陸生動(dòng)物副產(chǎn)品在水產(chǎn)飼料中的應(yīng)用-

1、陸生動(dòng)物副產(chǎn)品在水產(chǎn)飼料中的應(yīng)用Use of Terrestrial Animal By-products in Aquatic FeedsIan Forster, Ph.D.海洋研究所Oceanic InstituteWaimanalo, Hawaii, USAAquatic Feeds & Nutrition Department概要Summary為什么要研究動(dòng)物副產(chǎn)品Why look at by-products?什么樣的副產(chǎn)品可以利用What by-products are available?在水產(chǎn)飼料中的適用性What is known about suitability in a

2、quaculture feeds?要解決的問(wèn)題What are the issues to be resolved? 結(jié)論Conclusion水產(chǎn)飼料Aquatic Feeds所有動(dòng)物需要平衡可利用氨基酸的來(lái)源All animals require sources of balanced, available amino acids飼料需要在養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境中提供能為特定品種水產(chǎn)所接受（適口性好）的氨基酸Feeds need to provide amino acids, and be acceptable (palatable) to the species they are targeted fo

3、r within the culture environment氨基酸（蛋白質(zhì)）是大部分水產(chǎn)飼料最昂貴的成分Sources of amino acids (protein) are one of the most expensive components of most aquaculture feeds確保飼料提供可利用、適口性好的氨基酸可以降低飼養(yǎng)成本、提高飼養(yǎng)效率和降低飼料的污染Ensuring that feeds provide the amino acids animals in available and palatable form will reduce cost of fe

4、eding, improve farm efficiency and reduce pollution from feed白蝦的蛋白質(zhì)需要Protein Requirement of L. vannamei蛋白需要其實(shí)是氨基酸需要Protein requirement is really a need for essential amino acids蛋白的需要量有很多人研究過(guò)得到了不同的結(jié)果Requirement levels of protein have been estimated by many researchers with different results36% (Smith

5、 et al. 1985), 30% (Cousin et al. 1993), 15% Aranyakananda 1993), 20.2-24.5% (Velasco et al. 2000)影響白蝦最佳蛋白需要量的因素Factors Affecting the Optimum level of Protein in L. vannamei生長(zhǎng)階段：總的來(lái)說(shuō)，幼小動(dòng)物蛋白需要量高。Life stage: In general, higher level of protein is required by younger animals. This is believed to be tru

6、e of shrimp (Colvin and Brand 1977)蛋白來(lái)源：消化率高、平衡的蛋白在采食量低時(shí)生長(zhǎng)較佳。Protein source: Highly digestible, well-balanced proteins generate growth better at lower intake環(huán)境：富營(yíng)養(yǎng)條件下養(yǎng)的蝦在較低蛋白水平下生長(zhǎng)較好。Environment: Shrimp reared in highly eutrophic conditions (i.e., high floc, pond) can grow well with lower level of di

7、etary protein飼喂頻率： Kureshy and Davis 2002 發(fā)現(xiàn)飼喂頻率低時(shí)高質(zhì)量蛋白的生長(zhǎng)較好。最佳可消化蛋白攝入量為43 -46gDP/kg/d 。蛋白水平最低為32%。Feed rate: Kureshy and Davis 2002 found that higher protein feeds could be fed at a lower rate to achieve best growth. Optimum protein intake of 43 -46gDP/kg/d, as long as protein was at least 32%池塘養(yǎng)殖條

8、件下日糧蛋白水平對(duì)蝦增重的影響Weight vs. Dietary Protein in Pond Conditions魚粉Fishmeal許多種類的養(yǎng)殖魚和蝦料中含有大量的魚粉Feeds for many species of cultured fish and shrimp contain considerable levels of fishmeal魚粉由于氨基酸平衡、消化率高，適口性好最喜歡被選用作為蛋白原料Fishmeal is preferred as a protein source because of its good balance of amino acids, good

9、 digestibility and high palatability優(yōu)質(zhì)魚粉價(jià)格昂貴而且利用率存在變異性Good quality fishmeal is expensive, however, and has been of variable availability由此引發(fā)興趣尋找取代魚粉作為氨基酸（蛋白）來(lái)源This has led to interest in finding alternatives to fishmeal as amino acid (protein) sources提煉動(dòng)物副產(chǎn)品Rendered By-products育種、生產(chǎn)和加工的技術(shù)發(fā)展改善了對(duì)畜產(chǎn)品作為

