NIT,負(fù)所得稅的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAX

1、Lesson OneHow to Get the Poor off Our ConscienceJohn Kenneth Galbraith1Group 11.John Kenneth Galbraith Life Works Achievement2.John.M.Keynes and Keynesian economics in 1930s3. Reagans economics4.Gini-Coefficient 2Group 24.Social Darwinism5.Supply-side economics6.NIT7.Milton Friedman8.Adam Smith Davi

2、d Ricardo John D.Recketfeller3John Kenneth GalbraithBorn:October 15,1908Died :April 29,2006(aged 97)A Canadian-American economistA Keynesian （凱恩斯主義者） an institutionalist（經(jīng)濟(jì)思想史上的制度學(xué)派）4Early life and teaching:1934 Ph.D in agricultural economics from the University of California, Berkeley.Became a tuto

3、r at Harvard University1937A year-long fellowship at the University of Cambridge(where he was influenced by John Maynard Keynes)51939-1940Taught at Princeton University1949Appointed professor of economics at HarvardServed as deputy head of the Office of Price Administrationworked for Fortune Magazin

4、e for 5 years where he expounded （詳細(xì)說明）Keynesianism to the American business leadership6During World War II1961-1963 As an adviser to President John F. Kennedy, Galbraith was appointed United States Ambassador to India1972 Served as president of the American Economic Association2006 Died in Cambridg

5、e7Works Although he was a president of the American Economic Association, Galbraith was considered an iconoclast （打破舊習(xí)的人）by many economists1977 The Age of Uncertainty for BBC televisionHundreds of essays and a number of novels: Among his novels, A Tenured Professor achieved particular critical accla

6、im.8Some of Kenneths famous economics books1952 American Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power1954 Best seller The Great Crash, 1929 1958 The Affluent Society 1973 Economics and the Public Purpose 1994 A Short History of Financial Euphoria9Honors1985 The American Humanist Association named

7、 him the Humanist of the Year1993 Lomonosov Gold Medal1997 Order of Canada (Officer) 2000 Awarded the U. S. Presidential Medal of Freedom2001 Padma Vibhushan (India) 10John M.KeynesJohn Maynard Keynes(5 June 1883 21 April 1946)A British economist whose ideas have profoundly affected the theory and p

8、ractice of modern macroeconomics and the economic policies of governments.11Economic theory in 1930s(because of the Great Depression)The General Theory of Employment, Interest and MoneyThe central argument: the level of employment is determined, not by the price of labour as in neoclassical （新古典主義的）

9、economics, but by the spending of money (aggregate demand 總需求)12under-employment and under-investment are likely to be the natural state unless active measures are takenactivist economic policy by government to stimulate demand in times of high unemployment, for example by spending on public works.T

10、he General Theory is often viewed as the foundation of modern macroeconomics13Gini-coefficient 基尼系數(shù)A measure of statistical dispersion （離差） developed by the Italian statistician and sociologist Corrado GiniAn internationally recognised measure usually only applied to the wealth of countriesThe inequ

11、ality among values of a frequency distribution (for example levels of income or wealth)14Social Darwinism 社會(huì)達(dá)爾文主義A theory that persons, groups, and races are subject to the same laws of natural selection as Charles Darwin had proposed for plants and animals in nature.15Social DarwinismSocial Darwini

12、sts, held that the life of humans in society was a struggle for existence ruled by survival of the fittest（適者生存）The theory was used from the late 19th century to support laissez-faire（放任政策） capitalism and political conservatism（保守主義） Social Darwinism declined as scientific knowledge expanded16Supply

13、-side economic 供應(yīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)Supply-side economics is a school of macroeconomic (整體經(jīng)濟(jì)） thought Economic growth can be most effectively created by lowering barriers for people to produce (supply) goods and services, such as lowering income tax and capital gains tax rates, and by allowing greater flexibility b

14、y reducing regulation. 17Supply-side economicAccording to supply-side economics, consumers will then benefit from a greater supply of goods and services at lower prices. 18Negative income tax （NIT）負(fù)所得稅In economics, a negative income tax is a progressive income tax system where people earning below a

15、 certain amount receive supplemental pay from the government instead of paying taxes to the government. 19Negative income taxDeveloped by British politician Juliet Rhys Williams in the 1940s Later the United States economist Milton Friedman combined NIT with his flat tax(統(tǒng)一稅） proposals.20Negative in

16、come taxThe main drawback（不利條件） The NIT might reduce the incentive(動(dòng)機(jī)） to work, since recipients of the NIT would receive a guaranteed minimum wage equal to the government payment in the absence of employmentIt requires considerable reporting and supervision （監(jiān)督） in order to avoid fraud（詭計(jì)）21Milton

17、Friedman 米爾頓弗里德曼An American economist, statistician（統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)家） and author who write Capitalism and Freedom in 1962His political philosophy emphasizes the advantage of free market economy and against the governments intervention (介入） .The important point of Friedmans theory : Adhere（擁護(hù)） to the economic fr

18、eedom22Milton FriedmanHonors and awards1951 John Bates Clark Medal1976 the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences1988 Presidential Medal of Science23Milton FriedmanMilton Friedmans ideas concerning monetary（貨幣的） policy, taxation, privatization（私有化） and deregulation（撤銷管制規(guī)定） influenced government p

19、olicies, especially during the 1980s.It influenced the Federal Reserves response tothe global financial crisis24Adam Smith（亞當(dāng)斯密）Born in Scotland. One of those 18th century Scottish moral philosophers whose impulses led to our modern day theoriesHis work marks the breakthrough of an evolutionary approach which has progressively displaced（取代） the Aristotelian（亞里士多德） view.25David Ricardo 大衛(wèi)李