例談?dòng)⒄Z篇章材料的一材多用定稿

1、PAGE PAGE 13例談?dòng)⒄Z篇章材料的“一材多用”，構(gòu)建高效的高三英語復(fù)習(xí)模式從化二中 鄧結(jié)玲【摘 要】本文通過分析高考（廣東卷）英語科題型的命題特點(diǎn)，結(jié)合高三教學(xué)實(shí)踐，探討在高三整學(xué)年的復(fù)習(xí)中，應(yīng)如何在語篇中把各種題型的復(fù)習(xí)有機(jī)結(jié)合起來，旨在有效提升學(xué)生的高考英語能力?！娟P(guān)鍵詞】 “一材多用”、教學(xué)案例、聽說考試、教學(xué)再反思一、引言踏入2011年，廣東高考英語題型演變成以下幾大題：完形填空、閱讀理解、語法填空、兩篇作文（基作+任務(wù)型寫作）和聽說考試。對(duì)于高考英語各題型的復(fù)習(xí)，傳統(tǒng)的復(fù)習(xí)模式習(xí)慣上把它分為三個(gè)階段。第一階段：把各語法項(xiàng)目和每單元的內(nèi)容復(fù)習(xí)一次；第二階段：按專題順序把各題型各

2、復(fù)習(xí)一次；第三階段：查缺補(bǔ)漏。從復(fù)習(xí)內(nèi)容看，各階段的復(fù)習(xí)甚至是每個(gè)階段具體內(nèi)容的復(fù)習(xí)都是獨(dú)立、互不聯(lián)系的，花的時(shí)間也是比較長(zhǎng)的。但筆者認(rèn)為進(jìn)行各個(gè)階段的復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)，可從題型出發(fā)，把各種題型的復(fù)習(xí)有機(jī)結(jié)合起來，從而達(dá)到“一材多用”的目的，構(gòu)建一種比較高效的高三英語復(fù)習(xí)模式。下面，筆者結(jié)合自己的教學(xué)經(jīng)歷，探討在篇章方面應(yīng)如何在廣東高考英語復(fù)習(xí)中“一材多用”。二、教學(xué)實(shí)例與反思：2011屆高三聽說考試角色扮演復(fù)習(xí)教學(xué)案例1. 教學(xué)對(duì)象從化二中2011屆高三文科普通班學(xué)生2. 學(xué)情分析本屆高三學(xué)生英語基礎(chǔ)較薄弱，在聽、說、讀、寫四種能力中，聽說能力最為薄弱。面對(duì)今年新設(shè)置的英語聽說考試題型，學(xué)生要花大力氣

3、進(jìn)行備考。3. 教材分析根據(jù)廣東省考試院關(guān)于廣東省2011年普通高考“英語聽說”考試要求，廣東省普通高考英語科考試從2011年開始分別進(jìn)行筆試和聽說考試。其中“聽說考試”占英語科總分的10%，即15分，考試時(shí)間約30分鐘。試卷滿分60分（折算為高考英語總成績(jī)的15分）。其題目包括A節(jié)：模仿朗讀（20分）；B節(jié)：角色扮演（16分）和C節(jié): 故事復(fù)述（26分）。對(duì)于此新增題型的復(fù)習(xí)，很多專家都建議“一材多用”，把角色扮演、復(fù)述和朗讀結(jié)合起來。4教學(xué)目標(biāo)（1）知識(shí)目標(biāo)：Know something about travel （2）能力目標(biāo)： How to predict some informati

4、on of the dialogue according to the given information . How to get the needed information when listening How to translate the questions correctly. Briefly master some skills about “Reading aloud”and “Story retelling ”. （3）德育目標(biāo)：Get the students to realize that it is not so difficult to do well in the

5、 listening and speaking oral test .5教學(xué)重點(diǎn)和教學(xué)難點(diǎn)Enable the students to translate the questions into English correctly and answer the questions with the correct information taken down from the dialogue. 6教學(xué)過程Step Lead in Talk about the students difficulties of “Part B Role play”.(1) Which exercise do yo

6、u think is the most difficult in the listening and speaking test? Why?(2) Is it very difficult to understand the material?(3) Can you translate the questions easily? (4) Can you predict what you should pay attention to when listening？Do you know what to take down while listening ? Do you know how to

