關(guān)系詞的意義及作用

1、關(guān)系詞的意義及作用定語從句是中學(xué)階段英語語法中十分重要的一個(gè)語法項(xiàng)目。它在句子中出現(xiàn)的頻率很高。對正確理解句子的意義起著舉足輕重的作用。 定語從句分為：限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。定語從句一般都緊跟在它所修飾名詞后面，所以如果在名詞或代詞后面出現(xiàn)一個(gè)從句，根據(jù)它與前面名詞或代詞的邏輯關(guān)系來判斷是否 是定語從句。被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞叫做 “先行詞 ”。引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫 “關(guān)系詞 ”。關(guān)系詞有兩個(gè)作用：一、引導(dǎo)定語從句。二、代替先行詞在其引導(dǎo)的定語從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成分。 理解和牢記這兩條概念，弄清楚關(guān)系詞在定語從句充當(dāng)什么成分，是掌握定語從句的關(guān)鍵。關(guān)系詞的選用與判斷 在前一節(jié)

2、中我們講到正確選擇關(guān)系詞是掌握定語從句的關(guān)鍵。關(guān)系詞的選擇完全取決于先行詞在定語從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)氖裁闯煞?。關(guān)系詞一共有九個(gè)，它們在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞忠娤卤?。關(guān)系詞 主語 賓語 表語 定語 狀語 說 明that人/物人/物V Xv不能用于非限定性從句which 物物 X XVwho 人 XXXXwhom X 人 xxxwhose xxx人/物 Xwhen XXXXVwhere xxxxVwhy xxxxVas主要用于非限制性的定語從句和suchas, the same as, as結(jié)構(gòu)中。關(guān)系詞的選用 先行詞為all,everything,nothing等不定代詞，代替物時(shí)，定語從句that用

3、引導(dǎo)。注： something 后一般用 which 。Is there anything that you want to explain?In 1898 they declared that they believed there was something in nature which gave out radiation. 先行詞前有形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞或only,very,none,no,little,few,much等修飾時(shí)定語從句用that引導(dǎo)。This is the only reason that I can say.This is the first step that

4、can be taken.It is the best one that you may choose.way后面的定語從句，引導(dǎo)定語從句有三種情況：在比較正式的文體中用in which ；般情況下用thatin which 和 that 省去。I was struck by the beauty of the way in which she stood.It was clear that the speaker now trusted Tom from the way in which these words were said.Lincoln asked the people to th

5、ink of slavery in the way that these men did.Mary,there is one way that you could stop others talking about you and criticizing you.Thats the way I looked at it.The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed. 先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞時(shí)(country,school,room)而關(guān)系詞代替先行詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語，一般用 where 引導(dǎo)定語從句。

6、也可以用介詞 which 的結(jié)構(gòu)。值得注意的是 which 前介詞的選擇是根據(jù) 先行詞與介詞的搭配關(guān)系而定。東西。是比較：The room where(=in which)he used to live has now been turned into a museum.The desk where(=on which)I put my bag is his.This is the school where(=in which)I joined the Party.定語從句(二) 關(guān)系詞的選用與判斷(續(xù)) 先行詞是表示時(shí)間的名詞(year,month,day,night )；而關(guān)系詞代替先行詞

7、在定語從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語，一般用when引導(dǎo)定語從句。 也可以用介詞 which 的結(jié)構(gòu)。值得注意的是 which 前介詞的選擇是根據(jù)先行詞與介詞的搭配關(guān)系而定。在掌握第 4、第 5 條時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意：介詞的位置變化以及相應(yīng)的關(guān)系詞的變化。請分析下面兩個(gè)句子。那就是他工作的大學(xué)。廠 at which he works.卜 which he works at.That is the college 卜 where he works.卜 that he works at.L he works at.它出生的那一天是 1952年 8月 20 日。廠 on which he was born卜 whic

8、h he was born onThe day 卜 when he was born was Aug.20,1952.卜 that he was born onL he was born on除了第4、第5條中when； where可以用介詞+關(guān)系詞這種用法外。還有其他情況也可以用這種結(jié)構(gòu)。即：介詞+ which?；蚪樵~+whom。請看下面例句：This is the classmate with whom Ill go to the cinema.The subject in which Im most interested is English.We can see the method

