新四級漢譯英段落翻譯技巧

1、新四級漢譯英段落翻譯解題技巧題型簡介根本要求翻譯技巧題型簡介自2021年12月考次起，全國大學英語四級考試的翻譯局部將由原單句漢譯英調(diào)整文段落漢譯英，翻譯內(nèi)容涉及中國的歷史、文化、經(jīng)濟、社會開展等題材。140160詞 30分鐘15分/100分根本要求 要求考生以詞、句的翻譯為根底，擴大到對整體段落的翻譯的把握，段落內(nèi)容相對完整、結(jié)構相對獨立。翻譯時要把整個段落當作一個有機的語篇，注意各句子之間的銜接和段落間的過渡。翻譯技巧(一) 詞的翻譯(二) 句的翻譯(三) 段落翻譯(一) 詞的翻譯1. 詞義選擇2. 詞類轉(zhuǎn)換3. 詞的增補4. 詞的省略5. 詞的替代1.詞義選擇(1)語境詞漢語有些詞語的含

2、義會因語境而發(fā)生微妙的變化，稱之為“語境詞，應緊 密結(jié)合上下文譯成相應的詞，不能按照原詞的字面意思來譯。原文： 刷新了人與人的關系。譯文：Cell phone have altered the relationship among people.分析：“刷新此處實際是指“改變，而并非是我們平常所指的含義，因此不宜譯成refurbish或renovate，翻譯為alter或 change更恰當。(2) 表意模糊的詞原文：這所全國重點大學為社會輸送了大批的人才。譯文：The national key university has prepared batches of qualified grad

3、uates for the society.分析：“輸送在句中是一個模糊籠統(tǒng)的詞，具體說來是指“培養(yǎng)出?！叭瞬呕\統(tǒng)，譯為qualified graduates比較確切。(3) 比喻詞匯漢語有許多比喻詞匯，外表意義和喻指含義完全不同，英譯時應跳出機械對應的思維定式，動態(tài)地譯出其潛在含義。原文：老師容許給這幾個學生“吃小灶。 譯文：The teacher has promised to give these students special tuition. 分析：“吃小灶在這里指的是“個別輔導。2.詞類轉(zhuǎn)換(1)動詞名詞 英語動詞受到形態(tài)變化規(guī)那么的嚴格限制，大量本應該由動詞 表達的概念，常需借

4、助于名詞，因為名詞不受形態(tài)規(guī)那么的束 縛，使用相對靈活、方便。 原文：吃頭兩個主菜時，也是贊不絕口。 譯文：Youll be full of praise while eating the first two main courses. 分析：英語中有大量抽象名詞表示行為或動作意義 advice,agreement,inheritance,knowledge,praise,use等。 以上例句借助抽象名詞表達了特定的行為動作，譯文也 顯得較為地道。(2)動詞介詞 介詞與名詞密切相關，英語名詞的廣泛使用使得介詞也頻 繁出現(xiàn)，而且英語中有些介詞本身就是由動詞演變來的。 漢譯英時，有些動詞可以用介詞

5、來表達。 原文：人們常用剪紙美化環(huán)境。 譯文：People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings.(3)動詞形容詞 漢語的一些動詞常常用形容詞來表達，這些形容詞通常是 與動詞同源的詞如dreamful,doubtful,sympathetic 等，這樣的譯文有時會更地道、 標準。 原文：在明朝和清朝時期特別流行。 譯文：It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. (4) 形容詞或副詞名詞 由于語法結(jié)構的修辭的需要，漢語的形容詞和副詞也可以 轉(zhuǎn)譯成英語

6、的名詞。 原文:.只有這些生靈自由自在地享受著這個黃昏。 譯文：.leaving these living things to enjoy this moment of dusk with full ease and freedom.(5) 名詞動詞 漢語的名詞由英語的動詞表達，此時漢語中修飾名詞的形 容詞也隨之改為英語中作狀語使用的副詞。 原文：大自然對人的恩賜，無論貧富，一律平等。 譯文：People, poor or rich, are equally favored by Nature.3.詞的增補(1)語法需要 由于漢英兩種語言的差異，漢譯英時往往需要補充漢語里省去的詞語或沒有的詞類

