朱泰祺考研強(qiáng)化班英語講義

1、前 后本講義是按照全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語考試大綱(非英語專業(yè))所規(guī)定的題型和試卷結(jié)構(gòu)編寫的。編者 力圖把大綱的測試要求具體體現(xiàn)到課堂講解與練習(xí)中去，以幫助廣大考生深刻領(lǐng)會考試大綱的精神并進(jìn)行有的放矢 的考前或習(xí)，做到知己知彼、胸有成竹。本講義分上、下兩冊，包括20次講座，共需80學(xué)時(shí)。此講義信息量大，既有對近年真題的剖析，又有大量自 編練習(xí)供學(xué)員操練。本著精講多練、講中有練、練中有講、講練結(jié)合的原則，教師通過講解和引導(dǎo)使學(xué)員在學(xué)習(xí)和 操練中迅速進(jìn)入考研切入點(diǎn)，了解考試的要求、重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)，理解和把握試題的命題思路，提高英語的語言知識水 平并掌握一整套行之有效的學(xué)習(xí)方法和應(yīng)試對策，以便在200

2、6年的考試中取得滿意的成績。此講義每年按大綱精神和當(dāng)年考題命題的新動向進(jìn)行修訂并得到歷屆學(xué)員的好評，被譽(yù)為“考研品牌大餐”。學(xué)員在輔導(dǎo)班上應(yīng)全神貫注、認(rèn)真聽講、記筆記，積極參加課堂的操練活動，課下應(yīng)認(rèn)真復(fù)習(xí)、按時(shí)完成教師 布置的家庭作業(yè)。此外，學(xué)員可以閱讀朱泰祺教授編著的(2006)碩士研究生英語入學(xué)考試復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)一書作為課 外參考書，以滿足不同層次考生的個(gè)性化需要。預(yù)祝學(xué)員們考研成功！北京太奇培訓(xùn)學(xué)校教務(wù)部提高考研閱讀能力的過程和規(guī)律考研閱讀理解包括三項(xiàng)，即多項(xiàng)選擇題、選擇搭配題和英譯漢，共占60分。所以，閱讀理解是考研試題中的重 中之重。學(xué)生提而英語閱讀理解能力一般要經(jīng)歷四個(gè)發(fā)展階段：.字面

3、心譯階段，即在閱讀時(shí)要通過逐詞心譯來理解原文。由于兩種語言在句子語法結(jié)構(gòu)、詞語用法、語言習(xí) 慣等方面存在著許多差異，這個(gè)階段對原文的理解常會發(fā)生錯(cuò)誤.分析性心譯階段，即在對原文的詞語和結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行一些分析以后，再進(jìn)行心譯，或心譯過程伴隨著詞語和結(jié)構(gòu) 的分析。這時(shí)理解力比前一階段有所提高，但閱讀速度很慢。.綜合性心譯階段。在這個(gè)階段由于語言水平的提高，閱讀經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累，不經(jīng)分析而宜接將原文譯成漢語。.直接理解原文階段。在這個(gè)階段由于語言能力的不斷提麻，讀者的理解已進(jìn)入英語思維的模式，可以直接理 解原文。以上4個(gè)階段只是大體上的劃分，在實(shí)際閱讀訓(xùn)練中，這4個(gè)階段不是截然分割的。比如，處于第2階段時(shí)， 也

4、不可能對每個(gè)句子都分析一遍后再來心譯。第4階段也可能伴隨少量的心譯，因?yàn)楸咀逭Z畢竟是理解外語的媒介。了解閱讀能力提高的過程有利于加速閱讀能力的培養(yǎng)。一般來說，我們的考生是處在介乎第2和第3階段之間。 對所讀的材料有時(shí)要經(jīng)過查閱詞典，分析心譯成漢語才能達(dá)到真正的理解。這作為閱讀能力提高的一個(gè)階段是不可 避免的。但要努力縮短這一階段，防止這種閱讀方法成為定勢。要盡可能減少心譯，以提高閱讀速度，達(dá)到基本上 直接理解原文的階段。從邏輯和思維的角度看，閱讀理解能力的提高是一個(gè)由淺入深、由片面到全面、由低層次到高層次的發(fā)展過程。 較低層次的理解是字面理解(Read the lines)。考生對所讀內(nèi)容只能

