：I have been pr

44、acticing the piano.我一直在練彈鋼琴。I have lived here for five years.我在這里住了五年了（不能說 I have lived here.）?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)一般不適用于狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞，要表示狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞的“仍在繼續(xù)”用法，只能用 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：I have known him since children.我從小就認(rèn)識(shí)他（不能用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)）。*時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)：國(guó).主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞如果是現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼臅r(shí)態(tài)，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞可以用任何所需 要的時(shí)態(tài)。住J如：I will tell him that you have come.我要告訴他你來了。I will t

45、ell him that you came this morning.我要告訴他你是今天上午來的。.主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞如果是過去時(shí)態(tài)，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞一般情況下要用過去時(shí)態(tài) 的某種形式。匡j在敘述過去的事情時(shí)，如果從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作與主句的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，從句要用一般過去時(shí)或過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：He said that he was looking for Bill.他說正在找比爾。I asked whether he knew Japanese.我問他是否懂日語。如果從句的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，從句要用 過去完成時(shí)。包如：He told

46、me that he had watched the football match.他告訴我已看過了這場(chǎng)足球賽。如果從句的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后，從句的謂 語動(dòng)詞要用過去將來時(shí)。如：I knew that he would come a few days later.我知道過幾天他要來。.如果從句中說的是客觀真理，謂語動(dòng)詞總是用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，而不受主句中謂語動(dòng) 詞時(shí)態(tài)的影響。隹J如：I realized that practice makes perfect.我懂得了熟能生巧的道理。動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)畫*英語的語態(tài)分為主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，

47、被動(dòng) 語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者?；乇粍?dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成：be +動(dòng)詞的過去分詞。其中助動(dòng)詞be有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化，被動(dòng)語態(tài)可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)中：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語+ am/is/are +過去分詞一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語+was/were +過去分詞一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語 + will/shall + be +過去分詞過去將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語 +would +be +過去分詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語+ have/has +been +過去分詞過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語 +had +been +過去分詞現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語+ am/is/are +being +過去分詞過去進(jìn)

48、行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語 + was/were +being +過去分詞將來完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語 + will/shall +have +been +過去分詞 TOC o 1-5 h z *被動(dòng)語態(tài)的使用場(chǎng)合：聞當(dāng)我們不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或沒有必要說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者如： Goodbyes were said.彼此告別了（沒必要指出誰對(duì)誰告別）。當(dāng)更有必要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí) 如: Theories must be combined with practice.理論必須聯(lián)系實(shí)際（強(qiáng)調(diào)理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際，不強(qiáng)調(diào)誰聯(lián)系）。由于某種理由（如為了禮貌、婉轉(zhuǎn)或便于組合句法關(guān)系）而需要使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)如： You are e

49、xpected to finish it in time.希望你及時(shí)把它完成。*被動(dòng)語態(tài)和系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別：匡J被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示的是動(dòng)作，句子中的主語是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，句中可以用介詞“by”所引導(dǎo)的短語。而系表結(jié)構(gòu)則表示主語的特點(diǎn)或所處的狀態(tài)，一般沒有介詞“ by”所引導(dǎo)的短語。如：The book was written by a young writer.這本書是一位青年作者寫的（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）。The book is well written.這本書寫得很好（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）。*表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：回可和 well, easily等副詞連用的不及物動(dòng)詞，如 sell, wash, write, read

50、, clean, cook等。住JThe new product sells well.這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。Your composition reads well.你的作文讀起來很好。The pen writes well.這鋼筆好寫。連系動(dòng)詞， 如：taste, smell, sound, prove, feel, look, become, grow, turn, remain, stay, keep 等。The flowers smell sweet.這些花聞起來甜甜的。The theory proved to be correct.這個(gè)理論證明是正確的。某些動(dòng)詞、短語和句型中：如：last

51、, happen, take place, break out, belong to, need/want/require doing sth., be worthdoing, be to blame 等Great changes have taken place in my hometown.我的家鄉(xiāng)已發(fā)生了巨大的變化。It is known that Taiwan belongs to China.眾所周知，臺(tái)灣屬于中國(guó)。The accident happened yesterday.事故發(fā)生在昨天。The meeting lasted four hours.會(huì)議持續(xù)了四個(gè)小時(shí)。I am

52、to blame.應(yīng)當(dāng)責(zé)備我。The book is worth reading.這本書值得讀。The computer requires/ wants/ needs repairing.電腦需要修理了。*被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示主動(dòng)含義：,如：get married 結(jié)婚，be addicted to sth.沉溺于，be seated 坐著，be lost in thought 沉思 著，be devoted to sth.投身于，專注于，be interested in sth.對(duì)某事物感興趣，be surprised 感到吃驚。高考預(yù)測(cè)題：忘don t like Uncle Mike, who w

53、ithout warning and bringing us presents.A. always turns upB. has always turned upC. was always turning upD. was always turned up2.He articles for our wall-newspaper these three years, and he about fortyarticles.has been writing, has writtenhas been writing, wroteis writing, has been writinghas writt

54、en, has written3.Look at this ! I some magazines and this letter.was looking through, foundam looking through, findlooked through, had foundhad looked through, finding4.She to the office than she got down to writing the report.A. has no sooner got B. had hardly gotC. no sooner gotD. had no sooner go

55、t5.-the new VCD for me, Dad? You promised.A. Will you buyD. Would you buy-Oh, dear I forgot.B. Did you buy C. Have you bought d like to have a talk with you, but very busy now.A. will beB. amC. wasD. am not.Hello ! I you in Shanghai. How long have you been here?A. don t know, were B. hadn t known, a

56、reC. didn t know, were D. haven t known, are.-Will you finish your work soon?-Yes, I it by next Tuesday.A. will have finished B. finishes C. is to finishD. has finished.The blind man received a letter from his son and then to him by his neighbor.A. he was readB. he readC. had been read D. it was rea

57、d ve the dining-room for 10 minutes but I eating yet.been in, hadn t beguncome into, haven t startedentered, haven t begunbeen in, haven t started11.Put your hands on top of your head.-Who? Me? I do anything.A. won tB. didn tC. don tD. wouldn t.The notice No Smoking.”A. is toldB. readsC. tellsD. is

58、read.We the Olympic games when the news of his winning a gold medal overtheradio.were talking about, cametalked about, cametalked about, was comingwere talking about, was coming.Mary and Alice each other since they were children.A. had been knownB. have been knownC. have knownD. were known.Peter loo

59、ks quite unhappy.-Yes, he to get his girl friend a new dress, but he his wallet.A. had planned, would loseB. had planned, lostC. was planning, would loseD. has planned, lost16.-There s something wrong with my bike.-It doesn t matter. I lend you mine.A. am toB. am going toC. mustD. will17.Be careful

60、with such things. If you, you ll drop them.A. don tB. aren tC. doD. are.Mike visited New York before for Washington.A. he was going to leave B. he leave C. he had left D. he left.When I reach the airport, it.A. is probably raining B. probably rainsC. has probably rained D. will probably be raining.D