7、，使譯文符合英語語法的要求。增補的詞多為冠詞英語所特有、代詞或名詞充當句子的主語、賓語、定語等成分、連詞和介詞等。原文：農(nóng)業(yè)社會的人比工業(yè)社會的人享受差得多，因此欲望也小得多。譯文：People in the agriculture society enjoyed far less than people in the industry society, thus their desires are far less either.分析：英語中用的最多的介詞有at, by , for, from, in, of, on, to和with九個。這些介詞是連接英語句子的重要紐帶，在英語中起著極其重

8、要的作用。漢譯英時，要根據(jù)上下文搭配靈活地選擇介詞。(2)意思表達需要原文：這是黃河灘上的一幕。譯文：This is a scene taking place on the shore of the Yellow River.分析：增譯taking place 短語，使譯文更為生動貼切。(3)文化背景解釋的需要中西文化差異的存在使得英語和漢語包含著許多文化色彩濃厚且不易為譯文讀者所理解的詞語。在翻譯過程中需要使用增詞譯法把相關文化背景知識翻譯出來。原文：三個臭皮匠，勝過諸葛亮。譯文：The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses that of Zhu

9、ge Liang, the master mind.4.詞的省略把原文中一些僅為語法需要而存在的詞、詞組加以適當省略，到達譯文通順、 意思完整、句子精練的目的。原文：于是轉(zhuǎn)喜為怒，轉(zhuǎn)贊美為責備挑剔，轉(zhuǎn)首肯為搖頭。譯文：Then happiness turns to anger, praise to scolding and nit-piking, and head-nodding to head-shaking.(刪除重復的謂語動詞)5.詞的代替漢譯英時可用替代的方法來防止重復，英語中主要有三種替代現(xiàn)象：名詞成分替代、謂語成分替代和分句替代。 (1) 名詞成分替代 用代詞替代重復出現(xiàn)的名詞 原

10、文：有水有魚的地方大都是有好環(huán)境的，好環(huán)境便會給人好心情。 譯文：A place with water and fish is necessarily blessed with a nice setting, which in return keeps people in good mood. 用名詞性替代詞替代重復出現(xiàn)的名詞 可用于替代的此類名詞包括enough, half, the same, the kind, the sort, the former, the latter, the issue 等。原文：你最喜歡哪個男孩？ 最高的那個男孩。 譯文：-Which boy do you

11、like best? -The tallest one. 同義詞替代 同義詞替代指用不同名詞來表示同一個人或事物，常是概括詞generic term和下屬詞specific word之間的替換。如用the furniture 替代table， 用vehicle 替代car，用the animal 替代horse 等，以免重復。原文：另外一種方法是化學方法。譯文：Another method is the chemical approach. (2) 謂語成分替代 可用于代替重復出現(xiàn)的動詞，或整個謂語局部。此類替代詞包括do 及其搭 配do so, do it, do that, do this

12、, do the same 等，替代句型包括so do/be/will+主語、so+主語+do/be/will、as be+主語等。原文：我不愿為占用你的時間而抱歉，我占用你的時間是有道理的。譯文：I will not apologize for trespassing on your time. I have a good reason for doing so/that. 原文：他說他很勤奮，他確實很勤奮。譯文：You say he is diligent, so he is. 原文：成績有兩重性，錯誤也有兩重性。譯文：Achievement has a dual character, a

13、nd so do mistakes. 3分句替代 用替代詞so/ not 來替代充當賓語的that 從句；用 if so 或if not 替 代條件狀語從句；用so 代替整個從句。 原文；明天會下雨嗎？ 我想不會/會下雨。 譯文：-Will it rain tomorrow? -I guess not/so. 原文：你會來出席會議嗎？假設不出席會議，請及早 通知我們。 譯文：Will you come to attend the meeting? If not, please notice us as soon as possible. (二) 句的翻譯1. 確定主干2. 語序調(diào)整3. 正反轉(zhuǎn)

