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1、一、查時(shí)態(tài)是否一致時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤幾乎是每年 NME南文改錯(cuò)中必設(shè)的改錯(cuò)題。要有目的地去檢查文中的每一個(gè) 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與上 下文、語(yǔ)境以及該句的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是否相符和一致。例如:I.Today, it is much easier to be healthy than it is inthe past. (NMET 93) is 應(yīng)改為was, 使之與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)in the past 一致。had always wanted to return to the village aftermoving away. And it is really grea t to see most of my oldfri

2、ends again. (NMET 95)is應(yīng)改為 was,與前面分句的時(shí)態(tài)一致。.They offered me coffee and other drinks. We have a goodtime talking andlaughing together .(NMET 96)have與前面句子中 offered 時(shí)態(tài)不一致,應(yīng)改為had。.Hello, I learn about you from my English teacher, MissFang.(NMET97)learn(得知)在這里不 是表示一個(gè)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,應(yīng)改為過(guò)去時(shí)learned。(本來(lái)此處還可改為have lea

3、rned ,由于短文改錯(cuò)” 題要求,每行只允許改一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤,故 have learned 不能接受。).My favourite sport is football.I was a member of ourfootball team.(NMET98)全文都是用的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),此句中的 was顯然與上下文語(yǔ)境不符,應(yīng)改為am,.Last Sunday, police cars hurry to the taller buildingin New York-(NMET92)hurry應(yīng)改為hurried ,才可與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)lastSunday 一致。二、查主謂是否一致在檢查謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)是否正確

4、的同時(shí),還要注意檢查該動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上是否與主語(yǔ)保持了一致。例如:.Anyone may borrow books, and it cost nothing to borrowthem. (NMET 94)cost 應(yīng)改為costs ,因其主語(yǔ)是it (為形式主語(yǔ)),且上下文均為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。.The new boy or girl in school quickly become one of theclass(NMET93)由or連接的兩個(gè)以上 的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)由靠近謂語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)來(lái)決定謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式,故 become應(yīng)改 為 becomes。.Playing football not only bu

5、t also give us a sense offair play and team spirit. (N MET98) 此句的主語(yǔ)是 playingfootball ,視為第三人稱單數(shù),其謂語(yǔ) give應(yīng)改為 gives 。.There are branch library in many villages.(NMET94)句中主語(yǔ) library 應(yīng)改為復(fù)數(shù)形式libraries ,因?yàn)榍懊媸莟here are ,主謂應(yīng)一致。主謂語(yǔ)一致的情況較為復(fù)雜,考生平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)要留心歸納。有些特殊句式的主謂一致問(wèn)題 很容易被忽視,如倒裝句、關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)的情況等,答題時(shí)要高度重視。三、查指

6、代是否一致對(duì)于短文中出現(xiàn)的每一個(gè)代詞都要查一下它所指代的內(nèi)容以及在句中的作用,注意其 數(shù)、格、詞性是否正確和前后一致,包括人稱代詞、指標(biāo)代詞、反身代詞、關(guān)系代詞以及疑問(wèn)代詞等。指代錯(cuò)誤也是高考改錯(cuò)題中常設(shè)的改錯(cuò)題。例如:.We climb everywhere, not only in America. They havebeen to Europe (NMET92) 根據(jù)上下文,句中的They屬指代不一致,應(yīng)改為 We.The game speaks for themselves. ( MET90)句中的反身代詞 themsekes 應(yīng)改為單數(shù)itself ,因?yàn)橹?代的是單數(shù)主語(yǔ)the g

7、ame。.And I cant forget the food you cooked for I.(NMET95)人稱代詞在作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)用賓格,I應(yīng)改為me.The Smiths did his best to make mefeel at home.(NMET96)句子的主語(yǔ) the Smiths關(guān)系副詞 where表示的是復(fù)數(shù)概念“史密斯一家人”,故其指代詞應(yīng)該用第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)their而不是his 。5.I live in Beijing, where is the capital of China.(NMET97)在引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)不可作主語(yǔ),應(yīng)將其改為關(guān)系代詞which o6.The

8、sport teaches us the importance of obedience. Eachplayer must obey the captain, who is the leader of the team.And they must not break the rules too often if we want to winthe gam e.(NMET98)縱觀全篇短文,都是用的第一人稱。這里突然冒出一個(gè)第三人稱they ,顯然不一致,應(yīng)改為we。四、查平行結(jié)構(gòu)是否平行一致由 and, or, but , either or ,neither nor ,not only bu

