EN10160德國超聲檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程

1、Ultrasonictestingofsteelflatproductsofthicknessequalorgreaterthan6mm(reflectionmethod)厚度等于或大于6毫米的鋼板產(chǎn)品超聲檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程(反射法)DINEN10160:1999Contents目錄TOC o 1-5 h z HYPERLINK l bookmark0Foreword前言11Scope第一章適用范圍2 HYPERLINK l bookmark22Normativereferences第二章相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)2 HYPERLINK l bookmark43Termsanddefinitions第三章術(shù)語和定義3 H

2、YPERLINK l bookmark144Principle第四章檢測原理4 HYPERLINK l bookmark165Personnel第五章探傷人員資格4 HYPERLINK l bookmark186Apparatus第六章儀器47Couplingconditions-Surfaceconditionoftheflatproduct第七章耦合狀態(tài)鋼板表面條件6 HYPERLINK l bookmark268Scanningplan第八章掃描方案7 HYPERLINK l bookmark369Procedure第九章程序7 HYPERLINK l bookmark4410Accep

3、tancecriteria第十章接受標(biāo)準(zhǔn)10在訂購協(xié)議框架內(nèi)，（供應(yīng)商）可提供不同質(zhì)量等級的鋼板/或棱邊產(chǎn)品。10 HYPERLINK l bookmark4611Testreport第十一章檢驗(yàn)報告10AnnexA12圖一、代表性用語示意圖13Foreword前言ThisEuropeanStandardhasbeenpreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeECISS/TC1SteelPhysic-chemicalandnon-destructivetesting,thesecretariatofwhichisheldbyAFNOR.本歐洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)由ECISS/TC1*)“鋼材理化

4、和非破壞性試驗(yàn)”技術(shù)協(xié)會起草，該技術(shù)協(xié)會的秘書由法國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化協(xié)會(AFNOR)派遣。ThisEuropeanStandardshallbegiventhestatusofanationalstandard,eitherbypublicationofanidenticaltextorbyendorsement,atthelatestbyJanuary2000,andconflictingnationalstandardsshallbewithdrawnatthelatestbyJanuary2000.本歐洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)以國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)狀態(tài)發(fā)布，或者發(fā)行同一的文件或者背書，最遲不得晚于2000年元月份，與本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

5、相悖的國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)在2000年元月份前廢止。AccordingtotheCEN/CENELECInternalRegulations,thenationalstandardsorganizationsofthefollowingcountriesareboundtoimplementthisEuropeanStandard:Austria,Belgium,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg,Netherlands,Norway,Portugal,Spain,Swe

6、den,SwitzerlandandtheUnitedKingdom.根據(jù)歐洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化協(xié)會/歐洲電工標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化委員會（CEN/CENELEC）的內(nèi)部規(guī)定，下列國家的國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織有義務(wù)采用本歐洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：奧地利、比利時、捷克共和國、丹麥、芬蘭、法國、德國、瑞士、冰島、愛爾蘭、意大利、盧森堡、荷蘭、挪威、葡萄牙、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士和英國。適用范圍適用范圍ThisEuropeanStandarddescribesamethodfortheultrasonictestingofuncoatedflatsteelproductforinternaldiscontinuities.Itisapplicableto

7、flatproductinnominalthicknessrangeof6mmto200mmofnon-alloyedoralloyedsteel,excludingausteniticoraustenoferriticsteels.However,thisstandardmaybeappliedtothelattertypesofsteelsprovidedthatthedifferencebetweentheamplitudeofthenoisesignalandthatoftheechodetectionthresholdissufficientforthelimitfixed.本歐洲標(biāo)

8、準(zhǔn)介紹了未經(jīng)涂布的鋼板的內(nèi)部裂紋現(xiàn)象的超聲試驗(yàn)測定方法，適用于厚度在6毫米至200毫米的除奧氏體或奧氏-鐵素體以外的合金或非合金鋼材產(chǎn)品的檢驗(yàn)。但是，如果噪聲信號和回聲檢測閾值之間的差異幅度足以限制固定的話，這一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可以適用于后者。Thisstandardalsodefinesfourqualityclassesfortheflatproductbody(classesS0,S1,S2andS3)and5c1asses(E0,E1,E2,E3,E4)fortheedgesinaccordancewiththecriteriaspecifiedinclause9.本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)同時為鋼板規(guī)定了四個質(zhì)量等

