Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用

1、Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用Pronouns1. Pronoun Reference （代詞照應(yīng)）A. Personal Reference 人稱(chēng)照應(yīng) Demonstrative Reference 指示照應(yīng)-Crime author Agatha Christie wrote a lot of books and plays in her lifetime. They are still selling very well today, over thirty years after her death. - He married one of his s

2、tudents, and this / that was known to us all. Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用B. Anaphoric Reference 后照應(yīng) Crime author Agatha Christie wrote a lot of books and plays in her lifetime. Cataphoric Reference 前照應(yīng) When he was at college, Alex was a great friend of mine. Situational Reference 語(yǔ)境照應(yīng) He married one of his stu

3、dents, and this / that was known to us all. Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用2. Pronoun concord with the antecedentA. Pronoun concord in numbereg. The women in the committee expressed their opinions forcefully. Tom spoke to his mother, but she didnt hear him.B. Pronoun concord in genderPronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用C. Pronoun con

4、cord in persona. Pron. concord in person with Antecedent- Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children. - Caswell pulled me to the hotel bar room and yelled for a waiter. We ordered drinks. While we drank, he talked continuously about himself, his family, his wife and he

5、r family. Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用b. Pron. concord in person in a textWe are all born into this world as equals, but for various reasons, not all people are treated as equals. This inequality begins when you reach the age of five, for that is when you will enter elementary school. In school, the child is no

6、 longer “Mommys darling.” you now have to prove yourself to the other children and also to your teacher. If one seems different from the other students, they are treated differently, and these differences could be anything: pants, shoes, speech, religion, and so forth. It really doesnt matter. Yet r

7、ight from the start, you think that as long as you are different, there is something wrong with you.Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用We are all born into this world as equals, but for various reasons, not all people (all of us) are treated as equals. This inequality begins when you (we) reach the age of five, for th

8、at is when you (we) will enter elementary school. In school, the child (we are) is no longer “Mommys darling.” You (We) now have to prove yourself (oursleves) to the other children and also to your (our) teacher. Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用If one (we seem) seems different from the other students, they (we) are

9、 treated differently, and these differences could be anything: pants, shoes, speech, religion, and so forth. It (They) really doesnt matter. Yet right from the start, you (we) think that as long as you (we) are different, there is something wrong with you (us).Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用3. Classification of Pr

10、onounsPersonal Pronoun Possessive pronoun Self / Reflexive pronoun Reciprocal Pronoun (one another, each other)Demonstrative PronounInterrogative Pronoun (who, what, which)Conjunctive Pronoun (who, whose, what)Relative Pronoun (that, who, whose, which)Indefinite PronounPronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用4. Personal Pr

11、onounI you he she it / we you theyme you him her it / us you them a. Objective Pron. & Subjective Pron. b. first person, second person, third personPronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用4.1. subj. case or obj. case? A. It was she who had been wrong. It is her we are talking about. It was them who saved the drowning girl.

12、 a. subjective case for subject in formal speech b. objective case for object c. obj. case for subject in informal speech B. Open the door please. Its me. What would you do if you were him? Obj. case for complement, esp. at the endPronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用C. -Someone will have to answer for it. -Not you or m

13、e. -Does anyone know where Tom lives? -Me. What! Me (to) play him at chess? No! Objective. case for subject in a sentence without finite-verb predicateD. Im taller than him. （prep. obj.） Im taller than he (is). (conj.+clause) Im not so musical as him / he (is). You sing better than me / I (do).Prono

14、uns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用E. Who or whom?1. _ has offered some help? 2. _ did you meet at the theatre?3. _ did you borrow the book from?4. To _ did you send the parcel?5. She is a woman _ people believe may be the president of the company some day.(1. who, 2. who/whom, 3. who/whom, 4. whom, 5. who)Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用

15、4.2 Generic reference of Personal Pron.a. If you want to see the ruins, you must go on foot. (you=people, including the speaker& listener)b. You / We eat to live, not live to eat. (you/we= people, including the speaker & listener)Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用c. If one wants to see the ruins, he / one must find h