9、t also ,as well as等并列連詞和詞組連接的結(jié)構(gòu)可稱為平行結(jié)構(gòu)。平行結(jié)構(gòu)在詞性、時(shí)態(tài)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式上往往要求前后一致。答題時(shí)要留心平行結(jié)構(gòu)前后是否對(duì)等平行,這也是常設(shè)的錯(cuò)誤。例如:.Modern people know , have better food , and to live incleaner surroundings.(NMET93) 應(yīng)將 to live 前的 to 刪掉,因?yàn)?and 連接的是 know, have, live 三個(gè)并列平行的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,其時(shí)態(tài)和形式必須一致。.He said it was best to stay until help arri

10、ved ratherthan go into the forestand get ting lost.(NMET91) go- andgetting 顯然不平行,應(yīng)將 getting 改為 get。3.It was very kind of them to meet meat the railwaystation and drove meto their home .(NMET96) 句中的drove顯然與and前面的to meet不平行,應(yīng)改為 drive。五、查名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)與修飾詞語(yǔ)或上下文是否一致名詞數(shù)的錯(cuò)誤也是高考常設(shè)的改錯(cuò)題。要查一下名詞是否可數(shù),與其修飾語(yǔ)是否一致。many例如:.

11、-They have been to Europe many time. (NMET92)time不一致,應(yīng)改為 tim es 。.(They) asked me lots of question.(NMET96)question是可數(shù)名詞,其修飾詞是lots of ,當(dāng)然應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)uestions 。.We study quite a few subject, such as maths, Chinese (NMET97) quite a few 只能修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞,故subject 應(yīng)改為subjects 。.(We)often watch football match on TV toge

12、ther.(NMET98)根據(jù)上下文和該句中的often 來(lái)判 斷, 句中的 match應(yīng)該是 matcheso六、查行文邏輯是否一致查這方面的錯(cuò)誤應(yīng)從文章整體內(nèi)容出發(fā),通篇考慮,以行為單位是難以發(fā)現(xiàn)這種錯(cuò)誤的。邏輯不一致主要是由肯定與否定、關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)以及動(dòng)詞(如 come與go, take與bring )的誤用所造成的,應(yīng)多從這方面去查找。例如:.Most people can quickly get help from a doctor or go toa hospital since theyare ill. (NM ET93)根據(jù)行文邏輯,這里不應(yīng)該由since來(lái)引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句,而應(yīng)該

13、是when/whenever或if來(lái)引導(dǎo)時(shí)間或 條件狀語(yǔ)從句。.We tried to fix it and there was nothing we could do.(NMET91)根據(jù)行文邏輯,表示并列關(guān)系 的and應(yīng)改為表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的but??傮w而言,綜合改錯(cuò)題的命題內(nèi)容有如下三大方面:(1 )詞匯用法(2 )篇章理解(3 )語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。以下摘錄歷年六級(jí)考試綜合改錯(cuò)題中出現(xiàn)的有關(guān)詞匯用法和篇章理解方面的錯(cuò)誤進(jìn) 行具體地分析。、詞匯用法錯(cuò)誤.固定搭配錯(cuò)誤:主要是一些常用介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)、形容詞短語(yǔ)的誤用,另外,一些固定句型中詞匯的搭配也容易出錯(cuò)。對(duì)付此類錯(cuò)誤的方法是大量記憶,熟悉這些固定

14、的搭配。例 1about an American who had been invited to an Arab meal at one ofthe countries of the Middle East. ( 2000 年 6 月第 75 題)at應(yīng)改為in , in the country為固定介詞短語(yǔ)搭配。例 2 : . . . , but such reasons are totally dependent in the balance of risks and benefits for the patients. ( 1993 年 6 月第 75 題)in應(yīng)改為on , depen

15、dent on為固定的形容詞短語(yǔ)搭配。例 3 : However , a second person thought that this was more a question of civilized behavior as good m anners. ( 2000 年 6 月第 73 題)as應(yīng)改為than , more . than .為固定句型搭配,表示 “與其說(shuō) 不如說(shuō)”。.單詞的混用:這種錯(cuò)誤是指誤用了某個(gè)在形式或意義上與正確的單詞相似的單詞。例 1 Between sunrise and sunset , streets and highways are a constant