14、換4. 語態(tài)對譯5. 長句翻譯6. 無主句1.確定主干漢譯英時，不管句子多么復雜，首先要考慮英語的根本框架。組織句子時，始終不脫離“主-謂主干這一總的框架，然后再進行相應的時態(tài)變化、語態(tài)變化、句式轉(zhuǎn)換肯定式、否認式、疑問式、強調(diào)句式及倒裝句式等，增加定語、狀語修飾成分、插入語等。(1)確定主語原文：這個地區(qū)雨水較多。譯文1：It rains a lot in this area.譯文2：This area sees much rain.譯文3：There is much rain in this area.分析：漢語主語的角度變化很少，而英語那么變化較多。例題原文的主語只能由“這個地區(qū)擔當，但

15、在譯成英語時就有了多種選擇。同時還可以使用There be 結(jié)構和It 作主語。(2)確定謂語原文：在人際關系上我們不要太浪漫主義。譯文: We shouldnt be too romantic about human relationships.分析：漢語中名詞可充當謂語，英譯文中轉(zhuǎn)為系表結(jié)構。原文：當他活著一天，總要盡量多工作、多學習，不肯虛度年華，不讓時間白白地浪費掉。譯文：As long as they are alive, they always work and study as hard as possible, unwilling to dream their life awa

16、y, let alone waste even a single moment of their lives.分析：漢語謂語動詞時態(tài)、情態(tài)及語態(tài)是隱性的，英譯文中應變?yōu)轱@形，譯文補充出漢語中隱藏的時態(tài)。1定語的位置 漢語的定語通常在修飾詞之前；英語的定語位置分兩種：前置和后置。單詞 充當定語通常放在被修飾的中心詞前；而短語和從句作定語那么多置于所修飾的中心語之后。原文：它所展示的是工業(yè)文明帶來的各種階段性結(jié)果。 譯文：which present the fruits achieved by industrial civilization at various stages. 原文：釣魚是一項能

17、夠陶冶性情的運動，有益于身心健康。譯文：Fishing is an outdoor sport that can help cultivate your mind and it is good for our mental and physical health. 2. 語序調(diào)整2狀語的位置 原文：我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗簾，窺見園中大千世 界，一片喧鬧。 譯文：Without being noticed, I lifted the curtain in my small room, only to spy the bustle of a kaleidoscopic world down

18、in the garden. 狀語前置 原文：中華民族自古以來從不把人看作高于一切。 譯文：Chinese people has never regarded human being as the highest creature among everything else since ancient times. 狀語后置 原文：我吃了晚飯后出去散步。 譯文：I went out for a walk after I had my dinner. / After I had my dinner, I went out for a walk. 分析: 漢語按事情發(fā)生先后表達，而英語中時間狀語從

19、句可 在主句前，也可在主句后。原文：他本來在天津開會，會議一結(jié)束，他就上北京去度假了，昨天才坐飛機回來。譯文：He had flown yesterday from Beijing where he spent his vacation after finishing the meeting he had taken part in Tianjin. 分析：多個時間狀語出現(xiàn)時，漢語按時間先后順序排列，而英語中狀語的順 序那么比較靈活。原文：他是1970 年5 月20 日在北京朝陽區(qū)出生的。譯文：He was born in Chaoyang District of Beijing on May

20、 20, 1970. 分析：漢語中時間狀語在地點狀語之前，時間狀語與地點狀語按從大到小的 順序排列，而英語中地點狀語在時間狀語之前，時間狀語與地點狀語按從小到大的順序排列。3漢英語言敘事重心不同 漢語先敘事，而后表態(tài)或評論，以突出話題，這種句子被稱為主題句。漢譯 英時有時會譯為掉尾句，即先表態(tài)或進行評論，后敘事，以突出主句。 原文：下次會議要討論什么，你給我們透透風吧。 譯文：Will you give us some idea of what will be taken up at the next meeting? 原文：萬一有什么困難，請給我們一個信。 譯文：Send us a mess

