安全工程專業(yè)英語Unit1-9翻譯

1、v1.0可編輯可修改 安全工程專業(yè)英語UnitlBecause of the very rapid changes in these jobs and professions, it is hard for students to learn about future job opportunities. It is even more difficult to know about the type of preparati on that is n eeded for a particular professi on-orthe qualities and traits that migh

2、t help individuals succeed in it.由于這些工作和職業(yè)的飛速變更，其變化之快使得學(xué)生們很難了解未 來有什么樣的工作機(jī)會，更不知道為未來的具體職業(yè)生涯做出怎樣的 準(zhǔn)備，也就是說學(xué)生們很難知道掌握何種知識、具備何種能力才能成 功適應(yīng)未來的社會。The purpose of this article is to provide in depth information about the safety profession that should help students considering a career in this challenging and rew

3、arding field.這篇文章將提供較為深入的安全專業(yè)方面的具體信息，它應(yīng)該能夠?yàn)?安全專業(yè)的學(xué)生們在這個(gè)充滿挑戰(zhàn)也蘊(yùn)含著發(fā)展機(jī)遇的職業(yè)中獲得 良好的發(fā)展而提供幫助。While these efforts becamemore sophisticated and widespreadduring the twentieth century, real progress on a wide front did not occur in the . un til after Word WarII.盡管這些專業(yè)手段在20世紀(jì)已經(jīng)發(fā)展的較為成熟，也具有一定的廣 泛適應(yīng)性，但在美國，這些都是第二次世

4、界大戰(zhàn)以后才取得的突破性 進(jìn)展。This legislationwas important because it stressed thecon trol of workplace hazards. This, in tur n, defi ned a cleararea of practice for the previously loosely orga ni zed safety professi on. Other legislati on passed duri ng the n ext twenty years has in creased the scope of safety

5、practice into areas of environmental protection, product safety, hazardous materials management and designing safety into vehicles, highways, process pla nts and buildi ngs.這部法律很重要，因?yàn)樗鼜?qiáng)調(diào)工作場所的危險(xiǎn)控制，同時(shí)這部法律也為以前不成體系的安全業(yè)務(wù)劃定了工作范圍。此后20年中通過的一些立法，將安全業(yè)務(wù)的范圍擴(kuò)大到了環(huán)境保護(hù)、產(chǎn)品安全、危險(xiǎn)物料 管理以及機(jī)動車輛、高速公路、加工廠和房屋的安全設(shè)計(jì)等方面。As a re

6、sult, the safety profession has respect from otherestablishedprofessionssuch as engineering,medicine andlaw(all of which had traditi on ally bee n invo Ived in hazardcontrol, but had no special training in it).因此安全專業(yè)受到了其他發(fā)展已經(jīng)較為成熟的工醫(yī)藥及法律這樣的 專業(yè)的仰慕，這些專業(yè)的人們過去經(jīng)常涉及危險(xiǎn)控制問題，但是很缺乏專業(yè)化的訓(xùn)練。Safety professionals a

7、pply principles drawn from such discipli nes as engin eeri ng, educatio n, psychology, physiology, en forceme nt, hygie ne, health, physics, and man ageme nt. Theyuse appropriate methods and tech niq ues of loss preve nti on and loss control.“Safety scienee ” is a twenty -firstcentury termfor everyt

8、h ing that goes into the preve nti on of accide nts,illnesses, fires, explosions and other events which harm people, property and the en vir onment.安全專業(yè)人員綜合運(yùn)用工程學(xué)、教育學(xué)、心理學(xué)、生理學(xué)、法律法規(guī)、 衛(wèi)生、健康、物理、以及管理學(xué)等學(xué)科的基本原理，選擇適當(dāng)?shù)姆椒?和技術(shù)進(jìn)行損失預(yù)防和控制。作為21世紀(jì)術(shù)語，“安全科學(xué)”泛指對事故、疾病、火災(zāi)、爆炸以及一切危及人們生命、財(cái)產(chǎn)和環(huán)境的事 件的預(yù)防。Ill ness caused by expo