9、級（S0,S,s2和S3級）并根據(jù)第九章的質(zhì)量條款為棱邊規(guī)定了五個質(zhì)量等級（E0,E,E2,E3,E4）。Othermethodsoftesting(e.g.bytransmission)orothertestequipmentsmaybeusedatthemanufacturersdiscretionprovidedthattheygiveidenticalresultstothoseobtainedundertheconditionsofthisstandard.Intheeventofadispute,onlythemethoddefinedinthisstandardshallprev

10、ail.在能夠得到與根據(jù)本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)條件測得的相一致的結(jié)果的前提下，其它試驗(yàn)方法（例如在線測試）或者其它試驗(yàn)設(shè)備可以用于制造商對產(chǎn)品內(nèi)部裂紋現(xiàn)象的判定。在相左情況下，以本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為準(zhǔn)。Testingofflatproductofthicknesslessthan6mmmaybethesubjectofspecialagreementsbetweenthepartiesconcerned.特殊合同的相關(guān)方也可以要求對厚度小于6毫米的鋼板進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。Theinspectionisnormallycarriedoutintheplaceofproductionoronthepremisesofthesuppli

11、er.Ifspecifiedontheorder,theinspectionmaytakeplaceinthepresenceofthepurchaserorhisrepresentative)。一般情況下，檢驗(yàn)在產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)地或者在供應(yīng)商的倉庫進(jìn)行。如果訂單上有相關(guān)條款規(guī)定，也可以在購買商或其代表的監(jiān)理下進(jìn)行注解）。AlistofequivalenttermsinseveralEuropeanlanguagesisgiveninannexA.附件A給出了相同術(shù)語的幾種歐洲語言表達(dá)形式。2Normativereferences第二章相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ThisEuropeanStandardincorpora

12、tesbydatedorundatedreference,provisionsfromotherpublications.Thesenormativereferencesarecitedattheappropriateplacesinthetextandthepublicationsarelistedhereafter.Fordatedreferences,subsequentamendmentstoorrevisionsofanyofthesepublicationsapplytothisEuropeanStandardonlywhenincorporatedinitbyamendmento

13、rrevision.Forundatedreferencesthelatesteditionofthepublicationreferredtoapplies.面列出了本歐洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)引用的注明日期或未注明日期的文件清單。這些被引用的相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，凡是未注明日期的文件，其最新版本適用于本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；凡是注明了日期的文件，只有當(dāng)通過修訂或再版而引用進(jìn)來時，才適用于本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。EN473,QualificationandcertificationofNDTpersonnel-GeneralprinciplesEN473無損探傷（NDT）人員的資格和證書一一一般原則prEN1330-4,Nondestructivete

14、sting-Terminology-Part4:TermsusedinultrasoningtestingprEN1330-4，無損探傷術(shù)語第四部分：用于超聲檢驗(yàn)的術(shù)語3Termsanddefinitions第三章術(shù)語和定義ForthepurposesofthisEuropeanStandard,thedefinitionsgiveninprEN1330-4andthefollowingdefinitionsapply:為了確切地理解本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，本歐洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)采用下列術(shù)語定義和prEN1330-4定義的術(shù)語：internaldiscontinuity內(nèi)部裂紋anyimperfectionlyingwi

15、thinthethicknessoftheflatproduct,e.g.planarorlaminarimperfection,single-planeormulti-planeinclusionbandsorclusters任何存在于鋼板產(chǎn)品厚度內(nèi)的缺陷，例如平面或薄片狀的缺陷，單層的或多層的，無論帶狀還是叢生狀。NOTEItisreferredinthetextasdiscontinuity.說明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中稱為裂紋。3.2defect缺陷unacceptableinternaldiscontinuity,i.e.exceedingthespecifiedmaximumsizeorpopula

