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1、International Trade Practice國際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)1.Discipline Requirement1) Attendance is mandatory.Dont be late .Excessive absenteeism will lower your grade or even fail the course.2)Adjust your mobile phone soundless before you come into the classroom.(Course Structure)ContractPreparationImplementNegotiation 2.P

2、rocedures of Foreign Trade2.對外貿(mào)易流程(課程內(nèi)容框架)合同的簽訂交易前的準(zhǔn)備合同的履行合同的磋商PreparationExport Operation RightGoodsClientsAdvertisementTrademarkExport交易前的準(zhǔn)備(Preparation)出口交易取得出口權(quán)貨源客戶廣告宣傳商標(biāo)注冊NegotiationWay of NegotiationOral, faxes and emailsArticlesName of the commodities,quality,quantity,packingprice,delivery,in

3、surance,payment,inspection,claim,arbitration,force majeureProcedureenquiry,offer,counter-offer,acceptance,agreement交易的磋商(Negotiation)方式口頭、函電內(nèi)容品名、品質(zhì)、數(shù)量、包裝價(jià)格、運(yùn)輸、保險(xiǎn)、支付、商檢、索賠、仲裁、不可抗力程序詢盤、發(fā)盤、還盤、接受、簽約Implement(交易的履行)The Sellers obligations(賣方的基本義務(wù))Provide the goods(提交貨物)Transfer shipping documents(移交貨運(yùn)單據(jù))

4、The Buyers obligations(買方的義務(wù))Pay the amount of the goods(支付貨款)Take delivery(收取貨物)3. Emphases(課程重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容)1.貿(mào)易術(shù)語(Trade Terms)Incoterms 20102.信用證(L/C)UCP6003.交易磋商(Negotiation)CISG(聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售公約)第一章 貿(mào)易術(shù)語Chapter 1 Trade TermsMain points1.Definition of Trade Terms & Relative customs 2.Trade Terms in wide use(Ke

5、y Point)3.Rest of the Trade terms4. Application of the Trade TermsExample:國內(nèi)報(bào)價(jià):每噸1000元 國際報(bào)價(jià): PER METRIC TON USD1000 FOB GUANGZHOU1.1 INCOTERMS 20101、THE DEFINITION OF TRADE TERMSThe trade terms refer to using a brief English concept or abbreviation (縮寫)of English letters to indicate the formation of

6、 the unit price and determine the responsibilities, expenses and risks borne(承擔(dān)) by two parties as well as the time of the passing of the property in the goods.含義:在長期的國際貿(mào)易實(shí)踐中產(chǎn)生的,以三個(gè)英文字母組合來表示買賣雙方在交接貨物過程中各自承擔(dān)的責(zé)任、費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的專門用語。例如: FOB FAS CFR CIF DAT DAP 1、indicate/explain the composition/formation of the

7、 unit price2、determine the (1)responsibilities/rights and obligations, (2)expenses (3)risks borne by two parties as well as the time of the passing of the property in the goods(貨權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移).The nature of trade terms 貿(mào)易術(shù)語的性質(zhì)1、表示成交價(jià)格的構(gòu)成因素2、表示交貨條件ConventionconstitutorTimeTrade TermsRevised American Foreign Tr

8、ade Definitions 1990American commercial groups1919Ex Point of OriginFOB, FAS, C&F, CIF, DEQWarsaw-Oxford Rules 1932International Law Association1928CIFIncoterms 2010International Chamber of Commerce1936E,F,C,D groupsTHE MOST INFLUENTIAL TRADE CONVENTIONS有關(guān)貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋的國際慣例有關(guān)貿(mào)易術(shù)語貿(mào)易慣例的種類11種1936-2010國際商會(huì)2010

9、年國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則 6種1919-1990美國商業(yè)團(tuán)體 1990年美國對外貿(mào)易定義修訂本 CIF1928-1932國際法協(xié)會(huì)1932年華沙一牛津規(guī)則 包含的貿(mào)易術(shù)語制定時(shí)間制定的組織慣例名稱Ex(Point Of Origin) FOB(Free on Board) FAS(Free Along Side) C&F(Cost and Freight) CIF(Cost,Insurance and Freight) DEQ (Delivered ex quay) 注:目前最新的通則為:2010年國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則,包括11種貿(mào)易術(shù)語Questions:1.How many customs