9、by which the computer works. 在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中；介詞與先行詞組成短語；在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分；因此介詞的選用時(shí)受到一定限制的；仍然根據(jù)先行詞與介詞的搭 配關(guān)系而定。三、關(guān)于as引導(dǎo)定語從句的問題as引導(dǎo)定語從句主要用于非限制性定語從句和the sameas, suchas； asas的結(jié)構(gòu)中。as與which都可以引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限制性定語從句，并代表前面整個(gè)句子或主句中的表語。He married the girl ； as(which)was natural.He seemed a freigner,as(which)in fact he was.不同的是：as引導(dǎo)的定語從

10、句可以前置；而 which不行。As was natural, he married the girl.在the sameas,such -as,as -a結(jié)構(gòu)中；same,such,as之后應(yīng)是名詞或形容詞+名詞。We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.Some people have no doubt that their cat understands as many words as a dog does.We hope to get such a tool as he is using.這三種結(jié)構(gòu)也可以用which改寫。

11、但要去掉這種結(jié)構(gòu)，不能直接用which代替as。以上三句分別可以改寫成：We are facing the problems which we faced years ago.Some people have no doubt that their cat understands the words which a dog understands.We hope to get the tool which he is using.the sameas與the samethat引導(dǎo)的定語從句在意義上的區(qū)別是：前者修飾的是與原物同樣的；而后者修飾的就是先行詞同樣的This is the same

12、watch as I lost.這和我丟失的那一只表一樣。（不是同一只）This is the same watch that I lost.這就是我丟失的那一只表。（同一只）注意事項(xiàng)：1.一般說來，除了用定語從句解釋名詞或泛指外，先行詞前應(yīng)有定冠詞the。2.在限制性定語從句中 which, whom, that 充當(dāng)賓語時(shí)，可以省略。而在非限制性定語從句中whom, who, which 不能省略。3.在含有非限制性定語從句的復(fù)合句中從句與主句之間應(yīng)該用逗號隔開。4.定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別。首先看引導(dǎo)從句的關(guān)系詞句。再看 that 前的名詞是否是一些需要有內(nèi)容的名詞，如： 的從句中部充

13、當(dāng)任何成分），這個(gè)從句則是同位語從句。He expressed the hope that he has had for many years.hope在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分，又加上后面從句是說明that 是否在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。如果在從句中充當(dāng)主、賓、表，則是定語從 idea, fact, thought, news 等。后面的從句是說明其內(nèi)容的，（這個(gè)名詞在后面 hope 的內(nèi)容的，因此時(shí)同位語從句。5.the reason why（二for which）是由why或for which引導(dǎo)的定語從句。而 the reason that也是that引導(dǎo)的定語從句。that往往省略。This

14、 is the reason why he was late. =This is the reason (that)he was late.6.當(dāng)主句中有 who, which時(shí)，而定語從句中也要用到who或which時(shí)，為了避免whowho, whichwhich等重疊，定語從句用that引導(dǎo)Who is the man that is standing by the door?Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk?先行詞為人和物作并列成分時(shí)，定語從句用that 引導(dǎo)。John and his dog that were

15、 here a moment ago disappear now.8不論人或物在定語從句中作表語時(shí)，用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，而that通常省掉。He is no longer the man that he was.9. oneof可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)；而“one f可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”前有the, only或the only修飾，定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。He is one of the students who study very hard at school.He is the(only/the only) one of the students who stu

16、dies very hard at school. What 與高考 一.用作連接代詞，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。1 引導(dǎo)主語從句，在從句中充當(dāng)主語，賓語或表語。 高考考例 1. made the school proud was more than 90%of the students had been admitted to key universities. 2003 上海春季 高考 33A. What; becauseB. What; that C. That; what D. That;became思路點(diǎn)撥答案為B。What引導(dǎo)主語從句，在從句中作主語；that引導(dǎo)表語從句，在表語從句中起連接

17、作用。 高考考例 2. she couldnt understand was fewer andfewer students showed interest in her lessons. 2000 上海高考 27A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that思路點(diǎn)撥答案為A.主語從句she couldn t understa缺少賓語，要 用 what 引導(dǎo)。表語從句 fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons 是一個(gè)完整的句子，要用 why 引導(dǎo)。譯文：為什么