16、source of voice from cars , buses and trucks . ( 1995 年 6 月第 73 題)原文講述噪音污染,所以,此處的 voice 應(yīng)改為noise 。例 2 : Im mediately before him was a very flat piece of bread that looked,to him , very much as a napkin . ( 2000 年 6 月第 78 題)此處as應(yīng)改為like , as與like都可作介詞用,表示 像 一樣時(shí),應(yīng)用like ,而as表示“作為”。二、篇章理解錯(cuò)誤.語(yǔ)意的顛倒:這類錯(cuò)誤多指在

17、語(yǔ)意表達(dá)上用了相反的詞,造成上下文邏輯推理上的自相矛盾。做題前如先閱讀全文,領(lǐng)會(huì)上下文承接關(guān)系與語(yǔ)意關(guān)系將裨益無(wú)窮。例:If he was present because of sickness, there was often no job for himwhen he returned . (1994 年 1 月第 76 題)顯然,將present 改為absent才合乎邏輯。.指代關(guān)系的錯(cuò)誤:這類錯(cuò)誤主要指由于人稱代詞、物主代詞及指示代詞的誤用,導(dǎo) 致指示不清、邏輯混亂,甚至前后矛盾。細(xì)心推敲和全局觀念是破解此類錯(cuò)誤的殺手銅。例 1 : A break in their employme

18、nt , or a decision to work part time , will slow its raises and promotions . (1996 年 1 月第 75 題)從原文看,此處指婦女漲工資、 被提升的速度會(huì)大大地減緩。所以,its 應(yīng)改為their(婦女的)。例 2 : . . . , he finds it pleasing he is influ-encing people : they are drawn to them . (1995 年 1 月第 78 題)從文中看,them應(yīng)改為him ,指人們?yōu)樗?連接詞與關(guān)系詞的錯(cuò)誤:這類錯(cuò)誤主要出現(xiàn)在定語(yǔ)從

19、句與狀語(yǔ)從句中,正確地分析句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系,才能選擇合適的連接詞與關(guān)系詞。例 1 : It appears that we all find company in sound , if we all demanda little quiet from time to time .原文講述噪音污染,從上下文看,前后兩句之間應(yīng)為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,而非條件關(guān)系,所以, 連詞if 應(yīng)改為but 或though 。例 2 : Instead , this other person told us a story, it he said was quitewell known .后半句顯然是一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從

20、句修飾story,所以,應(yīng)將it 改為關(guān)系詞 which 。一般而言,做綜合改錯(cuò)題可遵循以下步驟:速讀,把握主旨看標(biāo)志行,找詞匯錯(cuò)誤找語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤分析邏輯,推理錯(cuò)誤的可能性重讀全文,檢查復(fù)核文字是否正確、合理??傊霃母旧咸岣咦鼍C合改錯(cuò)題的能力,考生就要打好扎實(shí)的英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ),有豐富的詞匯用法、固定搭配及句式結(jié)構(gòu)知識(shí)等。同時(shí),在平日英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程中,要多多閱讀, 培養(yǎng)英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)感,提高語(yǔ)篇理解能力,增強(qiáng)自己辨錯(cuò)、糾錯(cuò)的能力。找一本高考關(guān)于改錯(cuò)題的書,先看他總結(jié)好的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn),然后把這些當(dāng)成公式。 在習(xí)題中練習(xí) ,一天做上10來(lái)篇。保證有效果,但是一定得注意思考,注意總結(jié), 用總結(jié)總結(jié)出來(lái)的東西印證書上

21、寫的內(nèi)容。.動(dòng)詞錯(cuò)用(1)時(shí)態(tài)用錯(cuò)要求考生有很強(qiáng)的時(shí)態(tài)感,能把握短文中時(shí)態(tài)主線,同時(shí)又觀察時(shí)態(tài)變化;時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤主要表現(xiàn)在該用一般現(xiàn)任時(shí)的地方卻用了一般過(guò)去時(shí),或者相反,時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)用幾乎在以往每年的高考短文改錯(cuò)中都會(huì)出現(xiàn),如 NMET200峙)之 88 題 “I had an examination on Monday morning ”一句中的“had”應(yīng)改為“have”,因?yàn)檫@里說(shuō)的是下周的安排。同年夏季全國(guó)高 考之 93題 “I remembered her words and calm down ”句中的 “ calm” 應(yīng) 改為 “calmed 。 NMET2002(R)之 80 題 “He