21、age in case you have any difficulty. 4強弱詞語的順序不同 表示感情色彩的輕重、強弱時，漢語將重的內(nèi)容、強的詞語放在前面；英語將語義輕的內(nèi)容、弱的詞語放在前面，根本原那么是前輕后重，前簡后繁。 原文：一霎時，一陣被人摒棄，為世所遺忘的悲憤兜上心頭，禁不住痛哭起 來。 譯文：In no time, I was thrown into a feeling of sorrowful anger at being forgotten and abandoned by the rest of the world and could not help crying my

22、 heart out. 分析：原文中，感情色彩較重的詞“摒棄在前，相對較弱的詞“遺忘在后，但在英譯文中卻應調(diào)整。 5否認的轉(zhuǎn)移 原文：他要等你容許幫助他后才肯走。 譯文：He wont go away until you promise to help her. 6習慣用法 原文：衣食住行是老百姓關心的大問題。 譯文：Food, clothing, shelter and transportation are the biggest concern of the common people. 原文：他饑寒交迫，吃了不少苦。 譯文：He suffered a great deal from co

23、ld and hunger.3. 正反轉(zhuǎn)換人們在表達同一事物或表達同一思想時，可以正說，也可以反說，漢語如此，英語也如此。例如：他是外鄉(xiāng)人。他不是本地人。通常情況下，漢譯英采用對應譯法，即正說正譯，反說反譯。原文：花在許多人家里開放著。譯文：In many little gardens flowers were in bloom。原文：黃鼠狼給雞拜年，不懷好心。譯文：The weasel goes to pay respects to the hen without the best of intentions.The weasel pays a courtesy visit to the h

24、en with evil intent. 但是由于漢英兩種語言表達習慣不同，在很多情況下會出現(xiàn)正說反譯，反說正譯的情況。(1)正說反譯原文：我完全同意。譯文：I cant agree with you more.原文：你們大錯特錯了。譯文：You couldnt be more mistaken.原文：他為這件事竭盡全力。 譯文： He spared no pains/efforts in doing this.(2)反說正譯在漢譯英中，反說正譯的情況非常普遍，這是由于英語中有大量表達否認意義的詞匯可以替代漢語的否認表達。名詞： absence, failure, refusal, ignor

25、ance, neglect, exclusion 等等。他開車時心不在焉，幾乎闖禍。 His absence of mind during the driving nearly caused an accident.我們完全不知道他的方案。 We are in complete ignorance of his plan.他未能履行諾言，我們大家都很失望。 His failure to carry out his promise has disappointed everyone of us.動詞：fail, miss, lack, ignore, refuse, neglect, deny,

26、 overlook, exclude等等。使我們失望的是他不顧大局。 To our disappointment, he failed to take the overall situation into account.他上火車站去接他的朋友，可是未能在人群中見到他。He went to the station to meet his friend, but he missed him in the crowd.形容詞和形容詞短語：free from, far from, safe from, few, little, short這次演出根本沒有失敗，而是十分成功。The show was

27、far from being a failure; it was a great success.他的作文幾乎沒有語法錯誤。There are few grammatical mistakes in his composition.據(jù)悉敵軍給養(yǎng)缺乏。It is reported that the enemy troops are short of supplies.144015293副詞和副詞短語：otherwise, little, tooto等等。他顯然有不同的想法。 He evidently thinks otherwise.我根本不知道他會遇到什么麻煩。I little knew wh

28、at trouble he was going to have.他興奮得說不出話來了。He was too excited to speak.連詞：unless, before, until, rather than, or 等等。 不了解這一點，就不能得到起碼的知識。 Unless we grasp this point we shall never be able to acquire even elementary knowledge.部隊寧可繞道走，也不踩莊稼。The troops would rather take a roundabout way than tread on the