7、 take down some notes while listening ? 設(shè)計(jì)說明 本節(jié)課的主要內(nèi)容是讓學(xué)生知道應(yīng)如何做好聽說考試的角色扮演部分。一開始上課，教師和學(xué)生討論此部分的難點(diǎn)，這樣，能讓學(xué)生明確知道自己的問題，并在課堂上有目的地去聽。Step Get the students to predict some information of the dialogue Ask the students to predict what a person should know if he wants to go to travel in Britain and make sure wh

8、at they should take down while listening. Part B Role Play1.閱讀以下情景介紹角色：你是一名學(xué)生任務(wù)：1）向你的英國老師提問有關(guān)英國的旅游信息。 2）根據(jù)談話內(nèi)容回答另一學(xué)生的提問。Who? :When? :Where? :How? :Why? :How much? :What to bring? :設(shè)計(jì)說明在讓學(xué)生看錄像聽對(duì)話之前,先讓學(xué)生明確情景介紹的關(guān)鍵詞是英國旅游，然后預(yù)測(cè)該話題可能會(huì)涉及的內(nèi)容，可以讓學(xué)生在聽時(shí)不必平均用力，而是有重點(diǎn)地去聽。Step The students ask the questions in Engl

9、ish and write down some important information according to the dialogue of the video Task 1 Ask the students to discuss and then ask the questions in English with their partner.根據(jù)以下提示提三個(gè)問題：1英國天氣怎么樣？2你認(rèn)為我該帶什么樣的衣服呢？3我應(yīng)該帶多少錢呢？設(shè)計(jì)說明在這一環(huán)節(jié)中，教師先讓學(xué)生討論應(yīng)如何把問題用一般疑問句或特殊疑問句等翻譯，然后教師在對(duì)答案的過程中點(diǎn)撥問句的翻譯技巧，這樣能起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用。

10、Task 2 The students listen to the answers of the questions and write down some more important information about the dialogue. 設(shè)計(jì)說明在此環(huán)節(jié)中，教師讓學(xué)生記下上面英國旅游信息預(yù)測(cè)表格中沒有獲取的信息，這樣，學(xué)生就會(huì)集中注意力進(jìn)行聽取信息。Step The students use the information they took down to answer the questions1How can you save money when traveling by

11、 train ?2What is the cheapest way to travel by bus ？3What is the weather like in the UK?4What are three types of clothing Mr. White suggests bringing?5Besides cash , what should you also take ?設(shè)計(jì)說明在讓學(xué)生用所給的信息回答問題之前，教師提醒學(xué)生注意:在回答問題時(shí)應(yīng)注意時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。Step Retell the passageLet the students use the information th

12、ey took down to say something about British travel.設(shè)計(jì)說明在這一環(huán)節(jié)中，教師先給出開頭，然后讓學(xué)生運(yùn)用記下的信息，以文段的形式來復(fù)述之前聽到的對(duì)話，可起到“一材多用”的目的：學(xué)生既知道了如何去做角色扮演題,也掌握了復(fù)述文章的一些技巧。Step Reading the passage aloudThe teacher gives a sample retelling of the dialogue and then the students read the passage aloud paying attention to the pronu

13、nciation 、tone 、speed and tone etc. 設(shè)計(jì)說明在這一環(huán)節(jié)中，教師先讓學(xué)生把范文自行讀一次，然后教師再做示范，讓學(xué)生明白在朗讀過程中應(yīng)注意單詞發(fā)音、語調(diào)、語速和停頓等。這樣做也起到了“一材多用”的目的。Step HomeworkLet the students use the skills they learnt in this lesson to doPart Two in another copy of oral test again.設(shè)計(jì)說明課后讓學(xué)生再用今天所學(xué)的技巧來做多一份聽說試題的第二部分,能起到鞏固的作用。附：教學(xué)效果及教學(xué)反思 聽說考試是今年廣