10、and practices which are related to Price Terms? What are they?2.Which organizations constitute the customs and practices ? In which year? What are they concerned about respectively?E組發(fā)貨(啟運(yùn))DepartureEXW Ex Works工廠交貨F組主要運(yùn)費(fèi)未付 裝運(yùn)合同Main Carriage Unpaid FCA Free CarrierFAS Free Alongside ShipFOB Free On B

11、oard貨交承運(yùn)人裝運(yùn)港船邊交貨裝運(yùn)港船上交貨C組主要運(yùn)費(fèi)已付裝運(yùn)合同Main Carriage PaidCFR Cost and FreightCIF Cost Insurance and FreightCPT Carriage Paid ToCIP Carriage Insurance Paid To成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)成本保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)加運(yùn)費(fèi)運(yùn)費(fèi)付至運(yùn)費(fèi)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)付至D組到貨(到達(dá))ArrivalDAT Delivered At TerminalDAP Delivered At PlaceDDP Delivered Duty Paid終點(diǎn)站交貨地點(diǎn)交貨完稅后交貨3.Structure of INCOTERMS

12、 2010第二節(jié) 常用貿(mào)易術(shù)語(一)FOB(named port of shipment)1、賣方的義務(wù)1)賣方的責(zé)任A、提供符合合同規(guī)定的貨物B、辦理出口手續(xù)C、按照合同規(guī)定的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn),將貨物裝到買方派來的船上D、迅速發(fā)出裝船通知E、移交有關(guān)的貨運(yùn)單據(jù)或電子數(shù)據(jù)1.2 Trade Terms In Incoterms 2010()FOB(named port of shipment)1.The Sellers obligations1)The sellers responsibilitiesA)Provide goods in conformity with the contractB)C

13、arry out all customs formalities for the export of goodsC)deliver the goods by placing them on board the vessel nominated by the buyer at the loading point within the agreed periodD)Give the buyer sufficient notice that the goods have been loaded onto the vessel within the time agreedE)Provide the s

14、hipment documents or equivalent electronic message2)The sellers costs 賣方的費(fèi)用All costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered on board the vessel at the named port of shipment貨物在指定裝運(yùn)港裝船前的一切費(fèi)用3)The sellers risks 賣方的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)All risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been deliver

15、ed onto the vessel at the nominated port of shipment在裝運(yùn)港將貨物裝運(yùn)上船(實(shí)際業(yè)務(wù)中以取得清潔提單為界)2. the buyers obligations 買方的義務(wù) 1)the buyers responsibilities 買方的責(zé)任 A. Contract at his own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named port of shipment租船訂艙,并及時(shí)通知賣方B. Effect insurance 辦理保險(xiǎn)C. Pay the price of the g

16、oods as provided in the contract of sale 接受貨運(yùn)單據(jù),支付貨款D. Carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods 辦理進(jìn)口手續(xù),收取貨物2)The buyers costs 買方的費(fèi)用All costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered onto the vessel at the named port of shipment 貨物在裝運(yùn)港裝船以后的一切費(fèi)用3)The buyers ris

17、ks 買方的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)All risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered onto the vessel at the named port of shipment在裝運(yùn)港將貨物裝運(yùn)上船后的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)3.Points for attention in Using FOB term采用FOB術(shù)語時(shí)應(yīng)注意的問題1)Loading charges (for voyage charter)裝船費(fèi)用問題(大宗貨物程租船運(yùn)輸) Stipulate in the contract在合同中訂明Loading

18、Charges to be Covered by the Seller (Buyer) 裝船費(fèi)用由賣方(買方)承擔(dān)FOB Under Tackle廣州FOB Liner Terms廣州FOBS廣州FOBT廣州FOBST廣州B. Variants of FOB term FOB的變形(8頁)2)Notices between the seller and the buyer 船貨的銜接問題備貨通知派船通知裝船通知Case StudyCompany A signed a contract imported a batch of wheat on FOB basis, the time of shi