9、s ing people to harmful biological, physical and chemical agents produce great losses each year and accurate estimates of their impact are hard to make.暴露于有害生物、物理的或化學(xué)起因物所造成的疾病，其產(chǎn)生的損失則更是驚人，其負(fù)面影響已無法精確估算。Ergono mics helps people un dersta nd the performa nee limitsof humansand helps them design tasks,

10、machines, work stations and facilities which improve performa nee and safety.人機(jī)工程學(xué)有助于人們理解人類自身的局限性，從而致力設(shè)計(jì)能夠有效提高安全性和績效的作業(yè)任務(wù)、設(shè)備、設(shè)施、以及工作站。From the careful design and operation of nuclear power generating stations to the elimination of lead-based paints in homes, the efforts to reduce threats to public s

11、afety go onnon stop.從核電站的精心設(shè)計(jì)到家居無鉛材料，人們致力于降低對公眾威脅的 努力從未停止。The application of safety scienee principlesoccurs in manyplaces: in the workplace, in all modes of transportation, in laboratories, schools, and hospitals, at construction sites,on oil drilli ng rigsat sea, in un dergro und min es,in thebusi

12、est cities, in the space program, on farms, and any where else where people may be exposed to hazards.安全科學(xué)原理在人們可能暴露危險(xiǎn)的工作場所、交通場所、實(shí)驗(yàn)室、 學(xué)校、醫(yī)院、建筑工地、海上石油鉆井、地下開采、都市、太空探索、 農(nóng)場等得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。To be called professionals,they must acquire the essentialkno wledge of safety scie nee through educatio n and experie nees

13、o that others can rely on their judgments and recommendations.之所以稱為專業(yè)人士，是因?yàn)樗麄儽仨毻ㄟ^教育和經(jīng)驗(yàn)掌握基本的安 全科學(xué)知識以使其他人可以信賴他們的判斷和建議。Regardless of the in dustry, safety professi on als help toachieve safety in the workplace by ide ntify ing and an alyz ing hazards which pote ntiallycreate injury andill nessproblems,

14、develop ing and appl ying hazard eon trols,com muni cat ing safetyand healthin formati on,measuri ng the effective ness ofeontrols,and performingfollow-up evaluations to measurecon ti nuing improveme nt in progress.在各行各業(yè)，安全專業(yè)人員通過識別和分析可能導(dǎo)致傷害和疾病的危 險(xiǎn)、提出并實(shí)施危險(xiǎn)控制方案、交流安全健康信息、測量控制方案實(shí) 施有效性、評估持續(xù)改進(jìn)項(xiàng)目等一系列工作以保障工

15、作場所的安全。Emerge ncy Resp on se: orga nizing, training and coord in at ing skilled employees with regard to auditory and visual com muni cati ons perta ining to emerge ncies such as fires, accide nts or other disasters.應(yīng)急響應(yīng)：組織、培訓(xùn)和協(xié)調(diào)受訓(xùn)員工應(yīng)對火災(zāi)、事故或其他災(zāi)害等 突發(fā)事件的聽覺和視覺交流14. Management Safety budgeting, and trac

16、king activitiesinten ded toPrograms:pla nning, orga nizing,completionand effectivenessofachieve safety objectives in anorganizationor to implement administrative or technical controls that will eliminate or reduce hazards.安全管理方案：規(guī)劃、組織、預(yù)算、跟蹤項(xiàng)目的完成情況與有效性， 以實(shí)現(xiàn)組織的安全目標(biāo)或通過管理或技術(shù)手段消除或減少危險(xiǎn)。15. The satisfactio