10、食品的利用Advances in breeding, production and processing technologies have resulted in improved utilization of livestock for food然而在美國(guó)仍然每周產(chǎn)生大約40,000 噸的動(dòng)物副產(chǎn)品However, at least 40,000 tons of animal by-product are generated each week in the USA來(lái)源：屠宰場(chǎng)、食品包裝廠、超市、肉店和餐館Sources: slaughter houses, packing plants,

11、 supermarkets, butcher shops and restaurants這些副產(chǎn)品含大量的蛋白和油脂能提供穩(wěn)定的營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富、可消化的蛋白和油脂These by-products contain significant levels of protein and oils and provide a ready source of nutritious, digestible animal protein and fat水產(chǎn)飼料中可以添加動(dòng)物副產(chǎn)品為飼料生產(chǎn)者配制飼料時(shí)增加了靈活性，減少了對(duì)魚粉的依賴The availability of by-products for inclu

12、sion in aquatic feeds provides feed producers with added flexibility in formulating feeds, and decreased dependence on fishmeal supplies副產(chǎn)品By-products畜禽屠體和內(nèi)臟、用過(guò)的餐用脂肪、脂肪切屑、骨頭以及其它肉和禽的加工產(chǎn)物L(fēng)ivestock and poultry carcasses plus offal, spent cooking fats and oils, fat trimmings, bones, and other and other

13、meat and poultry processed material在美國(guó)，食品生產(chǎn)受到嚴(yán)格的監(jiān)控，因此得到的食品副產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量很好Food production is under strict supervision in US and the resulting by-products are of high quality肉骨粉Meat and Bone Meals牛、豬和禽Cattle, swine and poultry 禽副產(chǎn)品粉（雞肉粉）Poultry By-product Meals肉粉、羽毛粉、蛋粉Meat meals, feather meals, egg meals在水產(chǎn)飼

14、料中使用提煉動(dòng)物副產(chǎn)品的研究Research on Use of Rendered By-products in Aquaculture白蝦Shrimp L. vannamei肉骨粉Meat and Bone MealsForster, I.P., Dominy W., Obaldo, L., Tacon, A.G.J. 2003. Aquaculture. Rendered meat and bone meals as ingredients of diets for shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931). Aquaculture 219:655

15、-670在夏威夷海洋研究所完成Conducted at the Oceanic Institute, Hawaii肉骨粉-蝦Meat & Bone Meal - Shrimp 三種產(chǎn)品Three products A 35%牛肉beef, 35% 豬肉pork, 30%禽 poultryB 90% 牛肉beef, 5% 豬肉pork, 5% 禽poultry C 50% 牛肉beef, 50% 豬肉pork 蛋白表觀消化率Protein apparent digestibility以蛋白為基礎(chǔ)取代25、50、75%的魚粉的營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)Nutritive quality at 25, 50 and

16、75% fishmeal replacement on a protein basis用Norse LT-94魚粉用來(lái)作Fishmeal used for comparison Norse LT-94成份和顆粒大小分布Composition and Particle Size Distribution肉骨粉AMBM-A肉骨粉BMBM-B肉骨粉CMBM-C水分Moisture (%) 6.79 3.92 3.29粗蛋白Crude Protein (%)53.3055.6153.51粗脂肪Crude Fat (%)17.1210.6115.06灰分Ash (%)19.0024.0922.28總能量

17、Gross Energy (kJ/g)19.5017.8019.00顆粒大小范圍Particle size range ()488 (256-932)355 (167-757)500 (288-869)Values are expressed on an as is basis必須氨基酸Essential Amino AcidsMBM-A(%)MBM-B(%)MBM-C(%)Arginine3.453.773.46Cystine0.690.450.42Histidine1.181.341.29Isoleucine1.701.981.62Leucine3.413.953.34Lysine2.67

18、3.502.77Methionine0.841.110.86Phenylalanine1.872.121.78Taurine0.130.080.07Threonine1.842.101.72Tryptophan0.330.410.32Tyrosine1.551.911.49Valine2.562.692.42as fed basis 肉骨粉的礦物質(zhì)成分Mineral Composition of MBMMBM-AMBM-BMBM-CP (%) 3.14 3.66 4.11K (%) 0.42 0.26 0.50Ca (%) 5.98 8.15 7.84Mg (%) 0.14 0.21 0.17

