英語基本句子成分課件

1、句 子 成 分Members of a Sentence*句子成分由詞或詞組充當(dāng)英語的基本成分有七種：_和_主語（subject）、謂語（predicate）、表語（predicative）、賓語（object）、定語（attribute）、狀語(adverbial)補語（complement）。英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。一： （主謂）二： Link- （主系表）三： （主謂賓）四： （主謂間賓直賓）五： （主謂賓賓補）基本句型 一： （主謂）主語：可以作主語的成分有名詞，主格代詞，動詞不定式，動名詞等

2、等。主語一般在句首。謂語：謂語由動詞構(gòu)成，是英語時態(tài)、語態(tài)變化的主角，一般在主語之后。不及物動詞（vi.）沒有賓語，形成主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，如：We come. （不及物動詞）1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly此句型的句子有一個共同特點，即句子的謂語動詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動詞叫做不及物動詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等?；揪湫?二： Link- （主系表）此句型的句子有一個共同的特

3、點：句子謂語動詞都不能表達(dá)一個完整的意思，必須加上一個表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動詞叫做連系動詞。系動詞分兩類：be, look, keep, seem等，表情況；get, grow, become, turn等屬另一類，表變化。be 本身沒有什么意義,只起連系主語和表語的作用。其它系動詞仍保持其部分詞義。感官動詞多可用作連系動詞：look well/面色好, sound nice/聽起來不錯,feel good/感覺好，smell bad/難聞 （是系動詞） （表語） 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2.

4、 The dinner smells good. 3. He fell in love. 4. Everything looks different. 5. He is growing tall and strong. 6. Our well has gone dry. 7. His face turned red. *There be 結(jié)構(gòu)： There be 表示存在有。這里的there沒有實際意義，不可與副詞there那里混淆。 此結(jié)構(gòu)后跟名詞，表示（存在）有某事物 試比較：There is a boy there.（那兒有一個男孩。）前一個there無實意，后一個there為副詞那里。

5、基本句型 三： （主謂賓）此句型句子的共同特點是：謂語動詞都具有實義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個賓語，即動作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動詞叫做及物動詞。 （及物動詞） （賓語）1. Who knows the answer? 2. He has refused to help them. 3. He enjoys reading. 4. He said Good morning. 5. He admits that he was mistaken. 基本句型 四： （主謂間賓直賓）有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語，eg：give/pass/bring/show。這兩個

6、賓語通常一個指人(間接賓語)；一個指物(直接賓語)。-Give me a cup of tea please.-Show this house to Mr. Smith.-Bring it to me, please. （及物） （多指人） （多指物）She ordered herself a new dress. 2. He brought you a dictionary. 3. I showed him my pictures. 4. I told him that the bus was late. 5. He showed me how to run the machine. 基本句

7、型 五： （主謂賓賓補）此句型的句子的共同特點是：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語，才能使意思完整。賓語補足語：位于賓語之后對賓語作出說明的成分?？梢杂米髻e語補足語的有名詞，形容詞，不定式，動名詞，分詞，介詞短語等。The war made him a soldier.New methods make the job easy.I often find him at work.The teacher ask the students to close the windows.I saw a cat running across the r

8、oad.名詞/代詞賓格 + n./adj./ 介詞短語/動詞不定式/分詞 （及物） （賓語） （賓補） 1. They painted the door green. 2. This set them thinking. 3. They found the house deserted. 4. He asked me to come back soon. 5. I saw them getting on the bus. a， b， c， d， e， 1，Pleas tell us a story._2, She smiled._3. I have a lot work to do._4. H

9、is job is to train swimmers._5. He noticed a man enter the room._6. Please look at the picture._daebec但常用的英語句子并不都象基本句型這樣簡短，除了基本句型的成分不變外，通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語而加以擴大。這些修飾語可以是單詞（adj./adv./num.數(shù)詞）短語（主要是介詞短語、不定式短語和分詞短語）。我們稱之為：定語、狀語The little boy needs a blue pen. 一、 定語：定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，譯為的定語通常位于被

10、修飾的成分前。復(fù)合不定代詞（something/nothing）之后；不定式/分詞短語/從句作定語時要放在被修飾的成分后；副詞用作定語時須放在名詞之后。Two boys need two pens.His name is Tom.The boy in blue is Tom.The boy there needs a pen.The boy needs a ball pen. There is nothing to do today.The pen bought by her is made in China.The boy you will know is Tom. 二、狀語：狀語修飾動詞、

11、形容詞、副詞或全句的句子成分，說明方式、因果、條件、時間、地點、讓步、方向、程度、目的等-The boy needs a pen now.-The boy needs a pen very much.可用作狀語的有副詞,不定式，分詞，介詞短語，從句等。 In the classroom, the boy needs a pen. 在教室里，男孩需要一支鋼筆。 （地點狀語）Before his mother, Tom is always a boy. 在母親面前,湯姆總是一個男孩子.(條件狀語)On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 星

12、期天,教室里沒有學(xué)生.(時間狀語) 介詞短語作狀語：He sits there, asking for a pen.他坐在那兒要一支筆。（表示伴隨狀態(tài)）Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.因為不得不完成作業(yè)，男孩需要一支筆。（原因狀語）Frightened, he sits there soundlessly.（因為）受了驚嚇，他無聲地坐在那兒。（原因狀語）分詞（短語）作狀語：The boy needs a pen to do his homework.男孩需要一支筆寫家庭作業(yè)。（目的狀語）To make his dream c

13、ome true, Tom becomes very interested in business.為實現(xiàn)夢想,湯姆變得對商業(yè)很有興趣. 不定式作狀語：狀語從句：時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、原因狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、目的狀語從句、比較狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句 -We chatted as we walked along.-Even if she laughs at him, he adores her.三、同位語：同位語 當(dāng)兩個指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置時，一個句子成分用來說明和解釋另一個句子成分，這個句子成分就叫做它的同位語。We students should stud

14、y hard. (students是we的同位語，都是指同一批學(xué)生）We all are students. (all是we的同位語，都指同樣的我們） 四、獨立成分：與全句沒有語法關(guān)系的句子成分叫做句子的獨立成分感嘆詞：oh, hello, aha, ah,等。肯定詞:yes否定詞:no稱呼語：稱呼人的用語。插入語：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。如: The story, I think, has never come to the end. 我相信,這個故事還遠(yuǎn)沒結(jié)束. 一) 挑出下列句中的賓語 My brother hasnt done his homewor

15、k. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.(二) 挑出下列句中的表語- The old man was feeling very tired.- The leaves have turned yellow.- Soon The

16、y all became interested in the subject.(三) 挑出下列句中的定語1. What is your given name?2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!(四) 挑出下列句中的賓語補足語 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the re

17、ading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.(五) 挑出下列句中的狀語 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on

18、the motorbike was traveling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.劃分句子成分You will tell your friend that youve g