22、 said he is busy. ” 一行中的 “is ”應(yīng)改為“was”,時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)一致。(2)主謂不一致中國(guó)學(xué)生學(xué)英語(yǔ)易受母語(yǔ)干擾,不考慮英語(yǔ)句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)方面要和主語(yǔ)保持一致,這是受漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣表達(dá)所致的一個(gè) 通病。因此,考生要注意觀察一個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,看是否有單數(shù)主語(yǔ)用了復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞或復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)用了單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。如NMET9必90題(Playing footballnot only makesus)but also give us a sense of fair play “中 的give應(yīng)改為gives,因?yàn)橹髡Z(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)(playing football),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng) 用單數(shù)形

23、式。NMET2000L 94題 “Now my picture and the prize is hanging in the library ” 一句中的 “is ” 應(yīng)改為 are”。3)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞錯(cuò)用主要體現(xiàn)在該用謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的地方卻用了非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,或者該用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)卻用了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,以及非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的錯(cuò)用。 如該用-ing形式的地方卻用了 -ed形式或不定式等等情況。這要求考生加深對(duì) “現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)、有進(jìn)行意義,過(guò)去分詞表完成、含被動(dòng)意義”的理解,如 NMET9之 93 題 but now l am interesting in football” 中的interesting

24、 應(yīng)改為interested , 95 題 “ T look for ward to hear from you soon” 中的 “hear” 應(yīng)改為“hearing。NMET9更 89 題“Play football not only makes us grow up ”中的 “Play” 應(yīng)改為 “ Playing 。NMET99L 88題 “I was often a little tired after a days work and watch TV demands very little effort. ” 中的 “watch” 應(yīng)改為 “watching 。 NMEr200 日

25、(春)之 91 題:.Ill spend all the whole weekend reading and prepare for it” 一行中的 “ prepare ”錯(cuò)用成了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,應(yīng)改為非謂語(yǔ)形式 preparing 0 NMET200219之81題 “That is , a game of tennis making him very busy ” 一行中的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 “making”應(yīng)改為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)“ mad3。這類錯(cuò)誤在歷屆高考中出現(xiàn)的頻 率很高,考生平時(shí)應(yīng)加強(qiáng)該方面基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的復(fù)習(xí),做一些有針對(duì)性的練習(xí)。(4)近義動(dòng)詞錯(cuò)用這類錯(cuò)誤考查考生的求異思維以及對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的把握,要求將

26、一個(gè)動(dòng)詞完全改成另一個(gè)動(dòng)詞。 英語(yǔ)中有很多動(dòng)詞意思相近,可用法 卻不一樣,因此要求考生準(zhǔn)確掌握和理解常用動(dòng)詞的用法,不要僅僅根據(jù)這些詞的漢語(yǔ)意思而隨便使用。如該用“borrow卻錯(cuò)用了 “ lend ”,用“bring ”的 地方卻用了 “take”等等。當(dāng)然,這類情況在以往高考試題中還沒(méi)出現(xiàn)過(guò),但不能忽視訓(xùn)練這種思維。.名詞數(shù)的問(wèn)題要求考生有很強(qiáng)的數(shù)的概念,能分清常見名詞數(shù)的特性,可數(shù)與不可數(shù)、單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)。錯(cuò)誤特征往往表現(xiàn)在不可數(shù)名詞加復(fù)數(shù), 該用可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)的地方用成了復(fù)數(shù), 或者該用復(fù)數(shù)形式卻用了單數(shù)。后一種情況居多,如:(1)The day before the speech cont

27、est English teacher talked to me. She said that she and my schoohmateall . . . (NMET2000)87 . schoolmates(2)I used to love science class all of them (NMET2001春)86 . classes(3)He never helped other.(NMET2002 春)79. others.代詞錯(cuò)用這類錯(cuò)誤很明顯,只要考生細(xì)心閱讀上下文就能發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤。如該用“she”卻用了 “ he”,該用“it卻用了 “they”。 如 NMET9包 90題 “T

28、he Smiths did his best to makeme feel ”中的“his” 應(yīng)改為 “their 。NMET9更 95題“And they must not brea k the rules too”中的“they”根據(jù)上下行文應(yīng)改為“ we。NMET2001(R)之 88 題 “I think I liked those classes because I felt that it helped me”中之“ it ”應(yīng)改為“ they。.形容詞和副詞的錯(cuò)用這類錯(cuò)誤的設(shè)置目的是檢測(cè)考生對(duì)英語(yǔ)形容詞和副詞基本用法的掌握。考生要熟悉形容詞的基本作用是作定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ), 副詞主要作狀