19、pment is the end of October. However , the buyer couldnt send a vessel in time and the goods had to wait for a long time. Do you think its reasonable for the seller to cancel the contract and claim for compensation? And why?3)Unique FOB interpretation of some specific countries個(gè)別國家對FOB的不同解釋Conventio

20、n 慣 例FOB裝運(yùn)港船上交貨Risk transfer風(fēng)險(xiǎn)劃分Customs formalities出口手續(xù)Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 19901990年美國對外貿(mào)易定義修正本FOB Vessel(第五種)the vessel船上The buyers responsibility ,if requested by the buyer, the seller carry out at the buyers expense原則上買方負(fù)責(zé),或賣方辦理,買方支付費(fèi)用INCOTERMS 2010FOBOnto the vessel裝運(yùn)港裝船Th

21、e sellers responsibility賣方CASE STUDY 我國某公司從美國進(jìn)口特種異型鋼材200噸,每噸按900美元FOB Vessel New York成交,支付方式為即期L/C并應(yīng)于2月28日前開達(dá),裝船期為3月份。我方于2月20日通過中國銀行開出一張18萬美元的信用證。2月28日美商來電稱:“信用證金額不足,應(yīng)增加1萬美元備用。否則有關(guān)出口稅捐及各種簽證費(fèi)用,由你方另行電匯”。我方接電后認(rèn)為這是美方無理要求,隨即回電指出:“按FOB Vessel條件成交,賣方應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)出口手續(xù)及費(fèi)用,這在INCOTERMS中已有規(guī)定”。美方回電:“成交時(shí)未明確規(guī)定按INCOTERMS辦理,應(yīng)

22、按我方商業(yè)習(xí)慣和1990年修正本”。我方只好將信用證金額增加至19萬美元。()CFR (named port of destination)1.The Sellers obligations1)The sellers responsibilitiesA)Provide goods in conformity with the contractB)Carry out all customs formalities for the export of goodsD)deliver the goods by placing them on board the vessel at the loadin

23、g point within the agreed periodE)Give the buyer sufficient notice that the goods have been loaded onto the vessel within the time agreedF)Provide the shipment documents or equivalent electronic messageC) contract or procure a contract for the carriage of the goods from the agreed point of delivery(

24、二)CFR(named port of destination)1、賣方的義務(wù)1)賣方的責(zé)任A、提供符合合同規(guī)定的貨物B、辦理出口手續(xù)C、租船訂艙D、按合同規(guī)定時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)將貨物裝船E、迅速發(fā)出裝船通知F、移交有關(guān)貨運(yùn)單據(jù)或數(shù)字信息2) The sellers costs 賣方的費(fèi)用All costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered on board the vessel at the named port of shipment +Loading charges+ Carriage裝船前的一切費(fèi)用、裝船費(fèi)用、貨物從裝運(yùn)港

25、至目的港的正常運(yùn)費(fèi)3)The sellers risks 賣方的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)The same as under FOB 與FOB術(shù)語一樣2.Problems should be noted when adopt CFR采用CFR術(shù)語時(shí)應(yīng)注意的問題Unloading charges 卸貨費(fèi)用的負(fù)擔(dān)問題1)stipulate in the contract 合同中明確規(guī)定Unloading Charges to be covered by the Buyer.(for voyage charter) (大宗貨物程租船運(yùn)輸)2)Variants of CFR CFR的變形CFR Ex Tackle New

26、YorkCFR Liner Terms New YorkCFR Landed New YorkCFR Ex Ships Hold New YorkCase Study 某市一進(jìn)出口公司按CFR貿(mào)易術(shù)語與法國馬賽一進(jìn)口商簽訂一批抽紗臺(tái)布出口合同,價(jià)值8萬美元。貨物于1月8日上午裝“昌盛輪”完畢,當(dāng)天因經(jīng)辦該項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)的外銷員工作繁忙,待到9日上班時(shí)才想起給買方發(fā)裝船通知。法商收到我裝船通知向當(dāng)?shù)乇kU(xiǎn)公司申請投保時(shí),該保險(xiǎn)公司已獲悉“昌盛輪”已于9日凌晨在海上遇難而拒絕承擔(dān)。于是法商立即來電表示該批貨物損失應(yīng)由我進(jìn)出口公司承擔(dān)并同時(shí)索賠8000美元,且拒不贖單。由于該法商是我方老客戶,經(jīng)我方向其申述困

