計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)12Interfaces課件

1、LessonInterfaces12What is API?What is the user interface?Warm-up Exercises application program interface應(yīng)用程序接口user interface 用戶界面keep track of 記錄specify 詳細(xì)說(shuō)明make file 生成文件random access 隨機(jī)存取disk drive 磁盤(pán)驅(qū)動(dòng)器Word Preparationfree storage 空閑記憶區(qū)archive 存檔response codes 響應(yīng)碼tape drive 磁帶驅(qū)動(dòng)器graphical user in

2、terface圖形用戶界面shell 外殼程序Word PreparationThe interfaces to the world include the application program interface and the user interface.Application Program InterfaceJust as drivers provide a way for applications to make use of hardware subsystems without having to know every detail of the hardwares oper

3、ation, application program interfaces (APIs) let application programmers use functions of the computer and operating system without having to directly keep track of all the details in the CPUs operation. Lets look at the example of creating a hard disk file for holding data to see why this can be im

4、portant. Text應(yīng)用程序接口（API）使應(yīng)用程序編程人員可以利用計(jì)算機(jī)和操作系統(tǒng)的功能，而不必直接跟蹤C(jī)PU操作的所有細(xì)節(jié)A programmer writing an application to record data from a scientific instrument might want to allow the scientist to specify the name of the file created. The operating system might provide an API function named MakeFile for creating

5、files. When writing the program, the programmer would insert a line that looks like this: MakeFileIn this example, the instruction tells the operating system to create a file that will allow random access to its data , will have a name typed in by the user, and will be a size that varies depending o

6、n how much data is stored in the file (2). Now, lets look at what the operating system does to turn the instruction into action.TextThe operating system sends a query to the disk drive to get the location of the first available free storage location. 1. With that information, the operating system cr

7、eates an entry in the file system showing the beginning and ending locations of the file, the name of the file, the file type, whether the file has been archived, which users have permission to look at or modify the file, and the date and time of the files creation. 2. The operating system writes in

8、formation at the beginning of the file that identifies the file, sets up the type of access possible and includes other information that ties the file to the application. TextIn all of this information, the queries to the disk drive and addresses of the beginning and ending point of the file are in

9、formats heavily dependent on the manufacturer and model of the disk drive. Because the programmer has written her program to use the API for disk storage, she doesnt have to keep up with the instruction codes, data types, and response codes for every possible hard disk and tape drive. The operating

10、system, connected to drivers for the various hardware subsystems, deals with the changing details of the hardware - the programmer must simply write code for the API and trust the operating system to do the rest.Text她不必涉及每個(gè)磁盤(pán)與磁帶驅(qū)動(dòng)器的指令代碼、數(shù)據(jù)類型和響應(yīng)代碼APIs have become one of the most hotly contested areas

11、 of the computer industry in recent years. Companies realize that programmers using their API will ultimately translate into the ability to control and profit from a particular part of the industry. This is one of the reasons that so many companies have been willing to provide applications like read

12、ers or viewers to the public at no charge. They know consumers will request that programs take advantage of the free readers, and application companies will be ready to pay royalties to allow their software to provide the functions requested by the consumers. Text他們知道，客戶會(huì)請(qǐng)求程序利用免費(fèi)閱讀器。應(yīng)用程序公司要準(zhǔn)備支付版稅，使其

13、軟件提供客戶請(qǐng)求的功能User InterfaceJust as the API provides a consistent way for applications to use the resources of the computer system, a user interface (UI) brings structure to the interaction between a user and the computer. In the last decade, almost all development in user interfaces has been in the ar

14、ea of the graphical user interface (GUI), with two models, Apples Macintosh and Microsofts Windows, receiving most of the attention and gaining most of the market share. The popular, open-source Linux operating system also supports a graphical user interface.TextThere are other user interfaces, some

15、 graphical and some not, for other operating systems. Unix, for example, has user interfaces called shells that present a user interface more flexible and powerful than the standard operating system text-based interface. Programs such as the Korn Shell and the C Shell are text-based interfaces that

16、add important utilities, but their main purpose is to make it easier for the user to manipulate the functions of the operating system. There are also graphical user interfaces, such as X-Windows and Gnome, that make Unix and Linux more like Windows and Macintosh computers from the users point of vie

17、w. TextIts important to remember that in all of these examples, the user interface is a program or set of programs that sits as a layer above the operating system itself. The same thing is true, with somewhat different mechanisms, of both Windows and Macintosh operating systems. The core operating-s

18、ystem functions, the management of the computer system, lie in the kernel of the operating system. The display manager is separate, though it may be tied tightly to the kernel beneath. The ties between the operating-system kernel and the user interface, utilities and other software define many of th

19、e differences in operating systems today, and will further define them in the future. Text用戶界面是位于操作系統(tǒng)上層的一個(gè)或一組程序。User InterfaceA set of routines that an application program uses to request and carry out lower-level services performed by a computers operating system.The aspects of a computer system or

20、 program which can be seen (or heard or otherwise perceived) by the human user, and the commands and mechanisms the user uses to control its operation and input data.Key TermsApplication Program InterfaceThe use of pictures rather than just words to represent the input and output of a program. A pro

21、gram with a GUI runs under some windowing system (e.g. The X Window System, MacOS, Microsoft Windows, Acorn RISC OS, NEXTSTEP). The program displays certain icons, buttons, dialogue boxes, etc. in its windows on the screen and the user controls it mainly by moving a pointer on the screen (typically

22、controlled by a mouse) and selecting certain objects by pressing buttons on the mouse while the pointer is pointing at them. This contrasts with a command line interface where communication is by exchange of strings of text.Key TermsGraphical User InterfacePlural Unices. An interactive time-sharing

23、operating system invented in 1969 by Ken Thompson after Bell Labs left the Multics project, originally so he could play games on his scavenged PDP-7. Dennis Ritchie, the inventor of C, is considered a co-author of the system. The turning point in Unixs history came when it was reimplemented almost e

24、ntirely in C during 1972 - 1974, making it the first source-portable OS. Unix subsequently underwent mutations and expansions at the hands of many different people, resulting in a uniquely flexible and developer-friendly environment. By 1991, Unix had become the most widely used multi-user general-p

25、urpose operating system in the world. Many people consider this the most important victory yet of hackerdom over industry opposition (but see Unix weenie and Unix conspiracy for an opposing point of view). Key TermsUNIX Operating SystemUnix is now offered by many manufacturers and is the subject of an international standardisation effort called?. Unix-like operating systems include AIX, A/UX, BSD, Debian, FreeBSD, GNU, HP-UX, Linux, NetBSD, NEXTSTEP, OpenBSD, OPENSTEP, OSF, POSIX, RISCiX, Solaris, SunOS, System V, Ultrix, US