29、語(yǔ)。因此要注意觀察文中該用形容詞的地方是否用了副詞,修飾動(dòng)詞的副詞是否錯(cuò)用成了形容詞。如NMET9必89題“Unfortunate, thereare. ” 中的 “ Unfortunate ” 一詞應(yīng)改為 “ Unfortunately 。NMET2001(春) 之 95 題 “nothing else seemed very practically to me ”中的“practically” 一詞應(yīng)改為“ practical 0考生發(fā)現(xiàn)了這類錯(cuò)誤,還需要改寫正確,為此,要記住形容詞變副詞的最基本規(guī)則,即末尾加-ly。.形容詞和名詞的混淆這類錯(cuò)誤主要檢測(cè)考生的記憶能力和常用詞的 構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)

30、,尤其是有些形容詞和名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換??忌煊浺韵卤砀裰械脑~:wealth wealthy difference differenthealth healthy difficulty difficult luck lucky importanceimportantsirtdirty safety safenoise noisy patience patientsalt salty silence silenthonesty honest pride proudanger angry absence absent高考實(shí)例分析:NMET2002春)之 85 題 “But he is differenc

31、e now ” 中的 “difference ” 很明顯應(yīng)改為 “ different 。 NMET98L 93題 the sport teaches us the important of ” 中的 “important ” 應(yīng)改為importance ”。.連詞錯(cuò)用這種錯(cuò)誤的設(shè)置主要是檢測(cè)考生對(duì)上下語(yǔ)篇的把握和行文邏輯判斷能力,以及對(duì)英語(yǔ)句法結(jié)構(gòu)的分析能力。如: NMET200比88題“but it didnt matter that I would win or not” 中的 “that” 詞應(yīng)改為 “whether” ; 90題 “I felt so nervous as I sho

32、ok like a leaf” 一行中的 “as” 一詞應(yīng)改為 “ that 。NMET200Q春)之 89題 “understand what the world works. ” 中的 “what” 應(yīng)改為 “ hoW 。第一章短文改錯(cuò)測(cè)試重點(diǎn)及分類解析根據(jù)短文改錯(cuò)的命題特點(diǎn),我們可以按照以下四步進(jìn)行備考快速練習(xí)。第一步: 審題。通讀全文,了解大意。全面把握文章整體 (時(shí)態(tài)、 題材及內(nèi)容)。第二步: 重讀全文, 應(yīng)先確定一些明顯的錯(cuò)誤,以便疏通短文,化繁為簡(jiǎn), 為后面解題打開思路。許多問(wèn)題可在這一階段得到解決。從詞法、句法到行文邏輯三方面著手, 逐句而不是逐行地分析、找錯(cuò)。第三步:綜觀全篇

33、,看錯(cuò)誤類型的比例是否得當(dāng)、前后邏輯是否一致、有無(wú)前后矛盾等現(xiàn)象。第四步:認(rèn)真檢查,避免出現(xiàn)以下錯(cuò)誤:符號(hào)不規(guī)范;一個(gè)詞改為幾個(gè)或幾個(gè)改為一個(gè); 該大寫的未大寫;合成詞只改了其中一部分等。下面,我們根據(jù)詞性不同,來(lái)對(duì)改錯(cuò)題目進(jìn)行分類解析。第一節(jié)名詞在短文改錯(cuò)中見到名詞時(shí),應(yīng)檢查是否有數(shù)、格及名詞前限定詞用法等錯(cuò)誤。漢語(yǔ)中的名詞在形式上無(wú)復(fù)數(shù)變化,而是通過(guò)在名詞前加數(shù)詞來(lái)表示;英語(yǔ)則不同,除了在名詞前加數(shù)詞之外,如果是可數(shù)名詞,還應(yīng)將該名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式。.檢查句中名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式是否符合句意。.檢查句中有無(wú)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的誤用。.檢查句中有無(wú)所有格的誤用。.檢查句中有無(wú)名詞前限定詞的誤用。

34、練習(xí)請(qǐng)改正下列句子中的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,注意名詞的使用。He is on good term with me.He is a generous fellow, and will soon make friend with you again.s high school.His opinion is considered to be great value.He sent his daughter to a girlGive me three spoonful of sugar.His eyes are as blue as a Scandinavian.A few peoples live to be