17、n of knowing that people have been protected because harmful accidentsand other incidentshave beenpreve nted is just one of the many rewards associated with“ whatsafety professi on als do”.當(dāng)認(rèn)識到人們因?yàn)橐呀?jīng)預(yù)防了事故或事件而使他們得到保護(hù)時(shí)，這種滿足是所謂的“安全專業(yè)人士”得到的諸多獎勵之一。Unit2Safety and health professi on alswho work in in dust

18、rialsettings concentrate primarilyon ensuring complianee with, atthe very least, the minimum safety and health standard promulgated un der the Occupati onal Safety and Health Act of 1970, as en forcedby Occupati onal Safety and HealthAdmi ni stratio n(O SHA).在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，安全和健康專業(yè)人士主要工作集中于在確保生產(chǎn)至少 符合基于1970職業(yè)

19、安全與健康法案發(fā)布的各項(xiàng)安全與健康標(biāo)準(zhǔn)， 這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)由職業(yè)安全及健康管理局強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行。Although nu merous areas are addressed and a minimum levelof worker protectionis ensured by implementation of these manystandards, it is important to note that the major driving factor for worker safety is contained notin the Code of FederalRegulations but in

20、 Section 5 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act itself.雖然眾多的領(lǐng)域都強(qiáng)調(diào)并且通過執(zhí)行這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以確保保護(hù)工人最低 的安全水平，但值得注意的是：真正推動工人安全的主要驅(qū)動因素在 于職業(yè)安全與健康法案的第五部分而不是在于聯(lián)邦法規(guī)條例 中所包含的內(nèi)容。This factor, better known as the General Duty Clause, Section 5(a) (1), simply states that: Each employer shall furnish toeach of his employees

21、employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees, and shall comply with occupati onal safety and health sta ndards promulgated un der this act.這一因素，即職業(yè)安全與健康法案第 5(a) (1)部分一一一般責(zé) 任條款，簡明地闡述

22、如下：每個(gè)雇主必須為其雇員提供安全健康的就 業(yè)和工作環(huán)境，使他們免于那些導(dǎo)致或可能造成員工死亡或嚴(yán)重身體 傷害的可辨識的危險(xiǎn)，并必須遵守基于本法案頒布的職業(yè)安全和健康 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。In fact, the General Duty Clause has been the precursor for many of the regulati ons that have followed si nee 1970 and continues to ensure worker safety in the absenee of a specific sta ndard for a specific occup

23、ati onal situati on.事實(shí)上，一般責(zé)任條款已經(jīng)被1970年以來許多法規(guī)采納而成為母法， 它同樣在因缺少特定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的特定職業(yè)情況下確保工人的安全。Less clear, but equally important to worker safety, is that the methods and tech niq ues associated with the system safety effort are an excellent means of assuring that the intent of the Gen eral Duty Clause is met at t

24、he earliest possible time in the project or program developme nt process.對于工人安全同樣重要，但表達(dá)不太清楚的地方在于有關(guān)系統(tǒng)安全的 方法和技術(shù)是項(xiàng)目早期階段或研發(fā)過程方案中確保符合一般責(zé)任條 款的極好的手段。However, as no ted earlier, most sta ndard and regulatio ns reflect minimum requireme nts for safe operati ons and do notplace any additionalresponsibilitieso

25、n employers to be saferthan what is required by these sta ndards.然而，如前所述，大多數(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和法規(guī)反映了安全操作的最低要求，他 們并沒有提出比這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的要求更能確保安全的有關(guān)雇主責(zé)任的內(nèi) 容。It is well known within the occupational safety arena that, in order to en sure con ti nued safety in a give n situati on, itis oftennecessary to exceed the minimum require

26、mentsestablished by law.在職業(yè)安全領(lǐng)域，眾所周知的是：為了確保在給定的條件下持續(xù)保持 安全的狀況，超過法律規(guī)定的最低要求通常是必要的。Eve n though a majority of in dustrial accide nts or in cide nts have historically been attributed to the unsafe acts or theun safe con duct of workers, the importa nee of un safe physical con diti ons and equipme nt can