18、越來越少 的學(xué)生對她的課感興趣。故選 A.注：有時(shí)為了保持句子平衡，常用 it 作形式主語，放句首，用 what 連接的主語從句作真正主語放句末。高考考例3t s yreteil understoodcontrols the flow ofcarbon dioxidein and out the atmosphere today.A. that b. when C. what D. how思路點(diǎn)撥答案為C. What引導(dǎo)主語從句，what在從句中作主語。2. 引導(dǎo)表語從句，在從句中充當(dāng)主語 /表語/賓語。高考考例 4. - Are you still thinking about yester

19、day s game?- Oh, that s .2003北京春季高考 25A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about C. howI feel about it D. when I feel excited思路點(diǎn)撥答案為A.此題考查what引導(dǎo)表語從句，在表語從句中作 主語。 高考考例 5. Perseverance is a kind of quality and that s ittakes to do anything well. 2002 上海高考 40A. what B. that C. which

20、D. why 思路點(diǎn)撥 答案為 A. 這是一個(gè)表語從句， what 在表語從句中作 他 可是的賓語。構(gòu)成 It takes sth to do sth 的句型。譯文：堅(jiān)定不移是一 種品質(zhì) -堅(jiān)定不移使人們做好任何事情。3. 引導(dǎo)賓語從句，在從句中充當(dāng)主語賓語或表語。 高考考例 6.People have heard what the president has said; they are waiting to see he will do. 2003 安徽春季高考 24A. how B. what C. when D. that思路點(diǎn)撥答案為B.此題考查what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，在從句中作do

21、 的賓語。排除 A/C/D 故選 B.高考考例 7. When you answer questions in a job interview, please remember the golden rule. Always give the monkey hewants. 2002 上海 38A. what B. which C. when D. that思路點(diǎn)撥答案為A.這是一個(gè)賓語從句，wants后面缺少賓語，所以 要填寫what。譯文：當(dāng)你在找工作面試回答問題時(shí)，請記住這條黃 金定律：永遠(yuǎn)給予對方確定想要的東西。高考考例 8. A computer can only do you ha

22、ve introduced it todo.2001NMET 31A. how B. after C. what D. when 思路點(diǎn)撥 答案為 C. 這是賓語從句， 賓語從句中 to do 缺少賓語，所 以要選擇 what.又如： 1. Little Tom was reluctant to tell the school master what he had done the day before. 2001 上海春季 312. - I think it is going to be a big problem.- Yes, it could be.- I wonder we can d

23、o about it. 2002 春季 28A. if B. how C. what D. that 思路點(diǎn)撥 答案為 C. 考查賓語從句。 二.用于感嘆句中表示一種驚訝。 高考考例 9. role she played in the film! No wonder she has wonan Oscar.A. How interestingB. How an interestingC. What interesting D. What an interesting 思路點(diǎn)撥 答案為 D. 此題考查 what 用于感嘆句中表示驚訝。 又如： (1) What a long way it is

24、from Beijing to London! MET1989 (2) What fine weather we are having today!MET1983(3) Oh, John. What a pleasant surprise you gave us! MET1990 三 .what 在強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量少時(shí)與 little/ few 連用。意為 “盡管很少也 都，盡管一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)也都 ”。 高考考例 10. The home improvements have taken what little there is my spare time.2001NMETA. form B. in C. of

25、 D. at 思路點(diǎn)撥答案為 C. 譯文：家庭改善花去了我僅有的一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)空余時(shí) 間。又如 : I spent what little time I had with my family. 譯文：我僅有的那一點(diǎn)時(shí)間都與家人度過了。 四.在交際英語中的短語考查。What for: 為什么，為何目的。e.g.: - I m going to the park.- What for?what if? 要是怎么辦？假使將會怎么樣？e.g.: What if he doesn t come?3. What s like?e.g.1. -What s the new teacher like?- He s g

26、ot a red beard./ He is honest, loyal and ki-nhdearted .e.g.2. - What s the weather like today?- It s sunny/ rainy/cdo/clloudy/強(qiáng)調(diào)句型 “六強(qiáng)調(diào)”It 作引導(dǎo)詞，用于強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)， 一般用來強(qiáng)調(diào)陳述句中除謂語動(dòng)詞以 外的大多數(shù)句子成分，包括主語、賓語、狀語和相關(guān)從句等，用來加 強(qiáng)語氣。這種強(qiáng)調(diào)句型一般用“ It be被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that (who) +其它部分 ”來構(gòu)成，常用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí)。如：I happened to meet Tom in the street th