35、 a hundred years old.Aunt Mary returned home after ten year s absence.He is a friend of my brother.The observation of the law is the first duty of every citizen.注釋關(guān)系, on good terms with.term f terms, term的復(fù)數(shù)形式表示條件、意為“與關(guān)系良好”。friend f friends, make friends with.與某人交朋友。be great value f be of great valu

36、e, value是名詞,be of+ 名詞=be+形容詞。即ofgreat value=greatly valuable。girl s f girls女子高中是 a girls high school 。spoonful - spoonfuls, spoonful是可數(shù)名詞。scandinavian f Scandinavian s。.peoples f people 此處people作人講, 是復(fù)數(shù)名詞。year s f years 。brother f brother s 應(yīng)是 brother s friends,其后做了省略。observation f observance( 遵守),o

37、bservation意為觀察。第二節(jié)動(dòng)詞的謂語(yǔ)形式一、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài).掌握各種時(shí)態(tài)的用法.注意時(shí)態(tài)的協(xié)調(diào)一致1)在簡(jiǎn)單句中,時(shí)態(tài)要與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)一致。2)當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的謂語(yǔ)共用一個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí),其時(shí)態(tài)要求一致。3)由并列連詞連接的兩個(gè)句子,時(shí)態(tài)上也要求一致。4)當(dāng)遇到賓語(yǔ)從句和間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),若其主句是過(guò)去時(shí),則在從句中也必須使用過(guò)去時(shí)。但是當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句表示的是客觀事實(shí)和真理時(shí),一般用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。5)與賓語(yǔ)從句一樣,主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)也要求和主句的時(shí)態(tài)一致。6)定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句也要與主句的時(shí)態(tài)相呼應(yīng),當(dāng)從句謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作與主句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí), 要用相同的時(shí)態(tài)。二、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài).檢查

38、句子是否該用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。.檢查被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式是否正確。.檢查被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)與句中其他時(shí)態(tài)是否相呼應(yīng),其數(shù)是否與其主語(yǔ)一致。三、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣虛擬語(yǔ)氣是動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式,用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人所說(shuō)的話不是客觀存在的事實(shí),而是一種與事實(shí)相反的愿望、可能、推測(cè)、建議、要求、假設(shè)或主觀的設(shè)想等。改錯(cuò)時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意:.虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件句中的應(yīng)用。.虛擬語(yǔ)氣在賓語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用。.虛擬語(yǔ)氣在主語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用。四、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞下列用法常是短文改錯(cuò)的焦點(diǎn):l.must表示“必須,不得不”時(shí),其否定式是needn t或do not have to ;must not則表示“不許,禁止”。need與dare既可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,也可作實(shí)義

39、動(dòng)詞;而作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),若要構(gòu)成問(wèn)句和否定句,就需要助動(dòng)詞do/does/did 。“can+have+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)用在疑問(wèn)句和否定句中,表示對(duì)過(guò)去的事情所作的推測(cè)。 TOC o 1-5 h z “could+have+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)除用來(lái)表示對(duì)過(guò)去的事情所作的推測(cè)外,還可用來(lái)表示某事有可能在過(guò)去發(fā)生,但實(shí)際上并沒(méi)有發(fā)生?!?may/might+have+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)用來(lái)表示對(duì)過(guò)去的事情所作的推測(cè)。(“可能已經(jīng)了” )“must+have+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)用來(lái)表示對(duì)過(guò)去的事情所作的肯定判斷。(“一定已經(jīng)了吧”) should/ought to+have+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)用來(lái)表示過(guò)去應(yīng)做而未做的事

40、,含有自責(zé)或責(zé)備的語(yǔ)氣。(“本來(lái)應(yīng)該的”)need not+have+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)用來(lái)表示過(guò)去做了沒(méi)有必要做的事。(“本來(lái)不必的”)練習(xí)After they had chose the books they wished to read, the instructor told them the principal points he wanted them to note.When I reach at the end of a cigarette, my money has gone up in smoke.The island has little vegetation( 植被),it

41、 scarcely raises above the surrounding sea.In our school the teachers would leave most students go out early on Friday afternoons before football games.Ours was the first group of swimmers who had dove into the new pool.I will like to know where you were born.I would like you read it again.What will

42、 you like to do when you finish your course at Leeds?I hope you can visit my country soon, because I d to show you somebeautiful places near my home.My father mustn t have said such a thing.注釋had chose f had chosen.reach at f reach, reach是及物動(dòng)詞。raises above f rises above, raise是及物動(dòng)詞,rise 是不及物動(dòng)詞。leave