27、should not be mini mized in any discussion concerning accident risk potential.雖然大多數(shù)工業(yè)事故或事件在歷史上被歸因于工人的不安全行為或 不安全地執(zhí)行，但是不應(yīng)該在所關(guān)于事故潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的討論中將物的不 安全狀態(tài)最小化。Injuries and/or property damagecaused by mechanical hazards gen erally have a high pote ntial severity, since they ofte nresult in a permanent total disa

28、bility ., loss of motion or use of a body member, amputations, loss of sight, damagesto hearing） an d/or loss to esse ntial equipme nt or facilities.機(jī)械性危險(xiǎn)造成的傷害和/或財(cái)產(chǎn)損失一般具有較咼的潛在嚴(yán)重性， 因?yàn)樗麄兺鶗?dǎo)致永久性的部分或全部失能（例如，喪失運(yùn)動或身體某部位失能，截肢，失明，聽力損害）和/或基礎(chǔ)設(shè)備或設(shè)施的巨大破壞或損壞。Furthermore, many of the so-called un safe acts that

29、cause such injuries or damage may not result in an accident if the potential for risk is properly assessed well in advaneed andsafer physicalconditionsare implemented to controlthehazards associated with the level of ascerta ined risk.此外，如果能夠事先對潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行恰當(dāng)?shù)脑u價(jià)， 并且控制與該風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 水平相關(guān)的危險(xiǎn)以提供一個(gè)較為安全的物理?xiàng)l件，那么，所謂的導(dǎo)致 傷害

30、的或損害的不安全行動就不會導(dǎo)致事故。Therefore ,accurate evaluation of applicableoccupationaland en viro nmen tal sta ndards and regulatio ns, as well as ananalysis of specific worker tasks, are absolutely essential in determ ining appropriate levels of protecti on.因此，如果能夠事先對潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行恰當(dāng)?shù)脑u價(jià)， 并且控制與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水 平相關(guān)的危險(xiǎn)以提供一個(gè)較為安全的物理?xiàng)l件，

31、 那么，所謂的導(dǎo)致傷 害或損害的不安全行動就不會導(dǎo)致事故。Since the goals and objectives of both the in dustrial safetyand system safety disciplines tend to serve each other s best in terests,it would not be prude nt man ageme nt practice toignore the in tegratio n of the system safety program with thein dustrial safety effort.

32、因?yàn)樾袨榘踩拖到y(tǒng)安全兩者的目標(biāo)都旨在為對方提供最大利益，所以忽視系統(tǒng)安全方案和工業(yè)安全方面的整合都是不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)墓芾碜龇āherefore, in order to fully comprehe nd the relati on ship betwee n system safety and in dustrial safety, one must also un dersta nd how system safety can be successfully utilized in the analysis of the humanfactors element of task perform

33、anee.因此，為了充分理解系統(tǒng)安全和行業(yè)安全的關(guān)系，還必須了解系統(tǒng)的安全是如何成功的運(yùn)用于任務(wù)績效中的人因分析If this basic con cept of huma n-system in terface is not properly con sidered in the desig n phase, the n all the safety incen tives and motivati onal programs that money can buy willnot en courage an in dividual to operate poorly desig ned eq

34、uipme nt at a desig nated level of effective ness.如果在設(shè)計(jì)階段沒有正確的考慮人與系統(tǒng)交互的基本概念，則所有的安全動機(jī)以及金錢可以購買的激勵方案都不能鼓勵個(gè)體員工在指定 有效性要求下操作一臺設(shè)計(jì)糟糕的設(shè)備。Also, if pers onnel are tra ined to operate in adequately desig ned equipme nt un der no rmal operati ng con diti ons, they will typically revert to very in effective opera