27、難并表示歉意后也就不再堅(jiān)持索賠,但我方錢貨兩空的教訓(xùn)實(shí)值得吸取。(三) CIF(named port of destination)1.Insurance 保險(xiǎn)問題(1)Coverage of Insurance 保險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)別 如合同中未明確規(guī)定,賣方只可投保協(xié)會(huì)貨物條款(ICC)或類似條款中最低的保險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)別(2)Insurance Amount 保險(xiǎn)金額 110% of the contract price of goods如合同中未明確規(guī)定,保險(xiǎn)金額最少應(yīng)按貨價(jià)另加10% 1.Transfer of risksThe same as under FOB,CFR2.Unloading charge

28、s3. Symbolic deliveryThe same as under CFR() CIF(named port of destination)CASE STUDY我某出口公司按CIF條件,憑不可撤銷議付信用證支付方式向某外商出售貨物一批。該商按合同規(guī)定開來的信用證經(jīng)我方審核無誤。我出口公司在信用證規(guī)定的裝運(yùn)期限內(nèi)在裝運(yùn)港將貨物裝上開往目的港的海輪,并在裝運(yùn)前向保險(xiǎn)公司辦理了貨物運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)。但裝船完畢不久,海輪起火爆炸沉沒,該批貨物全部滅失。外商聞?dòng)嵑髞黼姳硎揪芙^付款。你認(rèn)為我出口公司應(yīng)如何處理?并說明理由。答案要點(diǎn)本案涉及到CIF合同的性質(zhì),即CIF術(shù)語達(dá)成的合同對買賣雙方承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的劃分

29、。按2010年通則的規(guī)定,采用CIF術(shù)語,買賣雙方以裝運(yùn)港裝船為界劃分貨物風(fēng)險(xiǎn),凡貨物在裝船后發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),應(yīng)當(dāng)由買方負(fù)責(zé)。CIF合同是一種象征性交貨合同,特點(diǎn)是“憑單交貨,憑單付款”,只要賣方按合同要求將貨物裝船并提交了合格的單據(jù),即使貨物已在運(yùn)輸途中損壞或丟失,買方也必須履行付款義務(wù)。因此在本案中,我方不應(yīng)同意對方的要求,應(yīng)由對方持我方轉(zhuǎn)讓的保險(xiǎn)單據(jù)向保險(xiǎn)公司索賠。 Case Study我國山東某出口公司按CIF條件與韓國某進(jìn)口公司簽訂了一筆初級(jí)產(chǎn)品的交易合同。在合同規(guī)定的裝運(yùn)期內(nèi),賣方備妥了貨物,安排好了從裝運(yùn)港到目的港的運(yùn)輸事項(xiàng)。在裝船時(shí),賣方考慮到從裝運(yùn)港到目的港距離較近,且風(fēng)平浪靜,

30、不會(huì)發(fā)生什么意外,因此,沒有辦理海運(yùn)貨物保險(xiǎn)。實(shí)際上,貨物也安全及時(shí)抵達(dá)目的港,但賣方所提交的單據(jù)中缺少了保險(xiǎn)單,買方因市場行情發(fā)生了對自己不利的變化,就以賣方所交的單據(jù)不全為由,要求拒收貨物拒付貨款。請問,買方的要求是否合理?此案應(yīng)如何處理?答案要點(diǎn)從交貨方式上來看,CIF 是一種典型的象征性交貨(Symbolic Delivery)。象征性交貨是針對實(shí)際交貨而言。在象征性交貨方式下,賣方是憑單交貨,買方是憑單付款。只要賣方如期向買方提交了合同規(guī)定的全套合格單據(jù),即使貨物在運(yùn)輸途中損壞或滅失,買方也必須履行付款義務(wù)。反之,如果賣方提交的單據(jù)不符合要求,即使貨物完好無損地運(yùn)達(dá)目的港,買方仍有權(quán)

