醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)翻譯與寫(xiě)作：Writing the title

1、Medical English WritingMay, 2014Medical English Writing Research paperAbstractMedical ReviewCase Report/HistoryResearch paperA research paper describes the authors original research, presents the procedures of an experiment or an investigation, reports the research results, and makes an evaluation o

2、f the research findings. Such papers are usually peer reviewed for their value by the experts in the field before they are published.Why write and publish research papers?Ideally to share research findings and discoveries with the hope of improving healthcare.Practically to get a job! to keep your j

3、ob! to get funding! to get promoted!What makes a good research paper ? Good science Good writing Publication in good journalsFormat of A Research PaperTitleAuthorshipAbstract and key wordsIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionAcknowledgementsReferencesMedical English Writing (1)Writing t

4、he titleA good title should:be clear, concise,effective and informativebe a label for indexing which accurately and correctly identifies the main topic of the study reportedcontain kedywords that capture the attention of the reader whose decision to read the whole paper often rests on the appeal of

5、the title.RequirementsShort and Concise InformativeImportant Word FirstIndexing（3Cs） 簡(jiǎn)明扼要便于檢索富含信息重要詞居首Short and concise： 1）Write in phrases (seldom in sentences) generally not exceeding 20 words (journals at home) or 14 words (Journal of the National Cancer Institute) or 100 letters (the British Jou

6、rnal of Cancer) or less than 2 lines (Archives of Internal Medicine) Short and concise： 2) no abbreviations or chemical symbols except those that are generally accepted, e.g. DNA, AIDS, CT etc.Informative：State exactly what you want the readers to know about your paper and your work with enough info

7、rmation; highlight the important or innovative parts. Important Word First：key words are often in the beginning of the title; key words not in the title will be in the abstract or can go in the Key Words section of the paper.Indexing：3Cs (Correct, complete, concrete), pack as many key words or index

8、ing terms as possible into the title without overloading it.Writing-modeCapitalization of the 1st letter of the 1st word ( except proper nouns and abbreviations )Capitalization of the 1st letter of each word (except three types of function words: prep., art., conj.)Capitalization of all the wordsOmi

9、ssion of ArticlesIn the beginning of a titleBefore the names of diseases, some organs and plural nounsStructure of the Titlesas a Phrase as a sentenceAs a Phrase Noun Phrasen + prepositional phraseBlindness after Treatment for Malignant Hypertension 惡性高血壓治療后的失明Predication of Varicose Haemorrhage by

10、Esophageal Endoscopy 食管鏡檢查預(yù)計(jì)曲張靜脈出血As a Phrase Noun Phrasen + participial phrase Thyroid Carcinoma Induced by Irradiation for Hodgkins Disease何杰金病放射治療引起的甲狀腺癌Left Ventricular Function Following Surgical Treatment of Mitral Valve Disease 二尖瓣病變手術(shù)后的左心室功能 As a Phrase Noun Phrasen + to-infinitiveSuggestion

11、 to Abolish Icterus Determination Where Quantitative Bilirubin Assay is Available 建議能做膽紅素定量測(cè)定的化驗(yàn)室不再做黃疸指數(shù) As a Phrase Noun Phrasen + appositive Gentamicin, a Selective Agent for the Isolation of -hemolytic Streptococci慶大霉素是分離-溶血性鏈球菌的選擇性藥物 As a Phrase Noun Phrasen + clause （mostly appositive clause or

12、 attributive clause）Factors which influence survival rate after resection of primary liver cancer 影響原發(fā)性肝癌切除后存活率的因素 As a P hrase Noun Phraseattributive modifier + n. (or parallel n. phrases)Malignant Hypertension and Cigarette Smoking惡性高血壓與吸煙 As a Phrase Gerund PhrasePreventing Stroke in Patients wit

13、h Atrial Fibrillation心房纖顫患者中風(fēng)預(yù)防Assessing Meningitis in Febrile Infants 發(fā)熱嬰兒腦膜炎的判別 As a Phrase Prepositional PhraseOn Controlling Rectal Cancer控制直腸癌（探討） On Clinical Diagnosis of Primary Carcinoma of Liver原發(fā)性肝癌臨床診斷（探討） As a Phrase to-infinitive phraseTo Enhance the Diagnostic Value of Intravenous Urog