35、ti ons un der emerge ncy or other stress-i nclude con diti ons.此外，如果員工平時(shí)在正常操作下操作設(shè)計(jì)不當(dāng)?shù)脑O(shè)備，那么在緊急情況或其他應(yīng)激性條件下，他們所表現(xiàn)的就是進(jìn)行非常無效的操作。Unit3The hazard analysis will also assist the engineer in further assess ing which hazards are importa nt and which are not and therefore do not n eed further study.危險(xiǎn)分析也將有助于工程師

36、進(jìn)一步評估哪些危險(xiǎn)是重要的，哪些危險(xiǎn)不重要從而不必要進(jìn)一步研究。With this information,the associated risks are then rankedand engin eeri ng man ageme nt is better able to determ ine whichrisks are worth controllingand which risks require lessatte nti on.依據(jù)這個(gè)信息對相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分級，在工程管理上能夠更好的確定哪些 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是值得控制的，哪些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是可以較少地關(guān)注。Some example engin eeri n

37、g con trols in clude: add ing a reliefvalue to a 2000-psi oxyge n system; buildi ng a berm around anoil storage tank; using only hermetically sealed switches inan explosive environment; or putting in hard stops in rotating machi nery to preve nt overtorq uing.工程控制包括這樣一個(gè)例子：給 2000-psi的氧氣系統(tǒng)增加一個(gè)安全 閥、在儲油

38、槽周圍建一個(gè)護(hù)堤、在爆炸性環(huán)境只采用密封開關(guān)或在旋 轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)械設(shè)置強(qiáng)行停止開關(guān)以防止扭矩過大。Develop ing and impleme nti ng a pla nt safety pla n isa good method of applyingmanagement controlstohazards.制定和實(shí)施工廠安全計(jì)劃是應(yīng)用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理控制的一種方法。Once con trols are in place , a method n eeds to be used to verify that the con trols actually con trol the hazards or m

39、itigate the risks to an acceptable level.一旦控制到位，需要使用方法驗(yàn)證那些控制真正的控制了危險(xiǎn)或?qū)L(fēng) 險(xiǎn)減小到可以接受的水平。After the system has been studied and hazards identified ,the n an alyzed and evaluated with con trolsin place ,man ageme nt must make the formal decisi ons of which risks they are willi ng to take and which ones the

40、y will not take.經(jīng)過系統(tǒng)研究和危險(xiǎn)識別，然后對已采用的控制措施進(jìn)行了分析和評 價(jià)，管理者必須做出正式的決定 ，哪些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)他們能夠接受，哪些風(fēng) 險(xiǎn) 他們不可以接受。This meansthat the engineering and management)rganizations periodically review the safety program , engin eeri ng processes , management organizations, and product fielduse.這意味著，工程管理機(jī)構(gòu)定期審查安全方案，工程流程，管理組織和 產(chǎn)品的現(xiàn)場使用情

41、況。The American automobile industry has lost billions of dollars in automobile recalls due to safety problems , some of which possibly could have been avoided by periodic review of product use.美國汽車業(yè)由于安全問題在汽車召回中已經(jīng)花費(fèi)了數(shù)十億美元，其中一些問題可以通過定期審查產(chǎn)品的使用情況來避免。Unit4Note that all methods are abstractions-they simpli

42、fythe thi n being modeled by abstract ingaway what are assumedto be irrelevant details and focusing on the feature ofthe phe nomenon that are assumed to be the most releva nt需要指出的是所有模型都是抽象的，他們是通過抽調(diào)假定不相關(guān)的細(xì) 節(jié)，關(guān)注假定最相關(guān)現(xiàn)象的特征從而簡化了被建的模型That selection process in most cases is arbitrary and depend entirely o

43、n the choice of modeler ,but it is critical in determining the usefulness and accuracy of the model in predicting future events因?yàn)檫x擇過程大多數(shù)情況下是任意的，完全取決與建模者的抉擇，但他在確定該模型預(yù)測未來事件的有效性和準(zhǔn)確性方面是至關(guān)重要的。Because the accide nt model in flue nee what cause(s) isascribed to an accident, the countermeasurestaken topreve

