語法第25講：比較等級和比較結構課件

1、Lecture25.Comparative Degree and Comparative Structure比較等級和比較結構第1頁，共29頁。25.1 形容詞和副詞的比較等級25.2 形容詞和副詞的比較結構25.3關于比較結構用法的補充說明第2頁，共29頁。25.1形容詞和副詞的比較等級 形容詞和副詞的比較等級有三種形式：原級（Positive Degree）、比較級（Comparative Degree）和最高級(Superlative Degree).第3頁，共29頁。1.形容詞和副詞比較級和最高級的構成方法兩種：（1）綜合形式（Synthetic Form）：即由原級加后綴-er和-e

2、st構成。例：younger ,youngest; cleaner ,cleanest等。（2）分析形式（Analytic Form）：即在原級前加more和most構成。例：more beautiful ，most beautiful; more complicated, most complicated等。第4頁，共29頁。a.一般來說，單音節(jié)形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級多采用綜合形式，即加 er 和 est 的形式。例如：adj.high higher highestcold colder coldestlong longer longestadv.hard harder hardest

3、early earlier earliestquick quicker quickest第5頁，共29頁。在加詞尾時應注意規(guī)則情況加法舉例一般情況直接加詞尾smaller smallest以e結尾的詞加-r或-stlarger largest 以輔音加y結尾的詞變y為i，再加詞尾busier busiest以一個輔音字母結尾的詞雙寫該輔音字母，再加詞尾bigger biggest第6頁，共29頁。b.三音節(jié)或多于三音節(jié)的形容詞和副詞，其比較級和最高級通常采用分析形式，即在原級前加more和most。原級 比較級 最高級important more important most importan

4、tuseful more useful most usefulamiable more amiable most amiableStrongly more strongly most stronglyheavily more heavily most heavilyWarmly more warmly most warmly(以-ly結尾的副詞以及某些頻度副詞多采用分析形式)第7頁，共29頁。c.雙音節(jié)的形容詞和副詞的比較級通常既可以采用綜合形式，也可以采用分析形式。例：tender tenderer/more tender tenderest/most tenderest clever cl

5、everer/more clever cleverest/most cleverd.形容詞、副詞比較級和最高級的一些不規(guī)則變化 bad worse worst much more most well better best little less least第8頁，共29頁。25.2形容詞和副詞的比較結構比較結構（Comparative Construction）:當形容詞和副詞比較等級用于句子當中便形成比較結構。比較結構最主要的三種形式：asas結構morethan結構the most 結構 第9頁，共29頁。1.as（so）as結構,即“和一樣”(1)as+形容詞或副詞原級+as-clau

6、se.例如：John is nearly as tall as his father now.He is as energetic as a young man.Diana sings as sweetly as her sister.He can speak English as fluently as an Englishman.英語中有大量這樣的成語 as busy as bees as proud as a peacock as greedy as a wolf as light as a feather as cheerful as a lark as slippery as an

7、eel第10頁，共29頁。(2)not as (so) as (否定形式)，即“不像那樣”。He isnt as diligent as Tom.I am not so experienced as you think.I cant jump so (as) high as you.He doesnt work as hard as me.在這種句子中，也可有一個表示程度的狀語She can read twice as fast as he does.I dont speak half as (so) well as you. 由上述諸例可以看出，在帶有asas結構的句子中，通常是主句主語和a

8、s-clause主語不同，而比較項目相同。第11頁，共29頁。（3）此外，有帶asas結構的句子也可能主語相同，而比較項目不同。即表示”既又”.He was as sensitive as he was obstinate.Martin was as impatient as he was stubborn.(4)還有的句子可能兩個主語和兩個比較項目都不同，即兩個不同的人或物就不同方面進行比較。This swimming pool isnt twice as wide as that one is long.His uncle was as base and unworthy as his f

9、ather had been upright and honourable.由以上例子可以看出，當主句主語和as-clause主語不同而比較項目相同時，as-clause總是有所省略，即通常用不完全句。但若兩個主語相同而比較項目不同或主語和比較項目都不同，as-clause便不能用省略句，而必須用完整句。第12頁，共29頁。(5)asas結構的另一種模式:as much / many +名詞+as-clause,這時many和much是限定詞。We ll give you as much help as we can.You can have as much as you like. 否定形式

10、即not as much/many +n. +as-clauseHe didnt take as much as butter as he needed.She hasnt written as many essays as her brother (has).(6)asas結構還有一個變體形式as+形容詞原級+名詞詞組+as-clause.例如George is as efficient a worker as Jack.I dont want as expensive a car as this one. 第13頁，共29頁。以上所提到的基本形式和變體形式含義基本相同，只是讀起來強調的地方

11、不同。用變體形式，強調的是名詞的意義；用基本形式，強調的則是形容詞的意義。例I havent seen as old a car as this for years.I havent seen a car as old as this for years.因此，asas結構的基本形式和變體形式盡管可以相互轉換，但在語義上有一定差別。另需注意，嵌入asas結構中的名詞詞組通常是“不定冠詞+單數(shù)名詞”或者“零冠詞+不可數(shù)名詞”。至于“零冠詞+復數(shù)名詞”作如此用法較罕見。I dont smoke cigarettes as expensive as these.I dont smoke as exp