19、Na (%) 0.68 0.44 1.65Mn (mg/kg) 11.92 10.21 14.98Fe (mg/kg)470.33872.60998.78Cu (mg/kg) 9.34 9.74 9.71Zn (mg/kg) 56.43119.91 81.29B (mg/kg) 4.57 4.51 6.66表觀消化率Apparent Digestibility對(duì)照日糧-標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Control diet standard試驗(yàn)日糧-90%對(duì)照日糧+10%肉骨粉Experimental diets 90% control + 10% MBM氧化鉻5g/kg Chromic oxide 5 g/kg di

20、et用沉淀式收糞器Fecal collection using a settling container消化率儀器Digestibility Apparatus表觀消化率系數(shù)Apparent Digestibility Coefficients Dry matter(%)Crude protein(%)對(duì)照組control78.46 a92.63 aMBM-A 74.25ab87.84abMBM-B68.08ab85.08bcMBM-C63.60 b81.04 c標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤SEM3.101.47氨基酸表觀消化率Amino Acid Apparent DigestibilityControlMBM-

21、AMBM-BMBM-CArginine94.488.286.381.5Cystine84.774.678.176.3Histidine91.389.985.983.2Isoleucine93.489.687.781.8Leucine93.489.087.081.0Lysine95.492.788.684.5Methionine92.491.086.781.5Phenylalanine92.588.386.781.7Taurine94.393.392.388.6Threonine90.385.782.876.9Tryptophan91.291.087.281.5Tyrosine90.987.88

22、5.680.3Valine92.586.885.479.6Average92.087.485.280.5生長(zhǎng)試驗(yàn)Growth Trial流水、凈水系統(tǒng)Flow-though, clear water蝦初重0.8 g Initial shrimp weight 0.8 g試驗(yàn)期8周The trial lasted for eight weeks末重Final Weight (g)結(jié)論Conclusions肉骨粉可以在白蝦35%粗蛋白飼糧中取代75%魚粉Meat and bone meals can replace as much as 75% of fish meal in a 35% prot

23、ein diet for L. vannamei不同來(lái)源的原料營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值有較大變異There is considerable variation in nutritive value among sources.肉骨粉是用不同的原料制造的，所用的具體原料會(huì)影響終產(chǎn)品的營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)MBMs are manufactured from a variety of materials, and the specific combination used may influence the nutritional quality of the final product. 提煉動(dòng)物副產(chǎn)品的其它工作Other

24、Work With Rendered Animal By-ProductsWilliams et al. 1997. 研究三種肉骨粉報(bào)道在斑節(jié)對(duì)蝦飼糧中可以取代67%秘魯魚粉（干物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)70.5%）無(wú)論在實(shí)驗(yàn)室還是在室外生產(chǎn)條件下都不會(huì)有負(fù)面影響Examined three meat and bone meals and reported that as much as 67% of Peruvian fish meal (70.5% crude protein on a dry matter basis) could be replaced in black tiger shrimp (Pe

25、naeus monodon) diets under both laboratory and field conditions, without any adverse effect on productionTan et al. 2005. 結(jié)果顯示在白蝦料中可以用肉骨粉取代60%魚粉蛋白，不會(huì)影響生長(zhǎng)、存活率、餌料系數(shù)、蛋白效率、及蝦體成分Results showed that up to 60% of fish meal protein can be replaced by MBM with no adverse effects on growth, survival, FCR, PER

26、 and body composition of L. vannameiTan et al. 2005雞肉粉Poultry Byproduct Meals 四種產(chǎn)品Four products 低灰分雞肉粉Low-ash poultry meal (LAPM)雞骨粉Poultry bone meal (PBM)寵物級(jí)雞肉粉Pet food grade poultry (PFGM)飼料級(jí)雞肉粉Feed grade poultry (FGPM)取代15、30、45%魚粉時(shí)的營(yíng)養(yǎng)質(zhì)量Nutritive quality at 15, 30 and 45% fishmeal replacement用魚粉來(lái)

27、做Norse LT-94魚粉比較Fishmeal used for comparison Norse LT-94在夏威夷海洋研究所完成Conducted at the Oceanic Institute, Hawaii表觀消化率Apparent Digestibility原料Ingredient粗蛋白Crude Protein(%)粗脂肪Crude Lipid(%)Control對(duì)照組93.994.2低灰分雞肉粉Low ash poultry meal80.790.1雞肉骨粉Poultry bone Meal56.790.4寵物級(jí)雞肉粉Pet food grade meal70.270.3飼料