44、nt future accidents,and the evaluationof the risk inoperating a system ,the power and features of the model will greatly affect our ability to ide ntify and con trolhazardsand thus preve nt accide nts因?yàn)槭鹿誓Ｐ陀绊懼鴮?dǎo)致事故的原因、預(yù)防未來事故所采取的措施 以及操作系統(tǒng)中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價(jià)，所以，該模型的威力和特點(diǎn)建大大大影 響我們辨識和控制危險(xiǎn)，從而阻止事故發(fā)生的能力。At the same time

45、 that the developme nt of new tech no logy has sprinted forward ,the time to market for new products has significantlydecreased and strong pressure exist to decrease this time even further.與此同時(shí)，隨著新技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展，新產(chǎn)品的上市時(shí)間已大大縮短， 但強(qiáng)大的壓力還要求將這一時(shí)間再進(jìn)一步縮短。Many of the approaches to preve nt accide nts that worked o

46、nelectromecha ni cal comp onent failure such as replicati on of comp onentsto protectaga instin dividualcomp onentfailure are in effective in con troll ing accide nts that arisefrom the use of digital systems and software.許多針對機(jī)電源件防止事故發(fā)生的方法，如果用備用元件以防止個(gè)別 部件失效，在控制由數(shù)字系統(tǒng)和軟件而引發(fā)的事故時(shí)是無效的。Overc on fide nee i

47、n redundancy and misun dersta nding of the“ failure ” modes of software impleme nted fun cti onshasplayed an importa nt role in rece nt aerospace accide nts, such as the loss of the Arianne 5 on its first flight.對冗余的過度自信和對軟件工具功能失效模式的誤解在近年的航空 事故中占據(jù)重要作用，例如阿麗那5首發(fā)的失敗The most com mon accide nt models are

48、 based on an un derly ingassumpti on that accide nts are the result of an uncon trolledandundesired release of energy or interference in the normal flow of en ergy.最常見的事故模型是基于一個(gè)基本假設(shè)，即事故是能量失控和意外釋 放或能量在正常流通渠道受到干涉的結(jié)果。Software is an important factor here-it has allowed us toimplementmoreintegrated, mult

49、i-loop controlin systemscontaininglargenu mbers ofdyn amicallyin teract ingcomp onentswhere tight coupling allows disruptionsor dysfunctionalin teract ingin one part of the system to have far-ra ngingripp ing effects.對于含有大量動態(tài)交互組件的系統(tǒng)，其組建的機(jī)密耦合度使得系統(tǒng)中 某部分的瓦解或作用功能紊亂波及到系統(tǒng)范圍而產(chǎn)生影響，軟件在這里是一個(gè)重要因素，他是我們能夠?qū)ο到y(tǒng)實(shí)施更加

50、綜合、多回路的控制。Our new scie ntific and tech no logical discoveries have notonly created new or in creased hazards (such as radiatio n exposure and chemical polluti on) but have provided the means to harm increasing numbers of people as the scale of our systems in creasesand to impact futuregen erati onst

51、hroughen vir onmen tal polluti on and gen etic damage.我們新的科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)，不僅新增了危險(xiǎn)(如暴露在輻射和化學(xué)污染 中)，而且提供了隨著系統(tǒng)規(guī)模的增大而使更多人受到傷害、因環(huán)境 污染或基因毀壞而對未來后代有所影響的機(jī)會。In dividualsno Ion ger have the ability to con trol the risksaround them and are dema nding that gover nment assume greater resp on sibilityfor con trolli ngbehavi

52、or through laws andvarious forms of oversight and regulati on.個(gè)人不在有控制他們周圍風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的能力，他們要求政府通過法律和各種 形式的監(jiān)督、規(guī)章來承擔(dān)更多控制行為的責(zé)任。The alter native is in dividuals and groups turni ng to thecourts for protecti on, which could have much worse pote ntial effects, such as unnecessary stiflinginnovation through fearof l