31、拒收單據(jù)并拒付貨款。還需指出,按CIF術(shù)語成交,賣方履行其交單義務(wù)只是得到買方付款的前提條件,除此之外,他還必須履行交貨義務(wù)。因此,本案中,買方提出的要求是合理的,賣方必須提交符合規(guī)定的全套單據(jù),買方可以拒收貨物拒付貨款,或向賣方提出索賠。(四)FOB、CFR、CIF三者的應(yīng)用理論上講,出口應(yīng)盡量使用:理論上講,進(jìn)口應(yīng)盡量使用:CIFFOB1、三者的比較相同點(diǎn)1)運(yùn)輸方式相同 2)交貨地點(diǎn)相同3)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)劃分相同 4)交貨性質(zhì)相同不同點(diǎn)1)買賣雙方承擔(dān)的責(zé)任不同2)買賣雙方承擔(dān)的費(fèi)用不同Application of FOB、CFR、CIF1、FOB/CFR/CIF Similarity1)tran

32、sportation 2)delivery point3)risks transfer 4)symbolic deliveryDifference1)responsibilities taken by the two parties2)costs covered by the contracted two parties2、三者價(jià)格的構(gòu)成 FOB CFR+F(國外運(yùn)費(fèi)) CIF+I(國外保險(xiǎn)費(fèi))FOB=進(jìn)貨成本價(jià)+國內(nèi)費(fèi)用+凈利潤3、目前實(shí)際應(yīng)用情況2.Relationship of the three trade terms FOB CFR+F(Freight) CIF+I(Insuranc

33、e)FOB=material costs + sale costs+ net profits3.Application of the three trade terms in practiceCase Study 我西北某市某出口公司于某年12月向日本出口30噸甘草膏,每噸40箱共1200箱,每噸售價(jià)為1800美元FOB新港,共54,000美元,即期信用證,裝運(yùn)期為12月25日前,貨物必須裝集裝箱。該公司在12月上旬便將貨物運(yùn)到天津,并負(fù)責(zé)訂箱裝船。不料貨物在天津存?zhèn)}后的第三天,倉庫午夜著火,1200箱貨物全部被焚。該公司只好要求日商將裝運(yùn)期延長15天,重新發(fā)貨。()FCA(named pla

34、ce)1.The sellers obligations1)The sellers responsibilitiesA. Provision of the goods in conformity with the contractB. All customs formalities for the export of goodsC. Deliver the goods to the carrier at the named place on the date or within the agreed periodD. Give the sufficient notice to the buye

35、rE. Provision of the transport documents or equivalent electronic message(四)FCA(named place)1、賣方義務(wù)1)賣方的責(zé)任A、提供符合合同規(guī)定的貨物B、辦理出口手續(xù)C、按照規(guī)定的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn),將貨物交與 買方指定的承運(yùn)人D、迅速通知買方E、移交有關(guān)的貨運(yùn)單據(jù)或電子數(shù)據(jù)2.The sellers costs 賣方的費(fèi)用All costs relating to the goods until such time as they have been delivered to the carrier貨交承運(yùn)人以前的

36、一切費(fèi)用3.The sellers risks 賣方的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)All risks of loss of or damage to the goods until such time as they have been delivered to the carrier貨交承運(yùn)人以前的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(五)CPT(named place of destination)CPT=FCA+C(國外運(yùn)費(fèi))(六)CIP(named place of destination)CIP=CPT+I(國外保險(xiǎn)費(fèi))()CPT(named place of destination)CPT=FCA+C (Carriage)()CIP

37、(named place of destination)CIP=CPT+I(insurance premium)Comparison of the widely adopted trade termsOcean or inland waterway transport FOB+F CFR+I CIF FCAIrrespective mode of transport, including multimodal transport+C CPT+I CIPcomparisonDelivered on board the vesselDelivery to the first carrier常用貿(mào)易