43、 f let.had dove f had dived.willf would.you read f you to read. would you like其后力口不定式。willf would.I d to f Id love/like to.mustn t f can t , 否定推測(cè)要用 can t 或 couldn t, can t + have+ p.p.表示對(duì)過(guò)去事情否定推測(cè)。第三節(jié)動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式一、動(dòng)詞不定式.不定式可作主語(yǔ)。.當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),一般要用不定式的被動(dòng)式。但是在某些形容詞后面,即使是這樣,也不用被動(dòng)式。.某些動(dòng)詞后面只能跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)。.當(dāng)不定式

44、作賓語(yǔ),且后面又有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),通常用it作形式賓語(yǔ)來(lái)代替不定式,而把不定式后置。. had better, would rather than等詞的后面只跟不帶 to的不定式。.動(dòng)詞不定式的一般式表示它與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生,或在其后發(fā)生; 其完成式則表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。但要注意動(dòng)詞plan, expect,wish, intend, mean, want, would(should) like等后面的不定式的完成式表示原打算要做而最終未做成的事情。二、動(dòng)詞的-ing形式改錯(cuò)指導(dǎo)以下動(dòng)詞只能跟-ing形式作賓語(yǔ), 不能跟不定式。如:advise, admit, avoid,allow,

45、consider,delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, appreciate, imagine, include,mention, miss, prevent, quit, resist, risk, stand, suggest, understand等。三、過(guò)去分詞改錯(cuò)指導(dǎo)注意下列幾組動(dòng)詞的-ing形式和過(guò)去分詞之間的區(qū)別:surprising( 令人吃驚的),surprised( 感到驚訝的);interesting(令人感興趣的),interested(感興趣的);disappointing( 令人失望的),disappointed(感到失望的);

46、encouraging( 令人鼓舞的),encouraged(感到鼓舞的)練習(xí)I was used to go to the cinema once a week.He has never been heard speak ill of others.We hear it say frequently that what present-day men most desire is security.He always enjoys to read a detective story.His father would not let him to go.It is difficult to m

47、ake yourself understand in English.You should avoid to keep company with such people.Smiling graciously, my offer was accepted by him.You had better not to go there.The doctor advised me giving up to smoke.注釋was used to f used to , used to + 動(dòng)詞原形表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣,be used to+名詞/動(dòng)名詞表示習(xí)慣的持續(xù)。speak f to speak ,感觀動(dòng)

48、詞/使役動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),要將主動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí)省去的“to”還原。say - said , said 是過(guò)去分詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),而it是形式主語(yǔ)。to read - reading, enjoy其后只可加動(dòng)名詞。to go f go, let是使役動(dòng)詞,其后接不帶to的不定式作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。understand f understood, make oneself understood 譯為 “使另U人了解 自己的意圖即自己被別人理解”。to keep f keeping , avoid 其后加動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。my offer was accepted by him f he accepted myoffer ,

49、 分詞短語(yǔ) smiling graciously的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是 he, 而不是my offer。to go f go , had better其后接動(dòng)詞原形。giving up to smoke f giving up smoking, advise sb. to do sth.,而give up其后接動(dòng)名詞或名詞。第四節(jié)形容詞與副詞在短文改錯(cuò)中見到形容詞和副詞時(shí),檢查句中是否誤把形容詞作副詞或誤把副詞用作形容詞,尤其是一些詞形完全一樣的形容詞與副詞。.檢查句中形容詞與副詞的位置是否正確。.若句中有系動(dòng)詞,檢查其后跟的是形容詞還是副詞。.檢查句中有無(wú)易混淆的形容詞的誤用和易混淆的副詞的誤用。.

50、檢查句中有無(wú)形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成錯(cuò)誤。.檢查句中有無(wú)形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的使用錯(cuò)誤。.檢查并列結(jié)構(gòu)前后形容詞與副詞的級(jí)別是否對(duì)等。練習(xí)He was impossible to find it out.You should be respectable towards your teachers.I am absolutely uncapable to tell a lie.I ll be convenient next Sunday.You must make your parents happily.He looked differently after his ret

51、urn from Europe.The number of girls is very few.This shirt is wool(l)en.Let asleep dogs lie.All the present students must cast their votes.注釋impossible f unable. Impossible 是非人稱形容詞,不可用來(lái)修飾人,或 可用 It is impossible or him to find it out.respectable f respectful( 恭敬的),respectable(可尊敬的)。uncapable f unable