16、tiondensitylimits不可接受的內(nèi)部裂紋，也就是裂紋尺寸超出了規(guī)定的最大限度或密度分布超出了極限數(shù)量。Populationdensity分布密度thenumberofindividualinternaldiscontinuitiesofasizegreaterthanaspecifiedminimumsizeandlessthanaspecifiedmaximumsizeperspecifiedareaofbodyorlengthofedgezone在規(guī)定的區(qū)域或一定的棱邊長度范圍內(nèi)，那些大于最小尺寸、小于最大尺寸的單一裂紋的數(shù)量。manualandassistedmanualte

17、sting手動檢測和輔助手動檢測testingbyanoperatorapplyinganultrasonicprobe,orprobes,totheflatproductsurface,manuallyexecutingtheappropriatescanningpatternontheflatproductsurfaceandvisuallyassessingultrasonicsignalindicationsontheelectronicequipmentscreeneitherbydirectviewingorbybuilt-insignalamplitudealarmdevices

18、操作者使用一個或多個超聲波探頭放在鋼板表面進(jìn)行檢測，手動進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)脑嚇訏呙?，直接或者通過內(nèi)置的信號振幅報警裝置觀察電子設(shè)備上的超聲波信號顯示器。automaticandsemi-automatictesting自動或半自動檢測testingusingamechanizedmeansofapplyingtheultrasonicprobeorprobesto,andexecutingtheappropriatescanningpatternontheflatproductsurface,togetherwithultrasonicsignalindicationevaluationbyelect

19、ronicmeans.Suchtestingcanbeeitherfullyautomaticwithnooperatorinvolvementorsemi-automaticwhentheoperatorperformsbasicequipmentoperationfunctions采用機(jī)械化裝置并配備一個電子的超聲波信號識別評價系統(tǒng)，用一個或多個超聲波探頭放在鋼板表面進(jìn)行檢測，進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)脑嚇訏呙琛＿@種檢測流程可以實(shí)現(xiàn)全自動或半自動的超聲波檢測半自動狀態(tài)下，檢測者進(jìn)行基本的設(shè)備操作。4Principle第四章檢測原理Themethodusedisbasedonthereflectionofu

20、ltrasonicwaves（generallylongitudinal）,themeandirectionofwhichisperpendiculartothesurfaceoftheproduct.Theexaminationconsistsof:本方法基于超聲波的反射原理（通常是縱向的），有意義的是垂直于鋼板表面的反射（現(xiàn)象）。檢驗(yàn)由下列各項(xiàng)組成：a）locatinganydiscontinuitybycomparingtheamplitudeofthediscontinuityechowiththeamplitudeoftheechoofaflat-bottomedholeofagiv

21、endiameterandlocatedatthesamedepthasthediscontinuity.通過比較來自平底孔和被測試區(qū)域的回聲振幅來鎖定裂紋缺陷的存在與否及其大小和深度。NOTEOnlythosediscontinuitiesgivinganechoatleastequivalentinamplitudetothatoftheechoobtainedwiththereferenceflat-bottomedholearetakenintoconsideration;說明只有那些至少與來自與平底孔的回聲振幅相同的從被測試區(qū)反射回的回聲才納入考慮范圍；b）thendetermini

22、ngitsarea,thecontourofthediscontinuitybeingdefinedbythepositionsofthecentreoftheprobecorrespondingtoaechoamplitudeofhalfthemaximumamplitudeofthediscontinuityunderconsideration（6dBmethod）.然后確定其區(qū)域，裂紋的邊緣定義為相應(yīng)的回聲振幅為裂紋的最大回聲振幅一半位置時探頭的中心點(diǎn)（所形成的曲線）（6分貝法）。Theexaminationiscarriedoutduringthefirstultrasonicscan

23、foralltheflatproductthicknessesandfromonesideonly.在第一次超聲掃描過程中，進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)；對任何的厚度鋼板只需掃描一側(cè)。5Personnel第五章探傷人員資格Testingiscarriedoutbyqualifiedpersonnelundertheresponsibilityofalevel3individualcertifiedinaccordancewithEN473.按照EN473標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，經(jīng)過特殊培訓(xùn)并取得三級單項(xiàng)資質(zhì)認(rèn)證的人員才能進(jìn)行操作。6Apparatus第六章儀器Description關(guān)于儀器Thedetectionapparatus