14、東省普通高考英語科考試新增的題型，占英語科總分的10%， 即15分。它包括三部分：模仿朗讀，角色扮演和復(fù)述故事。這三部分看似是不相關(guān)的三部分，但筆者覺得在課堂上可以把它們放在一起上，做到“一材多用”。這一節(jié)課教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)的設(shè)計(jì)思路正是基于這一指導(dǎo)思想。1很多學(xué)生認(rèn)為三問五答（特別是五答）是聽說考試中最難的。針對(duì)學(xué)生的這一思想，教師一上課的時(shí)候設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)讓他們暢所欲言，把心中的困惑提出來，從而使到他們明白此節(jié)課的聽課重點(diǎn)。2在本節(jié)課的第二部分，筆者設(shè)計(jì)了對(duì)將要聽到的對(duì)話進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)的環(huán)節(jié)。這是因?yàn)閷W(xué)生對(duì)所聽到的對(duì)話只會(huì)聽到一次，如果不根據(jù)聽之前所給出的情景介紹去進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)，確定聽的重點(diǎn)，學(xué)生聽的效果是

15、比較低的。從本節(jié)課的效果而言，經(jīng)過預(yù)測(cè)后，學(xué)生得到的信息多了很多。3把中文問題翻譯成英文是聽說考試的一個(gè)重要部分。在本節(jié)課中，筆者從一般疑問句或特殊疑問句和特殊疑問句的構(gòu)成入手，對(duì)他們的翻譯給予學(xué)生一個(gè)可以套用的模式從而提高了他們翻譯的正確率。對(duì)于這些問題的回答，筆者讓學(xué)生著重記下一些剛才沒有在看錄像時(shí)沒有得到的信息，特別是名詞、動(dòng)詞數(shù)字等。這些都有利于學(xué)生記下盡可能多的信息去回答后半部分的五答。4這節(jié)課的主要內(nèi)容是教師引領(lǐng)學(xué)生掌握聽說考試中角色扮演的做題技巧，克服對(duì)這一題的恐懼。與此同時(shí)，筆者也設(shè)計(jì)了兩個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)來把朗讀和復(fù)述也結(jié)合到本節(jié)課來，做到一材多用。一是在學(xué)生回答完五個(gè)問題后，筆者讓學(xué)生

16、根據(jù)所得信息復(fù)述得出一篇關(guān)于英國旅游的短文，從而鍛煉了學(xué)生的復(fù)述能力。二是在學(xué)生復(fù)述完后，筆者給了一篇范文給他們，然后讓他們朗讀，并且注意語音、語調(diào)、停頓和語速等，然后教師再點(diǎn)撥一下技巧，這樣就達(dá)到了讓學(xué)生鍛煉朗讀能力的目的。5在整節(jié)課中，筆者盡可能創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(huì)讓學(xué)生去回答問題。對(duì)于回答正確的同學(xué)，讓全班同學(xué)用掌聲進(jìn)行鼓勵(lì)，這讓學(xué)生回答問題的熱情更高了。不足之處：本節(jié)課在時(shí)間分配上前松后緊造成本節(jié)課有點(diǎn)虎頭蛇尾；在和學(xué)生概括問句的基本構(gòu)成時(shí)，教師最好能把它們板書在黑板上；在上完整節(jié)課后，筆者應(yīng)盡量留點(diǎn)時(shí)間來小結(jié)本節(jié)內(nèi)容。這節(jié)課中，筆者能做到“一材多用”，以三問五答為主，同時(shí)把聽說考試的其他題型都兼

17、顧到；在上課的過程中能滲透技巧，力求做一道題通一類題。事實(shí)證明：因?yàn)椤坝⒄Z聽說”考試材料的共通性，在復(fù)習(xí)訓(xùn)練時(shí)若能把三種題型結(jié)合在一起，可起到事半功倍的作用。筆者曾擔(dān)任本校高三文科平衡班和理科平衡班的教學(xué)工作。這些班的學(xué)生英語底子比較薄弱，但在聽說考試方面取得了明顯的進(jìn)步，很重要的一個(gè)原因 就是采取了以上的措施（見表1）。表1 2010年所教學(xué)生“英語聽說”考試平均得分情況對(duì)比分析學(xué)校段考一學(xué)校段考二學(xué)校段考三廣州市“一?！备呖几呷?）班（理科平衡班）16.86.46高三（6）班（文科平衡班）8.718.88.848.979.10全校平均分8.818.928.849.04