27、e day before yesterday.我前天碰巧在街上遇見了湯姆。It was Tom that I happened to meet in the street the day before yesterday.前天我在街上碰巧遇見的是湯姆。It was I who / that happened to meet Tom in the street the day before yesterday.是我前天碰巧在街上遇見了湯姆。It was in the street that I happened to meet Tom the day before yesterday.我前天是在

28、街上碰巧遇見的湯姆。It was the day before yesterday that I happened to meet Tom in the street.我是前天碰巧在街上遇見了湯姆。I. 如果強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是人， 則人稱代詞須保持原來的形式， 這時(shí)連接詞 可用who, whom代替that。如：It is he who / that teaches us French.是他教我們法語。It is us who / whom / that he teaches French. 他是教我們的法語。如果強(qiáng)調(diào)句子中的地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間或原因狀語時(shí)，連接詞仍用that，不能用 where, when

29、或 why。如：It is at the street crossing that I met one of my classmates that I had not seen for ages.我是在十字路口碰到了我多年未見的老同學(xué)。It was last month that I took part in the Palace ball. 我是在上個(gè)月參加的宮廷舞會（不能用when）。It was for this reason, I suppose, that the book took a long time to come out.我想正是由于這種原因使得那本書很長時(shí)間才出版 （不能

30、用 why）。當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)notuntil結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，須將not until連用，后面接肯定式。 如：It was not until at that time that I realized what trouble he was in. 直到那個(gè)時(shí)候我才意識到他有什么麻煩。It was not until the bell rang that the teacher stopped his lesson. 直到鈴響了老師才下課。強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的一般疑問句須將 be的形式提前，放在句首。如：Was it she who said it like that? 是她那樣說的嗎？Was it the book o

31、f this kind that they liked in their childhoods? 他們在孩提時(shí)代喜歡的是這種書嗎？Can it be Jack that stole the purse of the woman? 是杰克偷了那婦女的錢包嗎？強(qiáng)調(diào)句型還可用特殊疑問句。如：What was it that started the big fire in the building?到底是什么原因引起那棟大樓的大火？When was it that she returned the book to the library? 她是什么時(shí)候把書還回圖書館的？Where was it tha

32、t he had worked before he came to this place? 他在來這之前到底在哪兒工作呢？強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與主語從句的區(qū)別： 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型可以還原成正常語序的句子，也就是說，強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中去掉It bethat，句子仍然通順，意義 也依然完整，只是沒有那么強(qiáng)調(diào)突出。而含主語從句的復(fù)合句中的 it 是指示代詞，后面多為系表結(jié)構(gòu)或被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如果去掉 It beth, 句子就不通順了。如：It was in the lab that was taken charge by Professor Harris that they did the experiment.他們正是在哈里斯教授

33、負(fù)責(zé)的實(shí)驗(yàn)室里做的實(shí)驗(yàn)。(=They did theexperiment in the lab that was taken charge by Professor Harri)s.It is certain that he is honest and modest. 很顯然，他是誠實(shí)而謙虛的。It is known to all that paper was made first in China. 眾所周知，紙是中國人最早制造出來的。英語倒裝句 (Inversion)主語和謂語是句子的核心，它們之間有兩種語序： 一是主語在謂語之前稱為自然語序( Natural Order )； 二是主語在

34、謂語之后則稱為倒裝語序( Inverted Order )而倒裝語序中又有完全倒裝( Full Inversion )和部分倒裝( Partial Inversion )完全倒裝( Full Inversion ): 又稱全部倒裝 , 是只將句子中的謂語動(dòng) 詞全部置于主語之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)。部分倒裝( Partial Inversion ): 指將謂語的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒 裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞 do, does 或 did ，并將其置于主語之前。英語句子的倒裝一是由于語法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要而進(jìn)行的倒裝 , 二是由于修辭 的需要而進(jìn)行的倒裝。前一種情況,倒裝是必須的 ,否則就會出現(xiàn)語法錯(cuò)誤 ;后一種情況,倒裝 是選擇性的 , 倒裝與否只會產(chǎn)生表達(dá)效果上的差異。一、 表示強(qiáng)調(diào) :倒裝句最突出、最常見