24、shallbeequippedwithanoscilloscopescreenallowingthepathoftheultrasonicwavesintheflatproducttobefollowed.Theoscillogramsshallbec1earlyvisible,thepeakscorrespondingtothesuccessiveechoesbeingsharpandveryclear;theapparatusshallbesuitablycalibratedandshallbeequippedwithanamplifiermarkedindecibels.檢測儀器應(yīng)配備示

25、波器屏幕，以跟蹤監(jiān)視用于鋼板產(chǎn)品的超聲波的反射情況。該示波器應(yīng)清晰可見，相應(yīng)的峰值連續(xù)回波應(yīng)即時明確地顯現(xiàn)；儀器具應(yīng)配備放大器并作適當(dāng)調(diào)整，同時顯示著分貝數(shù)。BothultrasonictestingapparatuswithdisplaymonitorandamplifiercontrolgraduatedindB,orapparatuswithoutdisplaymonitorcanbeused.Apparatuswithoutdisplaymonitorshallbeabletocarryoutautomaticamplitudetestingandevaluationandtheiru

26、nitofmeasurementshallbecalibratedindB.配備有顯示器和分貝調(diào)整放大器的超聲檢測儀器，或不具備顯示器的儀器都可以使用。不具備顯示器的儀器應(yīng)能自動檢測振幅并進(jìn)行評價，其計(jì)量單位應(yīng)校準(zhǔn)為分貝。Itshallbepossibletoregulateamplification,powerandtimebase.放大(倍數(shù))、功率和時基線(掃描發(fā)生器)都應(yīng)是可調(diào)的。Theapparatusincludesatleastoneprobewhichmaybeeitheraprobewithasingletransducerservingforbothemissionandr

27、eception(singleprobe)oradoubletransducerprobe(separateemission-receptiontransducers).Themeandirectionofthewavesemittedandreceivedshallbeperpendiculartothesurfaceoftheproduct.儀器應(yīng)包括至少一個探頭?？梢允菃我坏奶筋^傳感器服務(wù)于發(fā)射和接收(單探頭)，也可以是雙傳感器探頭(單獨(dú)發(fā)射單獨(dú)接收傳感器)。波的發(fā)射和接收的主要方向應(yīng)垂直于表面的產(chǎn)品。Theprobeshallhaveafrequencyanddimensionssuc

28、hthattherequiredsensitivitycanbeguaranteedthroughouttheextentofthetestfield.探頭須有一個適當(dāng)?shù)念l率和形狀以保證整個檢測范圍的區(qū)域所需的敏感性。Thesingleprobesshallbesuchthattheirdeadzoneisassmallaspossible,i.e.15%oftheflatproductthicknessor15mmwhicheveristhesmaller.Thefocusingzoneofthedoubletransducerprobesshallbeadaptedtothethickne

29、ssoftheflatproduct.單探頭，應(yīng)使他們的探測死角盡可能小，譬如15的鋼板厚度或15毫米，看兩者哪一個更小。雙傳感器探頭的聚焦區(qū)應(yīng)適應(yīng)鋼板的厚度。Themaindimensionsofprobesare10mmto25mmindiameterandtheprobesshallhaveanominalfrequencyintherangeof2MHzto5MHz.Probesoflargerdimensionandofanominalfrequencythatisoutsidetherangeof2MHzto5MHzmaybeusedforautomaticorsemi-autom

30、atictestingand/orwhentheflatproductexhibitshighattenuationprovidedthatthemainrequirementsofthisstandardaremet.探頭的直徑一般在10毫米至25毫米；探頭的公稱頻率范圍在2至5兆赫。大規(guī)格和公稱頻率在2至5兆赫范圍以外的探頭可用于自動或半自動測試和/或用于產(chǎn)品滿足了這個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的主要要求，而高衰減現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)的情況下。Thetypeoftheprobedependsonthethicknessoftheflatproductasgivenintable1:表一給出了不同鋼材厚度所適用探頭型號：Ta