38、術(shù)語關(guān)系圖適用于海洋或內(nèi)河運(yùn)輸 FOB+F CFR+I CIF FCA適用于任何運(yùn)輸方式包括多式聯(lián)運(yùn)+C CPT+I CIP對應(yīng)裝運(yùn)港裝船貨交第一承運(yùn)人 (一)EXW1.3 Other Trade Terms 英文名稱: Ex Works (named place) 中文名稱: 工廠交貨(指定地點(diǎn)) 交貨地點(diǎn): 賣方工廠或倉庫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)劃分的界限:貨交買方處置時(shí)起主要的運(yùn)輸、保險(xiǎn)及進(jìn)出口報(bào)關(guān)責(zé)任: 買方適合的運(yùn)輸方式: 任何EXW(綜述)賣方在指定的地點(diǎn)將貨物交給買方處置時(shí),即完成交貨,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)從此轉(zhuǎn)移給買方賣方需提交單據(jù)賣方不辦理出口清關(guān)手續(xù)不負(fù)責(zé)將貨物裝上任何運(yùn)輸工具賣方責(zé)任最小的術(shù)語該術(shù)語雖不是最

39、常用的,但由于其價(jià)格最低,對買方有一定吸引力,一般是現(xiàn)場付款,按它達(dá)成的交易,在性質(zhì)上類似于國內(nèi)貿(mào)易。注意 (1)買方要考慮出口手續(xù)的辦理問題。(2)安排好貨物的交接工作(賣方通知買方交接貨物的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)) (3)明確貨物的包裝、包裝費(fèi)的負(fù)擔(dān)及貨物的裝運(yùn)一般情況下,賣方不承擔(dān)將貨物裝上運(yùn)輸工具上的責(zé)任及費(fèi)用。Thisruleistobeusedonlyforseaorinlandwaterwaytransport.“FreeAlongsideShip”meansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodsareplacedalongsidethevesselnominat

40、edbythebuyeratthenamedportofshipment.Theriskoflossofordamagetothegoodspasseswhenthegoodsarealongsidetheship,andthebuyerbearsallcostsfromthatmomentonwards.(二)FAS(Free alongside ship,船邊交貨)使用FAS術(shù)語應(yīng)注意的問題(1)船邊交貨和船貨銜接問題。買賣雙方負(fù)擔(dān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用均以船邊為界劃分。如果買方所派的船只不能靠岸,賣方要負(fù)責(zé)用駁船把貨物運(yùn)至船邊,仍在船邊交貨,而買方承擔(dān)裝船的責(zé)任和費(fèi)用。(2)賣方負(fù)責(zé)出口清關(guān)(3)

41、對FAS術(shù)語的不同解釋。2010通則,F(xiàn)AS只適用于海運(yùn)和內(nèi)河運(yùn)輸。而1990年美國對外貿(mào)易定義修訂本中FAS適用任何運(yùn)輸方式。因此同北美國家的交易中如使用FAS,應(yīng)加上“Vessel”字樣。(三)DAT( Delivered at terminal運(yùn)輸終端交貨)“Delivered at Terminal” means that the seller delivers when the goods, once unloaded from the arriving means of transport, are placed at the disposal of the buyer at a

42、named terminal at the named port or place of destination. “Terminal” includes any place, whether covered or not, such as a quay, warehouse, container yard or road, rail or air cargo terminal. 賣方在便于買方處置的終點(diǎn)港或終點(diǎn)地將貨物從運(yùn)輸工具中卸下,完成交貨?!敖K端”指任何地方,包括但不限于:碼頭、倉庫、集裝箱堆場、公路、鐵路或者空港。正確理解運(yùn)輸終端的含義,任何地點(diǎn)注意賣方責(zé)任的限度 將貨物運(yùn)到合同規(guī)定的運(yùn)輸終端(四)DAP(Delivered at place,目的地交貨)“DeliveredatPlace”meansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodsareplacedatthedisposalofthebuyeronthearrivingmeansoftransportreadyforunloadingatthenamedplaceofdestination.Thesellerbearsallrisksinvolvedinbringingthegoodstothenamedplace.賣方要在合

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