加拿習(xí)加國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)ppl groundschool graham

1、SECTION 7FLIGHT OPERATIONSPilot in CommandResponsibilitiesResponsibilities include:Making sure that the aircraft is airworthy, including documents, maintenance, etc.Knowledgeable in navigation required for the intended flight. ( planning, charts, notams, pireps, etc.)Must be medically fit to fly.Mus

2、t do a passenger safety briefing.Pilot in CommandResponsibilitiesMust know how to, and always avoid a collision.Must be able to use the proper ATC clearances for different airspaces.Must be able to communicate properly at an ATF, MF and be able to use the proper phraseology.Hand-out.Winter Operation

3、sCritical Surface.Includes the wings, control surfaces, propellers, rotors, horizontal stabilizers, and any other surfaces that contribute to lift or stabilizing the aircraft.Clean Aircraft Concept.Take-offs are prohibited when ice, snow or frost is adhering to any surface.Frozen Contaminants.Reduce

4、 lift by 30% and Increase drag by 40%.Winter OperationsCold Soaking Phenomenon.Occurs when the wings and fuel are much colder than the ambient temperature.White-out: There are 3 types of concern.Precipitation White-out.Water fog white-out.Blowing snow white-out.Winter OperationsCritical Surface Cond

5、ition.The effect of frost, ice or snow will greatly effect the performance and handling of the aircraft, effects can include:Decrease thrust or lift.Increase in drag and stalling speed.Trim changesAltered stall characteristicsPoor handling qualities.Winter OperationsAircraft contamination and in-fli

6、ght icing.Ice on props will reduce efficiency and increase vibration.Reduce visibility from the cockpit.Impact icing can occur.Jet engine compressor stalls due large pieces of ice entering into the engine.Landing on a snow covered surface.Thunderstorm AvoidanceHazards associated:Turbulence.Can lose

7、control of your aircraft if severe enough.Greatest turbulence will be felt around the updrafts and downdrafts.Updrafts can exceed 6000 feet per minute.Downdrafts can exceed 2500 feet per minute.Thunderstorm AvoidanceIcing can be severe.Lightning:Lightning strikes will increase with a larger and fast

8、er aircraft.Dangers can include, explosion of fuel vapor, loss of flight controls, loss of electrical power and even pilot blindness.Thunderstorm AvoidanceRain:Aircraft that have to enter a TS should do so at the mended speed, due to the impact pressure of the rain. The pressure has been known to we

9、ar down Plexiglas, erode fiberglass, antennas, and peel paint off.Heavy rain will effect airborne radar.Jet engines can suffer a loss of power and even have a flame out.Thunderstorm AvoidanceRain.Rain on the windscreen causes a distortion that will make terrain contours appear lower than it actually

10、 is. The error is approximately 5 down. ( AIP AIR 2.5)Wind Shear:Increased performance shear: caused by a rapid increase in headwind or decrease in tailwind.Will cause the aircraft to over shoot the runwayThunderstorm AvoidanceWind shear:Decreased performance shear: is a decrease in head wind or an

11、increase in tailwind.Will cause the aircraft to undershoot the runway.This shear is the most dangerous.Hydro-planingThere are 3 types of Hydroplaning:Dynamic Hydroplaning: occurs at high speeds with standing water on the runway reducing the aircrafts cross wind capabilities.Viscous Hydro-planing: oc

12、curs at slower speed with only a thin film of water on a smooth runway.Reverted Rubber Hydroplaning: caused when the tires are locked up.Hydro-planingFor wet runways use the following equations.Mountain EffectCaused by wind blowing over a mountain.Effects can be felt as far as 100n.m. downwind from

13、the mountain.Can cause severe turbulence.Caused by air pouring down the side of the mountain, creating eddies and vertical air currents.Mountain EffectWarning stages of mountain waves can include cap clouds, lenticular clouds, and rotor clouds.The vertical currents can give downdrafts of 2000 feet p

14、er minute and updrafts as great as 5000 feet per minute.Due to the decrease in pressure on the lee side of the mountain there can be errors as high as 3000 feet.Runway MarkingsRunway numbering is done corresponding to the nearest 10, and is expressed as a magnetic value.Airport beacon is white and f

15、lashes 20-30 evenly spaces times per minute.Threshold lights are green and the runway end lights are red.Runway MarkingsTaxi way lights are blue and spaced at a distance not exceeding 200 feet.Obstructions are lighted and towers are marked with red and white paint, and can be lighted.Approach Lighti

16、ng: There are 2 types:VASISPAPITaxiingEnsure that you taxi at the proper speedAbout the speed of a slow jog.Always use the proper wind control inputs.Wind inputs are necessary during strong wind conditions especially, if the controls are not used properly it may result in lossing control of the airc

17、raft.Consult the aircraft P.O.H. for instructions.Wheel barrowingCauses:Usually occurs when the pilot uses excess speed while making an approach in a full flap configuration.On take-off the pilot puts to much forward pressure on the control column as the aircraft accelerates.The result is the main g

18、ear lifting off the ground and the nose gear staying on the runway.Low wing aircraft are more susceptible.Recovery: reduce power, release forward pressure,nose up and full power.Collision AvoidanceUsing the proper lookout.Use of a landing light.Using a landing light will greatly reduce the chance of

19、 a collision, and is mended on both take-off and landing and when the aircraft is operated below 2000 feet AGL within control zones.Aircraft SpeedsBest angle of climb speed: (Vx)is the speed which results in the greatest gain of altitude in a given horizontal distance.Best rate of climb speed: (Vy)

20、is the speed which results in the greatest gain of altitude in a given amount of time.Maneuvering speed: (Va) is the maximum speed at which you can use abrupt control movements without over stressing the aircraft.Aircraft SpeedsMaximum structural cruising speed: (Vno) is the speed that should not be

21、 exceeded at any time.Never exceed Speed: (Vne) is the speed limit that may not be exceeded at any time.Maximum Flap Extended Speed: (Vfe) is the highest speed permissible with flap in an extended position.Aircraft SpeedsStalling Speed: (Vs) is the minimum steady flight speed at which the aircraft i

22、s controllable.Stalling Speed: (Vso) is the minimum steady flight speed at which the airplane is controllable in a landing configuration with landing gear and flaps extended.Weight and BalanceDatum: is an imaginary vertical plane or line from which all measurements of the arm are taken.Moment: is th

23、e product of the weight of an item multiplied by its arm, and expressed in pound inches. Total moment is the weight of the aircraft multiplied by the distance between the datum and the center of gravity.Arm: is the horizontal distance in inches from the reference datum line to the C of G of the item

24、.Weight and BalanceCenter Of Gravity: is the point which an aircraft or item would balance if it were possible to suspend it from that point.Center of Gravity limits: are specified forward and aft or lateral points beyond which the C of G must not be located at any time.Too far forward it may be dif

25、ficult to rotate for take off and hard to flare on landing.Weight and BalanceToo far aft, the aircraft may rotate prematurely on take-off and tend to pitch up during the climb.Longitudinal stability will be reduced, this can lead to inadvertent stalls and spins, recoveries may be prolonged or even impossible.Weight and BalanceEmpty Weight: consists of the airframe, engines and all items of operating equipment that have fixed locations.Examples would be fixed ballast, hydraulic flui