31、ble1-Typeofprobe表一、探頭的型號Nominalthicknessoftheflatproduct(e)ordepthofanydiscontinuityzone鋼材產(chǎn)品的公稱厚度或可能的裂紋區(qū)深度Typeofprobe探頭的型號6mmweW60mmDoubletransducerprobe雙傳感器探頭60mmWeW200mmSingleordoubletransducerprobea)b)單或雙傳感器探頭注釋a)b)注釋：Intheeventofadispute,thetypeofprobetobeusedshallbethesubjectofanagreement.在發(fā)生爭議

32、時，探針的類型應(yīng)在協(xié)議中約定。Whereautomatictestingiscarriedoutusingimmersionorwatercolumntechniques,itispermissibletousesinglecrystalprobes60mmthick使用(耦合劑)浸漬探頭或采用水柱技術(shù)進(jìn)行自動檢測時，允許使用小于60毫米厚的單晶探頭。Theprobemaybeeitherhandheld,ormountedonacontinuoustestingapparatuswithascanningspeedsufficientlylowforthediscontinuitiestob

33、eeasilylocatedtakingintoaccountthedisplaydelayofthescreen,orfittedwithadevicewhichindicatesthediscontinuity.探頭可以用手握著或是裝在檢測設(shè)備上。在裝在檢測設(shè)備上的情況下，檢測設(shè)備的掃描速度要慢到能夠很容易地鎖定裂紋并準(zhǔn)確地顯示到監(jiān)視屏幕上來，同時要考慮顯示的延遲現(xiàn)象。也可以配備適當(dāng)?shù)难b置來顯示列紋。Whendoubletransducerprobesareused,theorientationofthebarrierseparatingthetwotransducersshallbepe

34、rpendiculartothescanningdirection.在使用雙傳感器探頭的情況下，分隔兩個傳感器的隔板方向應(yīng)垂于直掃描方向。Theverificationoftheapparatusshallbecarriedoutinaccordancewiththerelevantnationalstandards.儀器的檢定（校準(zhǔn)）應(yīng)按有關(guān)國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)執(zhí)行。Adjustmentoftheapparatus儀器的調(diào)校Adjustmentoftheapparatusforuseparticularlyrequiresthatthetimebase,powerandamplificationbede

35、termined.調(diào)校儀器主要是定義時基線、功率和放大（倍數(shù)）。Thetimebaseisadjustedtoavalueatwhichthedistance,ontheoscilloscopescreen,betweentheemissionechoandback-wallechoissufficienttoallowadefectechotobeclearlydetectedbetweenthem.時基線的調(diào)校是為了確定發(fā)射波和背面回聲間在示波器屏幕上顯示的時差，以便使它們與缺陷回聲清楚地區(qū)分開來而準(zhǔn)確發(fā)現(xiàn)缺陷。Atleast,twoback-wallechoesshouldbedispl

36、ayed.最起碼，兩個背面的回聲應(yīng)從示波器屏幕上顯示出來。Thepowerandamplificationareadjustedinconjunctiononasoundareawhichdoesnotgiveanydiscontinuityecho.Thefirstback-wallechoshallthenbebroughtuptothemaximumamplitudecompatiblewiththeheightofthescreeninthefieldofLinearityoftheapparatus（generallybetween80%and100%fullscreenheight

37、）.功率和放大（倍數(shù)）的調(diào)校需要一個沒有任何裂紋（缺陷）回聲的區(qū)域。第一個背面回聲應(yīng)在儀器的線性區(qū)域內(nèi)達(dá)到與屏幕高度相匹配的最大振幅（一般在屏幕高度的80和100之間）。Thesystemshallbecheckedatleastonceevery8h.每工作8小時，至少要檢查一次系統(tǒng)。7Couplingconditions-Surfaceconditionoftheflatproduct第七章耦合狀態(tài)鋼板表面條件Thecouplingmediumshallensureanadequatecontactbetweentheprobeandthesurfaceoftheflatproduct.W

38、aterisnormallyusedbutothercouplingmedia（e.g.oil,paste）maybeusedatthediscretionofthesupplier.耦合劑應(yīng)確保探頭和鋼板表面的充分接觸。通常采用清水但也可以使用供貨商推薦的其它的介質(zhì)（例如油、糊狀物等）。Thesurfaceconditionshallpermitatleasttwosuccessiveback-wallechoestobedistinguishedwhentheprobeisplacedonanyareafreefrominternaldiscontinuities.Theflatprodu