5、理解字面含義。隨著理解的不斷深化，考生逐漸進(jìn) 入推斷性理解層次?？忌軓恼Z篇結(jié)構(gòu)的高度來審視文章內(nèi)容的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，從而進(jìn)入更深層次的理 解，如從字里行間理解作者要表達(dá)的內(nèi)涵(Read between the lines)。最高層次是評價(jià)性閱讀理解，即能理解文章內(nèi)容的 言外之音(Read beyond the lines),能對所讀內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推理判斷、綜合歸納和客觀評論。研究生英語入學(xué)考試中的閱讀 理解就屬這個(gè)層次。這時(shí)考生應(yīng)能憑借自己的閱讀經(jīng)驗(yàn)和分析能力對所讀文章和題目選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行評價(jià)，如：選擇項(xiàng) 所傳遞的信息是否確切、事實(shí)是否可靠、結(jié)論是否正確以及信息的應(yīng)用價(jià)值等?？佳袑W(xué)生應(yīng)具備哪些能

6、力才能應(yīng)對閱讀理解考試的需要呢？1.理解文章的主旨、抓住全文的中心思想和展開中心思想的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯框架；2.理解文章中的具體信息和 細(xì)節(jié)；3.理解明確或隱含表達(dá)的概念性含義；4.進(jìn)行有關(guān)的推理、判斷和引申；5.根據(jù)上下文推測不熟悉詞語的含 義；6.理解作者的寫作目的、態(tài)度、語氣及文章的基調(diào)；7.以上各項(xiàng)能力要求必須在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成。滴水穿石，貴在堅(jiān)持。我相信，通過我們師生的共同努力，學(xué)員的閱讀理解能力定會不斷提高。朱泰祺I. Reading Comprehension2006北京太奇培訓(xùn)學(xué)校考研英語強(qiáng)化班授課講義2006 - KY- 1內(nèi)部資料翻印必究Text 12005 RC Text

7、1Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all loo human, with the underlying assumption that other animals wou

8、ld not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin m

9、onkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and servicesM than males.Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr.

10、Brosnans and Dr. de Waals study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could

11、 observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for

12、 a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either lossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without

13、 an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feel

14、s it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and huma

15、ns, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. (426 words)In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic byA posing a contrast.B justifying an assumption.C making a comparison.D explaining a phenomenon.The st

16、atement Hit is all too monkey (Last line. Paragraph-1) implies thatmonkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.resenting unfairness is also monkeys nature.monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen

17、for the research most probably because they are|A more inclined to weigh what they get.|B attentive to researchers1 instructions.C nice in both appearance and temperament.D more generous than their male companions.Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeysA pre

18、fer grapes to cucumbers.|BJ can be taught to exchange things.C will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.D are unhappy when separated from others.What can we infer from the last paragraph?| A| Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.Anim

19、als usually show their feelings openly as humans do.Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.本文重點(diǎn)詞匯與短語：slack adj.松的，松馳的，寬松的，松懈的，馬虎的，緩慢的。vt.使寬松；使緩慢；馬虎。vi.減弱。outrage vt. (=shock or offend sb.; upset greatly)震駭；觸犯；使氣憤：outrage public opinion 違反民意。They were outraged by the announcement o

20、f massive price increases.(物價(jià)大幅上漲的消息,公布，他們氣憤填膺。)above all最重要的。exchange A for B 把A換成B。in return for作為的回報(bào)。markedly顯著地，明顯地。toss vt.輕扔，擲。induce vt.引誘，誘發(fā)，誘惑。stem from 來自。as yet (=so far)至今。Text 2Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Inte

21、rnet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the sites personal search agent”. Its an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, in

22、tellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. I struck gold. says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising

23、 openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: Every time you answer a question you eliminate