18、8.53廣州市同組（第5組）平均分8.68廣州市平均分9.34（課例不需要這么詳細(xì)，把最重要的講清楚就可以了）三、教學(xué)再反思 既然聽說考試中可以用“一材多用”的策略，那么其它的題型是否適用呢？經(jīng)過筆者的教學(xué)實(shí)踐，答案是肯定的。下面，筆者也把其它題型的具體做法分述如下。1.多角度挖掘閱讀材料，讓材料物盡其用。（1）對(duì)同一材料設(shè)置多種題型筆者認(rèn)為，廣東高考英語題型最大的內(nèi)在變化就是所有題型均以篇章（text/discourse ）的形式來考查學(xué)生的綜合運(yùn)用能力。從今年的廣東英語高考試題可發(fā)現(xiàn)，除聽說部分的角色扮演為對(duì)話形式的篇章（discourse）外，其它題型均為完整的篇章（text）。而更加突

19、出的是在兩篇作文中，考生要寫出篇章結(jié)構(gòu)連貫的文章。既然高考英語中各題均是以篇章出現(xiàn)的一段文字，且這些材料多是內(nèi)容豐富，詞匯和語法知識(shí)都比較優(yōu)秀的，如只是把它當(dāng)成一道題目，做完就算，那就太可惜了。事實(shí)上，我們可以把它們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)成其它的題目，如： 把完形填空、語法填空、閱讀理解和任務(wù)型寫作相互轉(zhuǎn)化把主旨大意題和任務(wù)型寫作中的概要部分結(jié)合在一起來上課。在今年的高三教學(xué)中，筆者就因?yàn)殚喿x理解主旨大意題和讀寫任務(wù)中概要的相似性，而設(shè)計(jì)了以下一組“一材多用”的練習(xí)題。 A(廣州市2009年高三英語調(diào)研測(cè)試)Who says honesty I dead? Last Tuesday morning Alan R

20、eed, a student, was at the bank, He asked to take out $50 but the bank clerk mistakenly gave him five twenties instead of five tens. For a few seconds he wondered what to do. Should he give the extra money back? Keep it? If he kept it, he could buy several new books, or he could take his friend Alic

21、e to a fancy dinner. Probably no one would ever notice. Besides, this would make up for all the times hed been overcharged. But then he looked at the clerk. She was a middle-aged woman with a sweet face, and she reminded him of his mother. She had been nice to him, and she looked pressured in her wo

22、rk. Then it occurred to him that the lady would probably get in trouble. Worst of all, Alan felt, he would probably feel guilty about keeping the extra cash. So Alan gave back the money. The bank clerk was so impressed that someone was honest enough to return money not rightfully his that she contac

23、ted the newspaper. So there you have it. What would you have done if youd been in Alans position? 練習(xí)：Write down the summary:_The main idea of the passage is _.Alan gave back money to the clerkThe clerk gave Alan more money mistakenlyHonesty deserves praisesIt is necessary to be honest with others B(

24、2010年廣州“一?！? In the past, the expression “children should be seen and not heard” summed up the attitude of parents to their children. Children were expected to be disciplined, well-behaved and the parents ruled the home. But today parents seem to do everything for their children and control all aspe

25、cts of their lives. Some call this over-parenting. Parents take charge of everything: from what pre-school their kids attend to the pastime they take up. Parents feel they must protect their children to increase their chances of success. As a result, children do less than ever before. There are two

26、reasons for over-parenting. First, people now have fewer children than past, so they can give each one more attention. Secondly, parents feel the future of their family is now dependent on their only child, so they must do as much as possible to help their child to achieve success. But over-parentin

27、g has negative effects as well. Children are less independent how and are protected from the hardships and failures that teach them determination and give them the satisfaction of accomplishment. Also the pressure kids feel to be successful means they experience more anxiety and depression than even

28、 before.練習(xí)：Write down the summary:_What does this text mainly talk about ?A. The definition of our over-parenting B. Over-parenting has negative effectsC. The attitude of parents to their childrenD. Over-parenting C What do Chinese parents want to give their children most? The answer is good educati

29、on. A recent survey shows that one-third of the Chinese families begin to set up plans for their childrens education even before the children are born, the Shanghai Morning Post reported. Some of the information in the survey is quite revealing .The survey shows that all parents wish that their chil

30、dren can get the best education possible. 83% of the parents want to send their children to the best kindergartens or schools, and 70% of the parents want to send their children to study abroad if they can afford it. However, what the parents really do in reality is quite different from what they wi