53、aw suits.個(gè)人和群體轉(zhuǎn)向法院獲取保護(hù)是個(gè)替代的辦法，但這可能會帶來更加 嚴(yán)重的潛在影響，女口因害怕向法院提出訴訟而形成的不必要的、令人窒息的變革。Unit5such a case ， it is beneficial if the person responsible forthe organizing the safety activities knows how to utilize exter nal services provided ,for example, by example ,by the in sura nee compa nies or safety author

54、ities.鑒于這種情況，如果負(fù)責(zé)組織安全活動得的人員知道如何利用保險(xiǎn)公 司活安全機(jī)構(gòu)等外部服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)是有益的。By monitoring the activities and performanee, top managementean follow how the predetermined criteria have been realized, and set the new goals.通過檢測安全活動和績效，高層管理跟蹤既定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)如何得以實(shí)現(xiàn) 的并設(shè)定新的目標(biāo) For motivating the supervisor to continuously work for better

55、 safety results, the line manager should build an incen tive system.為了激勵班組長能維持在工作中保持良好的安全績效，生產(chǎn)線管理者應(yīng)該建立激勵制度Leadership is a characteristic that is usually seem as esse ntial in a supervisors work領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力是班組長在工作中常見的必須品質(zhì)The three major factors that in flue nce any desig n processare time con stra ints,tech n

56、i calfeasibilitycon siderati ons ,and finan cial and con sideratio ns制約設(shè)計(jì)流程的只要因素在于時(shí)間的限制、技術(shù)可行性的考慮以及財(cái)政經(jīng)濟(jì)因素的考慮 An alternateconcurrentengineering approach lets thedesig ner con duct safety and reliability an alyses as parallel activities, and they can accompa ny the desig n throughout thedesig n progres

57、si on.有一種可選擇的同步方法就是讓設(shè)計(jì)者同時(shí)執(zhí)行安全和可靠分析，這中并行的方法應(yīng)該貫穿整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)過程。The idea of participatory design is based on earlier, mainlyJapanese, productiondevelopment methods like productioncells ,teamwork ,just-in-time ,Kanab ,and quality-circles鼓勵參與設(shè)計(jì)的想法基于日本早期的產(chǎn)品研發(fā)理念，如在生產(chǎn)單元， 團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作、及時(shí)化生產(chǎn)、看板管理以及品質(zhì)圈活動等。 In Fin la nd, the O

58、SH pers onnel workin cludestheidentificationand evaluationof work-related healthhazard using methods like observations ,interviews,andin dustrial hygie ne measureme nts在芬蘭，職業(yè)健康安全工作人員的工作包括利用觀察、訪談以及工業(yè)衛(wèi)生測定的方法辨識和評價(jià)與工作相關(guān)的健康危險(xiǎn)源。Unit 6Surveillanee of the rates and risks of occupational injuresare largely d

59、ependent on case records derived from workers compe nsati on and in sura nee claims and n ati onal OHSn cide nt report collectio ns.對職業(yè)傷害率及其風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的監(jiān)督很大程度上依靠工人賠償和保險(xiǎn)索賠的案例記錄以及所收集的國家職業(yè)健康安 全事故報(bào)告。The fittingof defectivecomponents,unauthorizedmodificationsof structures, and other readily identifiablestructural

60、/desig n faults have bee n found to sig ni fica ntlycon tribute to recorded cases of injuries involving scaffolds. 有缺陷部件的裝配、擅自改動結(jié)構(gòu)、忽視圍欄或安全結(jié)構(gòu)的安裝 以及其他可識別的結(jié)構(gòu)或設(shè)計(jì)缺陷已經(jīng)被視為有關(guān)腳手架的可記 錄傷害案例的重要致因。In response,a prototypedecisionaid,incorporatingprescribed scaffold regulati ons and safety man ageme nt best practi