24、 a possibility.* says one expert.For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept - what you think you want to do - then broaden it. None of these programs do that J says another expert. Theres no career counseling implicit in all of this. Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as

25、a kind of tip service to keep abreast ef jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me/* says the author of a job-searching guide.Some sites

26、design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSites agent sends out message to those who have signed ud for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs - those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visi

27、t the site again to find them - and they do. On the day after we send our message, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,M says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite.Even those who arenl hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the

28、demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent as CareerBuilder. You always keep your eyes open,“ he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes

29、looking out for you. (428 words)How did Redmon find his job?A. By searching openings in a job database.B. By posting a matching position in a database.C. By using a special service of a database.D. By E-mailing his resume to a database.Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?A.

30、 Lack of counseling.B. Limited number of visits.C. Lower efficiency.D. Fewer successful matches.The expression “tip service” (Paragraph 3) most probably meansA. advisory.B. compensation.C. interaction.D. reminder.Why does CareerSites agent offer each job hunter only three job options?A. To focus on

31、better job matches.B. lb attract more returning visits.C. To reserve space fbr more messages.D. Tb increase the rate of success.Which of the following is true according to the text?Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.Pe

32、rsonal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.本文重點(diǎn)詞匯和詞組：database數(shù)據(jù)庫，資料庫。stumble across(=come across)偶然遇到。feature (電視節(jié)目、大減價(jià)等)特 別吸引人的東西。key in 用電腦鍵盤輸入。strike gold (=discover a rich source of information, wealth, ha

33、ppiness, elc)掘到金子： 稱心如意。work against對不利，妨礙。keep abreast of及時(shí)了解。sign up for簽約得到( keep a close watch on密切注視。Text 3The war on drugs in the United States is an escalating battle that has, as of recent times, reached unprecedented levels. In every city and state across the nation, law enforcement officia

34、ls are working around the clock to eradicate the illegal use, possession and distribution of controlled substances at all levels of society. The increasing devotion of resources and efforts to the battle has achieved mixed results.A growing amount of money is being devoted to the funding of the war

35、on drugs as time progresses. At last count, 19.2 billion dollars was being spent annually on the ongoing struggle, consisting of pay for law enforcement officials, education, treatment and other uses. This staggering amount translates into a stunning 609 dollars per second.Results are being achieved

36、. An arrest for drug-related offenses occurs every 20 seconds, and 648 people are put in prison every day on drug-related charges. These numbers illustrate the prevailing tactic used by the U.S. government in the war against drugs - going after the people supporting the industry. By removing both th

37、e suppliers and purchasers of illegal drugs, it is hoped that the industry will collapse by itself, through the elimination of supply and demand.Aside from directly arresting those individuals responsible for the selling and purchasing of illegal drugs, the United States has also embarked on a campa

38、ign to take away the tools by which the drugs are used, primarily in the form of needles. To this end, there has been a recent federal ban on needle exchanges intended to restrict access to the tools necessary for the use of some illegal drugs.This program has drawn harsh criticism, however, as it h

39、as resulted in the use and reuse of unsanitary needles, possibly contributing to the number of AIDS infections in drug users who would otherwise have avoided infection by using sterile needles that could have been provided, but for the federal ban. According to a study conducted by the AIDS Preventi

40、on Studies Center of the University of California at San Francisco, 4000 new infections of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, could be avoided per year if the federal ban on needle exchanges was lifted. This translates into more than 10 new cases of HIV avoided per day, a figure that causes one to pau

41、se and consider whether the war on drugs is being fought in the best manner possible. (395 words)本文重點(diǎn)詞匯和詞組：escalating逐步升級的；as of從起；eradicate根除;杜絕:staggering大得驚人的:stunning令人震驚 的；go after 追捕；sterile 消毒過的：embark on 著手，從事；but for 要不是的話；HIV (=human immunodeficiency virus)人 免疫力缺乏病毒(艾滋病病毒)；liftvt.撤消，解除。It