29、 crops.他寧愿餓死，不愿行竊。 He will die of hunger before he steals.介詞和介詞短語： above, except, beyond, instead of, in place of, out of等等。我要鉛筆，不要鋼筆。 I want a pencil instead of a pen.你早晨來看我的時候，我還沒有起床。When you called on me this morning, I was still in bed.他只顧自己，不顧別人，使得大家都很生氣。His lack of consideration for the feelin

30、gs of others angered everyone present. 是重力使我們不至于從地球上拋出去。 (keep sb from doing )It is gravity that keeps us from falling off the earth. 4. 語態(tài)對譯指主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。漢語中被動句的使用范圍相當窄，而英語中被動句表現(xiàn)能力強，使用頻率高。漢譯英時，必要時應改變句子的語態(tài)，以適應表達的需要。原文：大自然對人的恩賜，無論貧富，一律平等。譯文：People, rich or poor, are equally favored by Nature. 原文：我國歷代

31、的勞動人民以及大政治家、大思想家等等莫不如此。譯文：Such examples have been set a lot by Chinese laboring people, great politicians and thinkers of past dynasties. 分析：原文主語太長，可用被動句表達。 5. 長句翻譯1原序?qū)ψg即順譯法。這種方法多用于單一主語的長句，但要分清句中的信息重心。原文：當他活著一天，總要盡量多工作、多學習，不肯虛度年華，不讓時間 白白地浪費掉。譯文：As long as they are living, they always work and study

32、as hard as possible, unwilling to dream their life away, let alone waste even a single moment of their lives. 2分句合譯 漢譯英時，漢語中教高層次的單位譯為英語中層次較低一 級的單位。 原文：他們幾乎沒有一個顧得上抬起頭來，看一眼這美麗的黃昏。譯文：Hardly any of them cares to look up and throws a glance at the beautiful twilight. 原文：一個人的生命究竟有多大意義，這有什么標準可以衡量嗎？譯文：Could

33、 there be any standard to evaluate the meaning of ones life? 原文：求學是一件艱苦的事情，許多人不能忍受那必經(jīng)的艱苦，所以不能成功。譯文：To learn, actually, is to experience the indispensable pain and those who can not get it over with can not become learned.分析：合譯為一個并列句。 3斷句分譯 漢語多流水句，一個長句可能有多個主語，英語一句話只能有一個主語，因此，應當把長句拆開來翻譯。原文：一個春天的黃昏，園中百

34、花怒放，父母在園中設宴，一時賓客云集， 笑語四溢。 譯文：One spring evening, my parents held a banquet in the garden where all sorts of flowers were in full bloom. Instantly, a crowd of their guests collected and their laughter was heard all over there. 原文：這次到臺灣訪問交流，雖然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，訪了舊 友，交了新知，大家走到一起，談論的一個重要話題就是中華民族在21 世紀的強盛。譯

35、文：The current visit to Taiwan for exchange, brief and cursory as it is, has enabled us to see many places, to visit old friends while making new acquaintances. An important topic for discussing at our gatherings was the prosperity of Chinese nation in the 21st century. 4主次信息句 在漢語中，有時兩個或兩個以上的不同主語的句子在

36、外表上是并列的，沒有主從或偏正關系，但實際上有內(nèi)在的邏輯關聯(lián)和主次之分，因此不宜斷句分譯， 而應把主要信息譯為完整的句子，把次要信息以獨立結(jié)構的形式表達。 原文：很難說他什么時候回家，我得上床睡覺了。 譯文：There being no telling when hell be home, I have to go to bed now. 原文：這位民族英雄沒有死，他的故事照亮了千百萬人的心。譯文：This national hero lives on, his story lighting up the hearts of millions of people. 原文：在得病以前，我受父母寵