16、is / ones own guide. (one=a person, including speaker& listener)d. They say a storm is coming up. (they=people, excluding speaker or listener)e. He who/that works hard will succeed. (he = any person) Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用4.3 Personal Pronoun “It” （羅國(guó)梁，83-94 ）Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用5. Self pronounsmyself ourselv

17、es yourself yourselves himself/herself/itself/oneself themselves Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用5.1 Non-emphatic use / usu. as Objecta. He taught himself the alphabet of biology. Shes set herself a difficult task Dick was so crazy about Jane that he threw himself at her feet. They quarrelled themselves red in the

18、face.Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用b. Behave yourself while I am away. We availed ourselves of every chance to speak English. We are determined to devote ourselves to the cause of education. He applied himself to American history. Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用5.2 Emphatic usea. He would allow no one but himself to operate the

19、 machine. I dont know anything about it, why dont you ask himself? She is about the same age as you / yourself. object - sometimes emphaticPronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用b. Lucy herself will perform the operation. You should solve the problem yourself. I like the diamond itself but not the setting. appositive (usu

20、. Emphatic) Frank is not quite himself today. (predicative) My colleague or myself / I will attend to the work. (subject) Simplicity is in itself a form of beauty. They did the exercise by themselves Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用6. Demonstrative pronouns this, that, these, those such, same, former, latterPronoun

21、s代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用A. this / that” - Anaphoric Reference eg. Steve had a bad cold. This / That was why he didnt turn up. Of all the pictures, I like this / that / these / those best. B. this - Cataphoric Reference eg. This is what I mean: You should have changed, not deleted that paragraph. I said this. There

22、 should be no error, no delay, and no waste. * I like that. He damages my bike and then blames me for letting him use it.Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用C. that / those: to replace a N. in previous text His last two books are a great success as compared with _ he wrote earlier. (those)The cake made of wheat costs l

23、ess than _ made of riceA cake made of wheat costs less than _ made of rice (that = the cake, one a cake） The desk made of wood costs less than _ of steel.A desk made of wood costs less than _ of steel. (that = the desk, one = a desk)Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用D. Such（羅國(guó)梁，103-106 ）Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用7. Indefinite

24、Pronouns-some/any/every/no + body/one/thing-every, no-all, enough, many/much, some/any/other, (a) few/(a) little/several, both/either/neither, each/one/another/nonePronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用7.1 some(-body, -one, -thing) & any (-body, -one, -thing) A. I need somebody to help me in the work. Has anybody anythin

25、g to say? If you want anything, you can call me.B. Fred racked his brains more than anyone else in solving this problem. Did somebody phone me last night? Why dont you ask something else? context determinationPronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用C. Anyone can tell you the way. I want something to eat, anything will do.

26、Anyone who does that is risking his own life. Anyone can enter for the competition, cant they? “any-” “some-”D. “anyone” and “any one”eg. Anyone can do that. Which screwdriver do you want? -Any one will do.Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用 7.2 nobody, no one, nothing, noneA. Nobody, no one a. _ likes _ friends to ta

27、ke advantage of _.b. Miss Watkins was a _. She was a drifter. No family, no close friends. (a: nobody/no one, his, him; b: nobody) nobody = no one (sb.) nobody: unimportant person Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用B. nothing , nonea. Theres _ on the blackboard.b. Of his three sons, _ likes literature.c. _ of the lett

28、ers have been answered. d. Whats on the blackboard? _.e. How many students are in the room? _.f. How much petrol is left? _.a. nothing b. none c. none d. nothing e. none f. nonePronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用nothing (sth.); none (sb. or sth.)nothing whatnone how many / how muchPronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用7.3 each, every, ever

29、yone/everybodya. each-2 / sb. or sth. / n.&adj. role every-3 / sb. or sth. / adj. role everyone- 3 / sb. / n. roleeg. There is a line of trees on each side of the river. Two men came into the room. Each carried an umbrella. Every student should do his best. Everyone over eighteen has a vote.Pronouns