39、ctsarenormallyexaminedwithoutanyspecialpreparationofthesurface.（鋼板）的表面應(yīng)至少能使其成為可能：把探頭放在沒有內(nèi)部裂紋（缺陷）的任一區(qū)域，能夠分辨出來來自兩個背面的回聲。8Scanningplan第八章掃描方案General總則Fortheflatproductbody,thetestingisbasedonstatisticalmethods,unlessotherwisespecifiedintheorder.除非另有約定，鋼板產(chǎn)品的檢驗(yàn)基于統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法。Accordingtothequalityclass,scanningo

40、ftheflatproductshallbecarriedoutinaccordancewith8.2and/or8.3.根據(jù)質(zhì)量等級，鋼板產(chǎn)品的掃描按8.2和/或8.3節(jié)的要求進(jìn)行。Byagreementatthetimeoforder,ascanningwithadefinedscancoverageorascanningofallbodypartoftheflatproductmaybeprovided,theoperatingconditionsbeingincludedintheagreement.在訂立協(xié)議時，可以確定掃描范圍為全部所供產(chǎn)品的或抽樣掃描，操作條件包含在協(xié)議中。Tes

41、tingoftheflatproductbody鋼板主體檢驗(yàn)ClassS0andSxflatproductS0級和Sx級鋼板產(chǎn)品Scanningcomprisescontinuousexaminationalongthelinesofagridmadeofa200mmsquareparalleltotheedgesoftheflatproduct,oralongparalleloroscillatinglinesdistributeduniformlyoverthearea,givingthesamedegreeofcontrol.（用一個200毫米見方的框架）沿平行于鋼板棱邊、距棱邊200毫

42、米的距離上設(shè)定一條線，探頭可以沿直線進(jìn)行掃描，也可以沿這條線有規(guī)律的震蕩掃描，同等控制兩者狀態(tài)。ClassS2andS3flatproductS2級和S3級鋼板產(chǎn)品2323Scanningcomprisescontinuousexaminationalongthelinesofagridmadeofa100mmsquareparalleltotheedgesoftheflatproduct,oralongparalleloroscillatinglinesdistributeduniformlyoverthearea,givingthesamedegreeofcontrol.（用一個100毫米

43、見方的框架）沿平行于鋼板棱邊、距棱邊100毫米距離上設(shè)定一條線，探頭可以沿直線進(jìn)行掃描，也可以沿這條線有規(guī)律的震蕩掃描，同等控制兩者狀態(tài)。8.3Testingofthef1atproductedges鋼板產(chǎn)品棱邊的檢驗(yàn)Scanningcomprisesafullexaminationofazoneinaccordancewithtable2overthefouredgesoftheflatproduct.根據(jù)表二所列區(qū)域執(zhí)行鋼板產(chǎn)品四個棱邊的全面檢驗(yàn)。Table2-Zonewidthforflatproductedges表二、鋼板產(chǎn)品棱邊的區(qū)域?qū)挾萒hicknessoftheflatprodu

44、ct（e）鋼板產(chǎn)品厚度（mm）Zonewidth區(qū)域?qū)挾龋╩m）6wew505050wew10075100Wew2001009Procedure第九章程序Sensitivityandrangesetting靈敏度及其應(yīng)用范圍設(shè)定Foreachtypeofprobe,curvesshallbeusedgiving:對每種型號的探頭，其工作曲線應(yīng)當(dāng)滿足下列功能要求thechangeintheamplitudeoftheback-wallechoasafunctionofthethicknessoftheflatproduct;能根據(jù)鋼板厚度調(diào)節(jié)背面回聲振幅。thechangeintheamplit

45、udeoftheechooftheflat-bottomedholeasafunctionofitsdepth,forholesofdiameter:能根據(jù)鋼板平底孔的深度和大小調(diào)節(jié)回聲振幅?？椎闹睆酱笮椋?1mmforclassesS0,S1,E0andE1;S0,S1,E0和E1級：11毫米；8mmforclassesS2,E2andE3;S2,E2和E3級：8毫米；5mmforclassesS3andE4S3和E4級：5毫米；Thebottomoftheholeshallbeasflataspracticable,paralleltotheultrasoundentrysurfacea