14、raphy 提高靜脈尿路造影的診斷價(jià)值A(chǔ)s a Sentence Declarative Sentence No period or full stop( ./。) after the title:Osteoclasts are present in the giant cellvariant of malignant fibrous histocytoma惡性纖維組織細(xì)胞瘤巨細(xì)胞變異體中有破骨細(xì)胞存在Recurrent abdominal pain in a healthy school-aged child can be lactose intolerance健康學(xué)齡兒童反復(fù)腹痛可能與不能

15、耐受乳糖有關(guān)As a Sentence Interrogative SentenceGenerally end with a question mark (?)Home or hospital births？在家分娩還是住院分娩？Is treatment of borderline hypertension good or bad？治療臨界型高血壓是利還是弊？What to look for in rib fractures and how（?）肋骨骨折時(shí)應(yīng)檢查什么及如何檢查（？）SubtitleTo supplement and explain the title or to highlig

16、ht one aspect of the research paper To separate the title and the subtitle by a colon(:) or a dash()More common in the journals abroad than those in ChinaFunctions of SubtitlesTo highlight the number of cases or samples：對(duì)急診室176例腹痛病例的回顧性研究Original：A retrospective study of 176 cases of abdominal pain

17、in the emergency room Revised：Abdominal pain in the emergency room: Retrospective study of 176 cases Functions of SubtitlesTo highlight the the research ：大動(dòng)脈炎胸部X線表現(xiàn)及其臨床意義Original：Chest X-ray appearance and its clinical significance on aorto-arteritis Revised： Aorto-arteritis：Chest X-ray appearance a

18、nd its clinical significance Functions of SubtitlesTo highlight the research methods：傳染性肝炎繼發(fā)糖尿病患者隨訪調(diào)查Original：A follow-up study on diabetes after infectious hepatitis Revised： Diabetes after infectious hepatitis：A follow-up study Functions of SubtitlesTo highlight the function of the treatment：Prazo

19、dine 一種新的治療高血壓的血管擴(kuò)張劑Original：Prazodine is a new vasodilator used for treatment of hypertensionRevised： Prazodine：A new vasodilator used for treatment of hypertensionFunctions of SubtitlesTo raise a question or a choice 慢性腹痛是手術(shù)癥狀還是精神癥狀？Original：Is chronic abdominal pain a surgical or psychiatric symp

20、tom？ Revised： Chronic abdominal pain： a surgical or psychiatric symptom？ Functions of SubtitlesTo denote the different topics of a serial research paper人類(lèi)血清的理化研究：. 29例腎炎患者的研究Physical and chemical studies of human blood serum：A study of 29 cases of nephritis 人類(lèi)血清的理化研究：. 多種病例的研究 Physical and chemical

21、studies of human blood serum： A study of miscellaneous disease conditionsFunctions of SubtitlesTo show the time of research曲張靜脈內(nèi)鏡硬化療法:一年臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)研究Original：One year Clinical experience with endoscopic varicose sclerosisRevised： Endoscopic varicose sclerosis： one year Clinical experienceHigh Frequency Wor

22、ds nounsinfluence of on 對(duì) 的影響studies/study/research/researches on/of 的研究diagnosis of 的診斷treatment of 的治療effect (s) of on 對(duì) 的療效action of on 對(duì) 的作用comparison of and 的比較discussion/investigation of/on 探討application of 應(yīng)用High Frequency Words nounsa report of/on 報(bào)告experience of （經(jīng)驗(yàn)）總結(jié)experience in/with 體會(huì)/

23、經(jīng)驗(yàn)survey/investigation of/on 調(diào)查an observation of/on 觀察correlation between and 的關(guān)系an approach to 的探討/方法High Frequency Words nounsStudies on the Typing of Chronic atrophic Gastritis 慢性萎縮性胃炎分型的研究Operative Treatment of Congenital Heart Diseases in Childhood: Analysis of 464 Cases 464 例小兒先天性心血管手術(shù)分析報(bào)告High