31、sh. In the survey, 71% of the parents admit that they spend more time in work than in their children, and in fact they care little about their children, while only 29% of the parents say that they do their utmost to do whatever they can for their childrens education.練習(xí)：Write down the summary:_ This

32、passage is mainly about _.A. Nothing is more important than childrens educationB. Parents actually pay attention to their own workC. The relationship between parents and their childrenD. Chinese parents plans（課例不需要這么詳細(xì)，把最重要的講清楚就可以了。） 把完形填空題的語篇材料改編成語法填空題或閱讀理解題如在今年的高三教學(xué)中，筆者也曾上過這樣的一節(jié)課。以下是一篇完形填空的原文，后來筆者

33、又把它改成了語法填空。 原文： A farmer rode to a fair to sell his sheep. He got a good price for them so his money-bag was full of gold and silver. He now set out for home. On the way he stopped at an inn. “There is a nail out of one of the shoes,” said the stable(馬廄) boy, “Youd better have another put on.” “No,

34、no”, cried the farmer, “I cant wait a minute, A nail does not matter.” He got on the horse and left but soon he found the shoe of his horse gone. “It does not matter much,” the farmer said to himself. “I am already late. I have only a few miles to go and my horse can take me there without a shoe.” H

35、e then rode on. After a few more miles, however, the horse went quite lame. The farmer had to get down and lead it. He walked fast but he was still far from home.Then night came. The farmer was forced to rest under a big banyan tree, where suddenly some robbers appeared and robbed him of his money b

36、ags. The farmer felt foolish. “Alas!” he said, “for a horse-shoe nail I have lost all my money.”改編后的語法填空：A farmer 1 (ride) to a fair to sell his sheep. He got a good price for them so his money-bag was full 2 gold and silver. He now set 3 for home. On the way he stopped at an inn. “There is a nail o

37、ut of one of the shoes,” said the stable(馬廄) boy, “Youd better have another put on.” “No, no”, cried the farmer, “I cant wait a minute, A nail does not matter.” He got on the horse and left but soon he found the shoe of his horse 4 （go）. “It does not matter much,” the farmer said to himself. “I am a

38、lready late. I have only a few miles to go 5 my horse can take me there without a shoe.” He then rode 6 . After a few more miles, 7 , the horse went quite lame. The farmer had to get down and lead it. He walked fast but he was still far from home.Then night came. The farmer 8 ( force )to rest under

39、a big banyan tree, 9 (where) suddenly some robbers appeared and robbed him of his money bags. The farmer felt foolish. “Alas!” he said, “for a horse-shoe nail I have lost all 10 (my ) money.”（這樣的利用意義不大，因?yàn)閷W(xué)生在做完形填空時(shí)至少把文章讀了兩遍，然后老師帶著講解又至少讀了一遍，這樣學(xué)生對(duì)整篇文章已經(jīng)很熟悉了，包括篇章意思、空格詞的意義和形式。這樣很難產(chǎn)生information gap)2從閱讀材料

40、中挖掘出實(shí)用的語塊要學(xué)好、考好英語，就少不了要背單詞。2011年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試（廣東卷）英語考試大綱的說明中明確提出，“要求考生掌握并能運(yùn)用英語語音、詞匯、語法基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)以及所學(xué)功能意念和話題，要求詞匯量為3500個(gè)詞左右”。但在高三短短的一學(xué)年里 應(yīng)怎樣做才能幫助學(xué)生快速、有效地掌握詞匯呢? 傳統(tǒng)的做法是，教師要求學(xué)生翻開生詞表，孤立地背記單詞，甚至是按字母順序死記硬背單詞，然后老師聽寫檢查。Sinclair & Renouf (1988) 在其倡導(dǎo)的詞匯大綱中指出，充分掌握已知單詞的搭配組合要比學(xué)習(xí)大量不常用的生詞有用得多（雷蘭川，2010）。而在英語題目語篇材料中出現(xiàn)的單詞、短語就是屬于已知單詞的搭配組合中的一部分，現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于被稱之為詞塊。如下面一篇文章就是筆者在教學(xué)過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)的一篇典型的對(duì)比分析類文章。其中的劃線部分的詞塊對(duì)