42、can be learned from the first two paragraphs that.the most effective way is currently utilized in the war on drugsan increasing amount of the money is spent on the battle against drugshuge human and financial resources are being used to fight against drugsevery possible method with which to fight th

43、e war on drugs is suggestedThe author outlines the governments strategy in the war on drugs in paragraph 3 to.support the main view presented in the textexplain why that strategy is the most effectivediscredit later the strategy in subsequent paragraphsexplain why the statistics cited are relevant a

44、nd importantThe author brings up the issue of HIV and AIDS infections in paragraph 5 in order to.illustrate another social issue that is not receiving enough attentionidentify one group of people whom the war on drugs is indirectly affectingillustrate an issue that must be taken seriously while figh

45、ting the war on drugsidentify one of the main motivations for the current strategy in the war on drugsThe authors opinion of the ongoing war on drugs is one of.A. strong disapproval B. critical support C. reluctant opposition D. silent consentThe main point of this text is to.convince the reader tha

46、t the war on drugs is being wonstate the harmfulness of drugs and support the war on themhighlight the importance of launching a battle against drugsinform the reader of the current status of the war on drugsWord Studyprecede vi./ vt.在之前，在前面：The Greek civilization preceded the Roman one.（希臘文明先于羅馬文明。

47、）2） They came into the room preceded by a small dog.（一條小狗在前面，他們走進(jìn)房間。）3） A major precedes a captain.（少校的職位比大尉 injo ） 4） He preceded his speech with a warning against inattention.（他講話以前先警告聽眾不要心不在焉。）同根詞：precedence n.時(shí)間上在前。用于成語：give precedence over 給予優(yōu)先地位:This task must be given precedence over all othe

48、rs.（這項(xiàng)任務(wù)應(yīng)放在其它所有任務(wù)之前。）take precedence over 比重要：Some say Shakespeare takes precedence over all other writers.（有人說，莎士比亞的地位比其他所有作家高。）precedent n.先例：If he is allowed to do this, it will be a precedent for others.（如果允許他這樣做，那對于其他人來說是個(gè)先例。） 用于成語：set a precedent 開的先例：She set a precedent as the first woman exe

49、cutive in the company.（她開了先例當(dāng)公司的 首任經(jīng)理。）without precedent 沒有先例：It is something without precedent in history.preceding adj.前面的：I remember the war but nothing of the preceding years.（我記得這場戰(zhàn)爭,但對戰(zhàn)前歲月記憶中蕩然無存。） precedented：有先例的；unprecedented史無前例的。Text 4 （課外閱讀）2003 RC Text 1Wild Bill Donovan would have love

50、d the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War II and later laid the roots fbr the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game“ of espionage - spying as a “profession. These days the Net

51、, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovans vocation as well.The latest revolution isnt simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemens e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four

52、 years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “open source intelligence/ and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a

53、 large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making ihn biggesi splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money

54、by selling the results of spying （covering Chile and Russia） to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at HYPERLINK .Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for bot

55、h information collection and distribution, a spymasters dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming ud data bits from the far comers of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. 4iAs soon as that report runs, well suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine,“ says Friedman, a former pol

56、itical science professor. And well hear back from some of them.” Open-source spying does have its risk, of course, since it can be difficult to tel） good information from bad. Thats where Straitford earns its keep.Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have mil

57、itary intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firms outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford briefs dont sound like usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent

58、 voice. （396 words）The emergence of the Net has.A. received support from fans like DonovanB. remolded the intelligence servicesC. restored many common pastimesD. revived spying as a professionDonovans story is mentioned in the text to.A. introduce the topic of online spyingB. show how he fought for

59、the U.S.C. give an episode of the information warD. honor his unique services to the CIAThe phrase * making the biggest splash* （line 1, paragraph 3） most probably means.A. causing the biggest troubleB. exerting the greatest effortC. achieving the greatest successD. enjoying the widest popularityIt

60、can be learned from paragraph 4 that.A. Straitfords prediction about Ukraine has proved trueB. Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its informationC. Straitfords business is characterized by unpredictabilityD. Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable informationStraitford is most proud of