46、ndfreefrompitsorscoremarkesthatsignificantlydegradeitsultrasonicreflectivity.Thetoleranceonthediameteroftheflatbottomedholeorwidthofrecessshallbe+5%.孔的底面，在實(shí)際操作中應(yīng)視為一個平面，這個平面平行于超聲波輸入表面，沒有任何坑點(diǎn)和劃痕，能顯著地降低其超聲波反射率。平底孔直徑的允差或者說凹槽的寬度應(yīng)為+5。Theuseofrectangularrecessesispermittedprovidedthatthelengthandwidthofthe

47、recessarechosentoprovideanultrasonicsignalresponseessentiallyequivalenttothatobtainedfromthestipulatedflatbottomedholeusingthesameequipment/transducertypecombination.在選擇了凹槽的長度和寬度、使用同一設(shè)備/傳感器類型的組合能提供基本上相當(dāng)于從規(guī)定平底孔得到的超聲信號反饋的前提下，允許使用矩形凹槽。Whentestingwithadouble-transducerprobe,onlythe5mmdiameterholeisusedf

48、orallthequalitiesasthecharacteristiccurvescorrespondingtothe8mmand11mmdiameterholesbecomeconfusedwiththecurveoftheback-wallecho.在使用雙傳感器探頭的情況下，所有等級的鋼板只能使用5毫米直徑的孔，因?yàn)槭褂?毫米和11毫米的孔會導(dǎo)致背面回聲工作曲線的混亂。Thesecurvesshallbedeterminedusingblocks(graduatedblockforthecurveshowingthevariationintheamplitudeoftheback-wa

49、llechoandblockscomprisingtheflat-bottomedholesatdifferentdepthsforthecharacteristiccurvesfor11mm,8mmand5mmdiameters).Theblocksaremadeofcarbonsteelwithahomogenousstructureandeachcurveshallbedeterminedfromatleastfivepointsdistributedovertheentirefieldofuseoftheprobe.Allthesecurvescanbesuppliedbytheman

50、ufactureroftheprobe.工作曲線用試塊(分等級/刻度的試塊和校對試塊，通過比較不同深度平底孔背面回聲的振幅變化為11毫米、8毫米和5毫米直徑的孔建立特性曲線)定義。試塊由碳鋼材料制造，質(zhì)地結(jié)構(gòu)均勻。每個特性曲線須由至少5個來自遍布整個探頭使用區(qū)域的點(diǎn)的參數(shù)來定義。所有這些特性曲線都能從探頭制造商那里獲取。Thus,foraflatproductofgiventhickness,themethodconsistsofadjustingtheamplitudeoftheback-wallechotothevaluegivenbythecurveforthevariationofth

51、eback-wallechoamplitudeandcomparingtheamplitudeofthediscontinuityechowiththecharacteristicscurves(for11mm,8mmand5mmdiameters)inaccordancewiththeclassselected.Onlydiscontinuitiesforwhichtheamplitudeoftheechoisgreaterthanthatofthecharacteristiccurveshallbetakenintoaccount.這樣，對于一定厚度的鋼板，整個檢測流程包括調(diào)校背面回聲的振

52、幅使其達(dá)到特性曲線上標(biāo)定的值，根據(jù)所選擇的等級將來自被測試區(qū)的回聲振幅與特性曲線（11毫米、8毫米和5毫米直徑）的值相比較，只有來自被測試區(qū)的回聲振幅大于特性曲線的參數(shù)（點(diǎn)）時，才考慮（裂紋的存在）。Determinationoftheareaofdiscontinuities裂紋區(qū)域的確定Testingtheflatproductbody鋼板主體的檢測Testingwithdoubletransducerprobes使用雙傳感器探頭檢測Theareaofallthediscontinuitiesgivingresponsesthatexceededthecharacteristiccurve

53、shallbedeterminedusingthe6dBtechnique,i.e.thecontourofthediscontinuitybeingdefinedasthepositionsofthecentreoftheprobewhentheresponsefromthediscontinuityisequaltohalfthemaximumamplitude.Arectanglethatencompassesthewholeofthediscontinuityisthendetermined,themajordimensionofwhichiscalledthelengthofthed