37、愛，在家中橫行霸道。譯文：Before I became ill, I was much petted by my parents, doing everything at will in the home. 6. 無主句漢語有很多無主句，這符合漢語意合的思維習慣。而英語那么多重形合，句子一般都需要主句。漢譯英時，就需要補出省略的主語，或改變句型結(jié)構。原文：但是，大體上看一個人對生命的態(tài)度是否嚴肅認真，看他對待工作、生活的態(tài)度如何，也就不難對這個人的存在意義做出適當?shù)墓烙嬃?。譯文：However, if we,on the whole, can find out whether his att

38、itude towards his life is serious or not and what is .(三)段落翻譯1. 段落的銜接2. 段落的連貫3. 新四級翻譯樣卷段落的銜接(cohesion),也稱段落的粘合，是指段落中各局部在語法和詞匯方面的關系，即段落的各個局部的排列和連接要符合邏輯。銜接手段：邏輯關系、時間關系、空間關系翻譯策略：添加連接詞，增強連貫性。1.段落的銜接邏輯關系先后或列舉：first, second; in the second place; nest/then; for one thingfor another; furthermore/moreover/in

39、 addition/ besides;finally/last; and等。因果：consequently/ as a result/ hence/ accordingly/ thus/so/therefore; because/since/for等。特例或舉例：in particular; specifically; for instance/ for example; that is /namely等。引出結(jié)論：in conclusion/finally/all in all/ to sum up；evidently/ clearly/ actually; of course等。But/h

40、owever/yet/nevertheless; on the contrary; on the other hand; neithernor等。時間關系表示頻率：frequently/often; occasionally/ now and then; day after day; again and again等。表示階段：during; briefly; for a long time; for many years等。表某一時刻：then/ at that time/ in those days; last Sunday; next Christmas; in 2005; at the

41、 beginning go Sep; at six oclock; two months ago等。表示開端：at first/ in the beginning; before then; in the preceding weeks等。表示其間：in the meantime/ while this was going on/ meanwhile/ as it was happening/ at the same time/ simultaneously等。表示結(jié)束：eventually/ finally/ at last/ in the end 等。空間關系表示近：close to/ne

42、ar; next to/ alongside / adjacent to; facing等。表示遠：in the distance/ far/ beyond/ away/ on the far side; there等。表示方向：up; down; forward(s); backward(s); sideways; along; across; to the left/right; in front of/ behind; above/ below; inside/outside等。英語語篇的銜接I tried to get to sleep. My neighbour owns an ac

43、oustic guitar and an electric guitar. He likes to play the electric guitar. I had to get up at the crack of dawn for work the next day. The other neighbour and his wife must be more tolerant than me. I dont know what his other neighbour thinks about it. I dont know what his wife thinks about it. My

44、neighbour plays the guitar quite badly. I wish my neighbour would take up another hobby.Im trying to get to sleep but hes at it again, my neighbour, playing the guitar. He actually owns two guitars, a simple acoustic one and an expensive electric one. But he seems to prefer to play the electric one

45、late at night when Im trying to get to sleep and have to get up at the crack of dawn for work the next day. I dont know what his other neighbour thinks about it, or his wife for that matter. They must be more tolerant than me. The problem is, not only does he play the guitar very loudly, but he also

46、 plays it quite badly. I really wish he would take up another hobby altogether, or at least find a quieter musical instrument to play. 2. 段落的連貫段落的連貫(coherence)指的是內(nèi)容情節(jié)的串聯(lián)，或者 邏輯關系上的貫穿，總得來說就是有完整的語義關系。a text can be linguistically cohesive but incoherent, as the example illustrates:My father bought a Lin

47、coln convertible. The car driven by the police was red. That color doesnt suit her. She consists of three letters. However, a letter isnt as fast as a telephone call. A: Thats the telephone B: Im in the bath A: O.K 漢英段內(nèi)連貫比照：替代、重復和省略英語：重 代詞、同義詞近義詞、代替句型 的替代作用漢語：相同詞語的重復翻譯策略：少重復，多替代英語：按語法形式要求進行省略所有格、形容詞及介詞等