52、/uncap able to tell 或 incapable of telling, capable 的反義詞是 incapable, be unable to+動(dòng)詞原形, be incapable of + doing(沒(méi)有能力做)。I ll be convenient next Sunday f Next Sunday will be convenient to me ,convenient是非人稱形容詞。happily f happy, 這里是賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。differently f different, look是感觀動(dòng)詞,其后要用形容詞修飾其主few f small , 主語(yǔ)

53、The number(表示數(shù)目)用 small/large 表示大小。is woolen f (made) of wool,該句還可寫為 This is a woolen shirt. ”woolen只可用作定語(yǔ),不可用作表語(yǔ)。asleep - sleeping, asleep 是睡熟的,不可用作定語(yǔ)。Let sleeping dogslie.(勿惹是生非,勿打草驚蛇)。the present students - the students present(出席的學(xué)生),the peasantstudents(現(xiàn)在的學(xué)生)。第五節(jié)冠詞.檢查有無(wú)兩個(gè)不定冠詞之間的誤用。.檢查有無(wú)定冠詞不定冠詞之

54、間的誤用。.檢查有無(wú)漏用冠詞的情況。.檢查有無(wú)錯(cuò)用冠詞的情況。練習(xí)Last Sunday we went to school to play basketball.Plato left behind him a view of the universe set forth in his dialogue in an unique combination of logic and drama.I have read a interesting story.What kind of a book do you have?You re in right; it s not your fault.Th

55、e most of us are flattered when we receive a compliment.Why are you at home in such a fine weather?He was elected the Mayor of New York.Horse is useful animal.Goldsmith is said to have traveled from a place to a place.注釋school f the school ,表示去某場(chǎng)所而不是去上學(xué)(go to school) 。an f an unique ju?篥nik 其第一音素是輔音

56、。a f an.a book - book, kind of后面名詞不加不定冠詞。right f the right, in the right(有理), 而 in right 右邊。The most - Most, most 表示大多數(shù)時(shí)不加 the。in such a fine weather f in such fine weather. weather是不可數(shù)名詞。The Mayor f Mayor獨(dú)一無(wú)二的官職、頭銜,職稱作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí)不加冠詞。horse f A horse , horse 是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式其前面必須有冠詞,不可單獨(dú)使用在句子中。useful animal f

57、a useful animal.from a place to a place f from place to place, 兩個(gè)相對(duì)等的名詞由and連接表示一種習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)時(shí)不加冠詞。第六節(jié)代詞一、人稱代詞改錯(cuò)指導(dǎo)意人稱代詞單復(fù)數(shù)的使用。意人稱代詞主格和賓格的區(qū)別。二、物主代詞改錯(cuò)指導(dǎo)對(duì)物主代詞的考查主要涉及:.形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞之間的區(qū)別。.物主代詞指代的使用。三、反身代詞改錯(cuò)指導(dǎo)表示“某人自己”的代詞稱作反身代詞。它在句中可作賓語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ),但不能作主語(yǔ)。在使用反身代詞時(shí),同樣要注意其單復(fù)數(shù)和人稱必須與所指代的名詞一致。四、不定代詞改錯(cuò)指導(dǎo)常用的不定代詞有 some, an

58、y, no, none, many, much, few, little, each, every, one, all, both, either, other, another, others及由 some, any, no, every 構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞。不定代詞的用法較復(fù)雜,需要考生特別注意。五、指示代詞改錯(cuò)指導(dǎo)指示代詞有 this, that, these, those, it, such, same等。this 和 these 般用來(lái)指時(shí)間和空間上較近的人或物,也常用來(lái)指后面要提到的事情,有啟下的作用。that和those則常用來(lái)指時(shí)間或空間上較遠(yuǎn)的人或物,也可用來(lái)代替前面出現(xiàn)過(guò)的名詞,

59、以免重復(fù)。練習(xí)Knowledge is there for whomever will seek it.Depend upon that he will come here.Whom do you think is the writer of this book?His brother s case is quite different from me.The population of London is two times as large as this city.People find increasingly difficult to make their living.“I mus

60、t say good-bye now. ” So I must. ”He is taller than any one in his class.I spoke a man who I thought to be my cousin.Only yesterday the hotel manager assured myhusband and methat he would accept our reservation for a room.注釋whomever whoever, 這里是由 whoever引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句作 for的賓語(yǔ),而 whoever在從句中作主語(yǔ)。Depend upon t

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