24、 Frequency Words nounsTendency of Omission: Study of ，A report of/on ，Observation on ， Discussion/Investigation of 苯對(duì)白細(xì)胞毒性作用的研究Toxic effects of benzene on leucocytes雙異丙吡胺治療心律失常的臨床療效觀察 Clinical efficacy of disopyramide in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmiasHigh Frequency Words nounsUse of modifiers

25、before the nouns：苯對(duì)白細(xì)胞毒性作用的回顧性研究Retrospective study of toxic effects of benzene on leucocytesToxic effects of benzene on leucocytes：A retrospective study High Frequency Words nounsUse of modifiers before the nouns：retrospective（回顧性）prospective （前瞻性）comparative（比較性） randomized（隨機(jī)性）quantitative（定量） qu

26、alitative （定性）experimental (實(shí)驗(yàn)) clinical（臨床）High Frequency Words conjunctionsand（to show the correlation ）Malignant Hypertension and CigaretteSmoking 惡性高血壓與吸煙Viral hepatitis and medical profession病毒性肝炎與醫(yī)務(wù)工作as Pernicious Anemia as a Risk Factor for Cancer of the Stomach 惡性貧血 胃癌的危險(xiǎn)因素Evaluation of nutr

27、itional indices as a prognosis indicator in the cancer patient營(yíng)養(yǎng)指數(shù)癌癥的預(yù)后指標(biāo)High Frequency Words prepositionHigh Frequency Words prepositionon: n.( indicating study/research, investigation, observation, effect etc. ) + on +n.Experimental Studies on Treatmentof Viperidae Snake Bite with Trypsin胰蛋白酶治療蝰科蛇

28、毒中毒的試驗(yàn)研究High Frequency Words prepositionin: (1) n.( indicating physiological or pathological phenomena)+ in + n. Urethral Duplication in Children小兒尿道重復(fù)畸形 (2) in + n. (derivations of v. ) Peritoneovenous Shunting in the Management of Malignant Ascites 惡性腹水的腹膜靜脈分流法 High Frequency Words preposition (3)

29、 n.( indicating methods for treatment and examination, names of drugs or pathological phenomena)+ in + n. (names of disease)Surgery in Active Infective Endocarditis活動(dòng)性感染性心內(nèi)膜炎的外科治療High Frequency Words prepositionfor: treatment method + for +name of the diseaseShunt Operations for Obesity分流手術(shù)治療肥胖癥High

30、 Frequency Words prepositionafter/following (can be replaced)Postoperative Syndromes after Liver Surgery 肝臟術(shù)后綜合征Reflux and Reflux Disease following Gastric Resection 胃切除后的回流與回流病High Frequency Words prepositiondue to（used to indicate the reason，instead of because of, owing to; can be replaced by caus

31、ed by）Infections due to group C streptococci in man 人類(lèi)鏈球菌C組感染Bacteremia due to gram-negative bacilli革蘭氏陰性桿菌菌血癥Assignment（Chapter one）. Revise the following titles into the forms with subtitles, and translate the revised titles into Chinese: A light and electron microscopic study of two cases of prim

32、ary sarcoma of heart2. Experimental study of laser surgery of the liver3. A report of 60 cases of primary vaginal carcinoma4. Fifteen years clinical experience with carcinoma of the pancreas5. Carcinoembryonic antigen(癌胚抗原) in breast cancer tissue is a useful prognostic indicator. Revise the followi

33、ng titles into the forms with subtitles, and translate the revised titles into Chinese: 1. A light and electron microscopic study of two cases of primary sarcoma of heart2. Experimental study of laser surgery of the liver3. A report of 60 cases of primary vaginal carcinoma4. Fifteen years clinical e

34、xperience with carcinoma of the pancreas5. Carcinoembryonic antigen(癌胚抗原) in breast cancer tissue is a useful prognostic indicatorAssignment（Chapter one）. Revise the following improper titles, and translate the revised titles into Chinese: 1. Circulatory failure of metastatic carcinoma of the lung 2

35、. Evaluation of etiology of liver disease in renal- transplant patients3. Diabetes after the infectious hepatitis: A follow-up study4. The use of radioactive iodine at the evaluation of thyroid nodules5. Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (可曲光學(xué)纖維支氣管鏡檢法). Revise the following titles into the forms with subtitles, and transla