54、iscontinuityandtheminordimensionthewidthofthediscontinuity.Theareaoftherectangleisalsocalculated.使用6分貝技術(shù)確定那些回聲偏離特性曲線的裂紋區(qū)域，也就是裂紋的邊緣定義為相應(yīng)的回聲振幅為裂紋的最大回聲振幅一半位置時探頭的中心點(diǎn)(所形成的曲線)。然后定義一個圍繞該區(qū)域的矩形，該矩形的較長的邊叫做裂紋的長度，較短的邊則稱為寬度，計(jì)算出裂紋的面積。TheareaoftherectangledefinestheareaSofthediscontinuity.Twonearbydiscontinuitiess

55、hallbeconsideredtorepresentasinglediscontinuity,theareabeingequaltothesumofthetwoifthedistancebetweenthemislessthanorequaltothelengthofthesmallerofthetwo.該矩形面積稱之為裂紋面積S。如果相鄰兩個裂紋區(qū)域之間的距離小于或等于其中小的一個裂紋區(qū)域中的長度，則應(yīng)將兩個裂紋區(qū)域認(rèn)同為一個。Testingwithsingleprobes使用單傳感器探頭檢測Thetestconsistsof:檢測包括：forclassS0andS1flatproduct

56、:determinationoftheareainaccordancewiththemethoddefinedin;對于S0和S級鋼板產(chǎn)品：根據(jù)章節(jié)設(shè)定的方法確定區(qū)域。forclassS2andS3flatproduct:simplycountingofthediscontinuitieswhichcanbedonewhentheyaredetectedusingthecharacteristiccurvesfor5mm,8mmand11mmdiameterholes.對于S2和S3級鋼板產(chǎn)品：當(dāng)使用5毫米、8毫米和11毫米直徑的孔之特性曲線發(fā)覺裂紋時，簡單計(jì)數(shù)。T

57、hefollowingisthusdetermined:然后確定下列各項(xiàng)：forclassS2:thenumberofdiscontinuitiesgivingechoeswithanamplitudegreaterthanthe11mmdiametercurveandthenumberN2ofdiscontinuities(Table4)givingechoeswithanamplitudebetweencharacteristiccurvesforthe8mmand11mmdiameterholes;對于S2級鋼板產(chǎn)品：回聲振幅大于11毫米孔的特性曲線的裂紋個數(shù)和回聲振幅在8毫米和11毫米

58、孔的特性曲線之間的裂紋個數(shù)(表四)n2；forclassS3:thenumberofdiscontinuitiesgivingechoeswithanamplitudegreaterthanthe8mmdiametercurveandthenumberN3ofdiscontinuities(Table4)givingechoeswithanamplitudebetweencharacteristiccurvesforthe5mmand8mmdiameterholes.對于S3級鋼板產(chǎn)品：回聲振幅大于8毫米孔的特性曲線的裂紋個數(shù)和回聲振幅在5毫米和8毫米孔的特性曲線之間的裂紋個數(shù)(表四)N3。T

59、estingtheedges棱邊的檢測Thetestconsistsofscanningthetotalareaoftheedges(orareastobeweldedaccordingtosketches)wherediscontinuitieswerelocateddefinedin8.3underthesameconditionsasforflatproductbody(9.2.1).檢測包括所有棱邊區(qū)(或根據(jù)產(chǎn)品制作需要已經(jīng)焊接的區(qū)域)的掃描，根據(jù)8.3章節(jié)設(shè)定的方法、在鋼板主體檢測的同等條件(9.2.1章節(jié))下確定裂紋可能的存在位置。Thefollowingaredetermined

60、:確定下列各項(xiàng)：Themaximumdimension(L)andminimumdimension(L)ofthediscontinuityinthedirectionparallelmaxmintotheedgeoftheflatproduct;可能存在的裂紋在平行于棱邊的發(fā)現(xiàn)上的最大長度(L)和最小長度(L.)；maxminThearea(S)ofthediscontinuity;裂紋的面積；Thenumberofdiscontinuitiessmallerthanthemaximumarea(S)andlongerthanminimumdimensionmax(Li)per1mlengt