28、級(jí)雞肉粉Feed grade poultry meal63.086.7末重Final Weight結(jié)論Conclusion雞肉粉在白蝦料中取代15%或更多的魚粉蛋白Poultry meals can replace high quality fishmeal in diets for L. vannamei at 15% replacement of fishmeal protein, or greater. 一些雞肉粉可以取代多達(dá)45%的魚粉蛋白Some poultry meals can replace up to 45% of the fishmeal protein有關(guān)雞肉粉的其它工作

29、Other Work With Poultry Meals品種Species產(chǎn)品Product取代Replacement參考ReferenceL. vannamei雞肉粉Poultry meals;30 45 % of fishmeal1This studyL. vannamei雞肉粉Poultry by-product meal2100 % of fishmealSamocha et al. (2004)L. vannameiL. vannamei羽毛粉Feather meal雞肉粉Poultry by-product meal33 % of fishmeal367 % of fishmea

30、lCheng et al. (2002a)Cheng et al. (2002b)L. vannamei雞肉粉Poultry by-product meal480 % of fishmealDavis and Arnold (2000)1使用了高等級(jí)的Norse LT-94 魚粉High grade fishmeal (Norse LT-94) was used.2 產(chǎn)品與大豆、雞肉粉、蛋制品一起膨化Product was co-extruded soy and poultry meal with egg supplement.3 添加必需氨基酸：賴氨酸和蛋氨酸后的結(jié)果最佳；使用了高等級(jí)的No

31、rse LT-94魚粉Best results were obtained when diets were supplemented with the indispensable amino acids lysine and methionine. High grade fishmeal (Norse LT-94) was used.4 使用大豆、雞肉粉共同膨化和快速干燥雞肉粉來(lái)取代鯡魚粉時(shí)得到相似結(jié)果Similar results were found for both a co-extruded soy/poultry meal and flashed dried poultry meal

32、 used to replace menhaden meal有關(guān)雞肉粉的其它工作Other Work With Poultry Meals品種Species產(chǎn)品Product取代ReplacementReference虹鱒魚Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout)雞肉粉Poultry by-product meal6完全取代Total replacementAlexis et al. (1985)大鱗大馬哈魚O. tshawytscha (chinook salmon)雞肉粉Poultry by-product meal取代50 %鯡魚粉 50%of herrin

33、g mealFowler (1991)露斯塔野鯪 Labeo rohita (Indian carp)羽毛粉Feather meal取代50 %魚粉 50%of fishmealHasan et al. (1997)金頭鯛Sparus aurata (gilthead seabream)雞肉粉Poultry by-product meals取代35-75%的魚粉35-75% fishmealNengas et al. (1999)鯽魚Carassius auratus gibelio (gibel carp)雞肉粉和肉骨粉Poultry by-product and meat and bone

34、 meals取代50%的魚粉50% fishmealYang et al. (2004)6 飼糧中含雞肉粉、長(zhǎng)角豆胚芽粉和玉米蛋白粉Diets contained combination of poultry by-product meal, carob seed germ meal and corn gluten meal 提煉動(dòng)物副產(chǎn)品在池塘條件下的使用Rendered Animal ProductsUnder Pond Conditions大部分對(duì)副產(chǎn)品粉在蝦里的研究是在凈水體系和受控制的環(huán)境中進(jìn)行的Most research on by-product meals in shrimp

35、are conducted in clean water systems, with a controlled environment然而大部分蝦的生產(chǎn)是在可以建立微生物群、換水有限的池塘里進(jìn)行的But, most shrimp production is conducted in ponds with limited water exchange, allowing establishment of a microbial community通過(guò)采食微生物，蝦可以補(bǔ)充一些養(yǎng)分By consuming elements of this community, shrimp are able to

36、 supplement their supply of nutrients因此在凈水系統(tǒng)中試驗(yàn)效果較差的飼料在存在微生物的養(yǎng)殖系統(tǒng)中的效果可能會(huì)提高蝦的生產(chǎn)效率Because of this, feeds that perform poorly in clean water systems may be able to promote high shrimp productivity in microbial based culture systems提煉動(dòng)物蛋白產(chǎn)品在池塘中的效果Rendered Animal ProductsUnder Pond Conditions富營(yíng)養(yǎng)水環(huán)境條件下蝦的生長(zhǎng)試驗(yàn)Growth trial with shrimp under highly eutrophic conditions (海洋研究所Oceanic Institute, Hawaii)肉骨粉Meat and Bone Meal (55.6 CP, 10.6%CL) and 雞肉粉Poultry Meal (69.1% CP; 15.7%CL)飼喂白蝦8周Fed to L. vannamei for 8 weeks室外無(wú)水交換條件Zero-water exchange co