12、ensive cigarettes as these.(?)第14頁，共29頁。2.more than 結構(1)基本形式:形容詞或副詞比較級+than-clauseHelen is taller than Nancy.My room is smaller than yours.They arrived earlier than usual.She lives closer to the museum than I do.(2)(否定形式)less than(使用沒有not as as頻繁，有時lessthan聽起來不自然，在這種情況下也可用原句中形容詞或副詞的反義詞的比較級+than-cla

13、use來表示，但意義略有差異。)例Bill speaks French less well than he writes it. Bill speaks French worse than he writes it.第15頁，共29頁。(3)more /less/fewer+名詞+than-clause.I have done more work this moring than he.There are fewer visitors today than yesterday.(4)不定冠詞/零冠詞+形容詞比較級+名詞+than-clause.My brother has a larger h

14、ouse than mine.John is a more efficient worker than Jack.這些例子都可以轉換成名詞詞組+more than結構作后置修飾語。例John is a worker more efficient than Jack.還有一種詞序雖偶爾可見但并不普通。John is more a efficient worker than Jack.第16頁，共29頁。(5)另一種變體形式“定冠詞+形容詞或副詞比較級+of-詞組”John is the brighter of the two boys.Of the two boys John behaves (

15、the) more politely .有上述兩例子可以看出，用這種變體形式進行比較都只用于兩者之間的比較，在第一例中比較級前的定冠詞不可省，而在第二例中比較級前的定冠詞可省。這兩句分別相當于：John is brighter than the other boy.John behaves more politely than the other boy .more/less還可用作代詞，與某些可等級名詞搭配構成比較結構。He is more /less of a sportsman than his brother.=He is more/less sportsmanlike than hi

16、s brother.第17頁，共29頁。3.(the) +形容詞/副詞最高級+比較范圍如果是三個或三個以上的人或物進行比較，就要使用形容詞和副詞的最高級，并且句中常有一短語表示比較范圍。例如：Yesterday was the hottest day of the year.That church is the oldest building in our city.對于副詞而言，其最高級都修飾動詞，都不加the.They work hardest.They all came early but she came earliest of all.第18頁，共29頁。有些最高級結構并不是和其他事

17、物相比，因而也不須把比較范圍表示出來。例Please accept my deepest gratitude.I shall do it with the greatest pleasure.表示最高級的相反意義可用the least結構。This is the least difficult book Ive ever read.He behaved the least politely of the three.the least結構在實際使用上常為原句中的形容詞或副詞的反義詞的最高級所取代。第19頁，共29頁。在一定上下文中，最高級含義也可用其他結構來表示，比如用morethan 結構表

18、示：George did more work this morning than anyone else.(=George did the most work.)也可用asas結構來表示：Nothing in my life shook me so deeply as my first visit to China.(=My first visit to China shook me the most deeply.)還可用“否定詞+比較級”來表示I like nothing better.It cant be worse.第20頁，共29頁。25.3關于比較結構用法的補充說明( 1 ) mo

19、rethan結構的其他用法 morethan 結構除在兩個人或物之間作同一方面的比較以外，還可在同一個人或物的本身作不同方面的比較。試觀察： 1 The concert was more enjoyable than the lecture. 2 The living-room is larger than the dining-room. 3 John is more daring than quick-witted. 4 George is more intelligent than aggressive.第21頁，共29頁。上述 1 2 兩句是morethan結構的一般用法，即在兩個不同

20、事物之間就某一方面比較，而 3 4 兩句則是就同一個的兩個不同方面作比較。值得注意的是，morethan結構在 1 2 兩句中，其比較級既可用more形式，也可用-er形式；morethan結構用于上述 3 4 兩句的意義時，比較級只能用more形式而不能用-er形式。morethan結構用于上述 3 4 兩句意義時，還可連接兩個名詞詞組。例如：The present crisis is much more a political than an economic crisis.第22頁，共29頁。He was more lucky than clever.Music is more a wa

21、y of life than an interest.She was more surprised than angry.( 2 ) not soas與not soLondon isnt so large as Tokyo.It wasnt so much his appearance I like as his personality.前一例是一般的比較結構，后一例相當于上述的lessthan含義。第23頁，共29頁。（3）not more/ -er than與no more / -er than試比較以下兩句： John is not better than Tom. John is no

22、 better than Tom. 前一例表示“約翰不比湯姆好”，屬于普通比較結構；后一例用了no情況就不同了，no better than相當于as bad as，含義是兩人一樣壞。這里，“no + 形容詞或副詞比較級 + than”所表示的可以說是該形容詞或副詞的反義。又例如： no rich than = as poor asno bigger than = as small asno later than = as early as第24頁，共29頁。同樣地：I have not taken more than six courses this semester.I have take

23、n no more than six courses this semester.前一句的含義是本學期選的課不多于六門；后一句的含義是只選了六門，表示很少的意思。上述結構與no more than(=not any more than )又有所不同。A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.這句話是說鯨和馬同樣不是魚，即鯨不是魚，如同馬不是魚一樣。在某些結構中，單獨使用more than 也能表示否定概念。That is more than I can tell.(簡直不)第25頁，共29頁。（ 4）the morethe more與more and more