30、代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用b. each - every/everyone The secretary knows every student of the class by name. The secretary knows each student of the class by name. Many girls came and I gave an apple to each. Many girls came and I gave an apple to everyone.Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用 I walked into the room and gave an apple to ev

31、erybody. I walked into the room and gave an apple to each. (). I gave each of the girls (=everyone) in the room an apple.Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用“each” can be appositive; “every” cant.eg. They each have two tickets. They have each told me the same story. They were each sentenced to thirty days. Everybody lo

32、oked after himself / themselves. Each / Every one of the students should have his / their own books.Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用7.4 other, anotherA. othera. other + n. (sin./pl.; count./uncount.)eg. Other members may not like the idea. Any other student will do. Write your answer on every other line. We have no

33、 other business this morning.Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用b. other / others = n.eg. Of the two applicants one is a student and the other a textile worker. Mary and I got home by 7 oclock but not the others. (=the rest) Be good to others. (泛指:other people)Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用B. anothera. another + n.(sin.)eg. Let me

34、have another try. She had another cup of tea. We have another two meetings this week.Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用b. If youve already seen that film, we can go and see another. Is this another of schemes to make money? I dont like these. Have you any others / more? Please let me see some others / more. another =

35、 n. (*pl: some/any others/more)Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用7.5 many, mucha. in negative sentences and questions.eg. There are not many buses on this route. Were there many people at the reception? We havent paid much attention to it. Did you have much snow last winter?Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用Quantifiers In the positive

36、 sentence:many=a large/great/good number of; numerousmuch=a great/large amount of; a great deal ofmany/much=a lot of, lots of, plenty ofPronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用b. “many”& “much” in a positive sentenceb/1. I doubt whether there will be many people at the show on this rainy day. No one can tell whether there

37、will be much argument on the case. b/1. in “whether/if” clausePronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用b/2. Many teachers use audio-visual aids in their language classes. Much work has to be done before the plant goes into operation. b/2. at the beginning of a sentencePronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用b/3. We had too much rain this summer. Y

38、ou used too many big words in your composition. We can let you have as many copies as you need. Its unimaginable that he has so much strength at his age. b/3. after “so, too, as, how”P(pán)ronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用8. Relative Pronoun who whom whose which that關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)限定性/非限定性指人限定性/非限定性指物限定性指人或指物主格whowhi

39、chthat賓格whomthatthat屬格whoseWhose或Of whichWhose或Of whichPronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用Relative Adverb關(guān)系副詞指代在從句中的作用When=at/in/on/during which where =in/at/ whichWhy=for which 時(shí)間時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)地點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)原因原因狀語(yǔ)關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，既引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，又在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用1. This is the best hotel in the city _ I know. A. it B. where C. that D. w

40、hich2. Your teacher of Chinese is a young lady _ comes from Beijing. A. who B. which C. whom D. whose3. Is there anything else_ you require? A. which B. that C. who D. whatPronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用4. Whats the name of the man_? A. you borrowed his car B. which car you borrowed C. whose car you borrowed D. hi

41、s car you borrowed5. Is this the very school_ the foreigners visited the other day?6. Is this school _ the foreigners visited the other day?7. This is the school _ we studied together ten years ago. A. that B. which C. the one D. wherethatthe onewherePronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用8. Hes got himself into a dangero

42、us situation _ he is likely to lose control over the plane. A.where B. which C.while D. why9. Is this the factory _ he works now? A. that B. where C. which D. the one10. Is it in that factory _ “Red Flag” cars are produced? A. in which B. where C. which D. thatPronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用11. The film brought th

43、e hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that far-away village. A. which B. that C. when D. where12. The reason _ Mandela is a great man is that he gains equal rights for black people. A. which B. that C. why D. for that13. Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise.A. which B. that C. it D. he Pronouns代詞的分類(lèi)和應(yīng)用14. I usually take froty winks after lunch, _ is my habit. A. as B. that C. as it D. which it15. The structure is very complicated, _shown in the future. A. as B. which C. th