增值蛋產品研究

1、增值蛋產品：方法和考慮Value-Added Egg Products:Approaches and ConsiderationsDoug Korver and Martin Zuidhof消費者需求Consumer Demand消費者對所買的食品要求更多了Consumers are demanding more from the foods they purchase營養(yǎng)（傳統）nutrients (traditional)減少負面成份decreased levels of “negative” components增加有益成份increased levels of “beneficial”

2、 components日糧(n-3) 脂肪酸Dietary (n-3) Fatty Acids 農業(yè)產業(yè)化前，人類的日糧是這樣的：Prior to industrialized agriculture, humans consumed a diet that:典型低脂was typically low in fat(n-6):(n-3)的比例是2：1到1：1 had an (n-6):(n-3) ratio of 2:1 to 1:1平均的現代北美日糧Average modern North American diet:(n-3) 脂肪酸很低very low (n-3) fatty acids

3、 in the diet increased use of corn and soybeans as livestock feed and human foods 典型北美日糧typical North American diet (n-6):(n-3)比例為15：1到20：1 (n-6):(n-3) ratio of 15:1 to 20:1歷史上(n-6):(n-3)的比例為2：1-1：1 Historical (n-6):(n-3) ratio of 2:1 to 1:1日糧(n-3) 脂肪酸Dietary (n-3) Fatty Acids(n-3)多不飽和脂肪酸(n-3) Polyu

4、nsaturated Fatty AcidsOmega-3(n-3)-3(n-3)多不飽和脂肪酸(n-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids第一雙鍵在脂肪酸的位置Position of double first double bond in the fatty acid花生四烯酸Arachidonic Acid 20:4(n-6)二十碳五烯酸Eicosapentaenoic Acid 20:5(n-3)COOHCOOH脂肪酸結構Fatty Acid StructureLinoleic acid C18:2(n-6)Arachidonic acid C20:4(n-6)Li

5、nolenic acid C18:3(n-3)Eicosapentaenoic acid C20:5(n-3)Stearic acid C18(n-3) 脂肪酸的消費與以下相關：Consumption of (n-3) fatty acids associated with:降低血甘油三酯、血壓和血小板聚集decreased blood triglycerides, blood pressure and platelet aggregation減少心臟疾病引起的死亡率decreased incidence of and mortality from heart disease減少腫瘤decre

6、ased tumor growth日糧中(n-3) 脂肪酸Dietary (n-3) Fatty Acids (n-3) 脂肪酸代謝作用Metabolic Effects of (n-3) Fatty Acids花生四烯酸和二十碳五烯酸用來生成二十烷酸AA and EPA are used to make eicosanoids血管收縮blood vessel constriction巨噬細胞功能macrophage function血小板支持和血塊形成platelet adhesion and blood clot formationn-3 和n-6脂肪酸對比 n-3 vs n-6 Fatt

7、y Acids花生四烯酸Arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) 環(huán)氧合酶Cyclooxygenase脂肪氧化酶LipoxygenasePGE2LTB4二十碳五烯酸Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) PGE3環(huán)氧合酶Cyclooxygenase脂肪氧化酶LipoxygenaseLTB5有效的Potent有效的Potent變化的蛋脂肪酸Changing Egg Fatty Acids蛋中的多不飽和脂肪酸含量反映了日糧的水平Polyunsaturated fatty acid content of eggs tends to reflect that of

8、the diet日糧中的(n-3)脂肪酸合成進入蛋黃 Dietary (n-3) fatty acids are incorporated into egg yolk亞麻籽（油和籽）Flax seed (oil and seeds)魚（魚油和魚粉）Fish (oil and meal)Canola (油和籽oil and seeds)變化的蛋脂肪酸Changing Egg Fatty Acids亞麻籽Flax seed (oil and seeds)C18:3(n-3)亞麻酸linolenic acid魚Fish (油和魚粉oil and meal)C20:5(n-3)二十碳五烯酸eicosa

9、pentaenoic acid (EPA)C22:6(n-3)二十二碳六烯酸docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)蛋質量和生產Egg Quality and Production日糧高(n-3) 脂肪酸水平High dietary (n-3) fatty acid level蛋中有魚腥味“Fishy” flavors in eggs可能通過加VE克服May be overcome by adding vitamin E加魚油問題更嚴重More of a problem with fish oil飼喂增強(n-3) 脂肪酸的日糧生產性能比一般日糧差不多或有少量增加Productio

10、n of flocks fed (n-3) fatty acid enriched diets is comparable or slightly increased to normal flocks低到一般添加水平At low to moderate levels of supplementation實際考慮Practical Considerations不飽和脂肪酸易氧化Unsaturated fatty acids are susceptible to oxidation飼料中或蛋中in the feed and in the egg在飼料中使用合適的抗氧化劑，添加高水平VE use a

11、ppropriate antioxidant in the feed, and supplement with higher levels of vitamin E飼喂后2-3周(n-3) 脂肪酸合成進入蛋到達高峰 Maximum incorporation of (n-3) fatty acids in the egg after 2-3 weeks on feed維生素增強蛋Vitamin-enriched Eggs蛋的維生素含量Vitamin Content of Eggs不是所有維生素對日糧添加有反應Not all vitamins responsive to dietary supp

12、lementation沒反應UnresponsiveVitamin C反應有限或沒報道Limited or no information available煙酸Niacin吡哆醇Pyridoxine蛋的維生素含量Vitamin Content of EggsVitamin AVitamin DVitamin EVitamin KB1硫胺素ThiamineB2核黃素RiboflavinB3泛酸Pantothenic Acid葉酸Folic Acid生物素Biotin與日糧維生素水平關系肯定的維生素Positive relationship with diet vitamins 礦物質加強蛋Min

13、eral-enriched Eggs蛋的礦物質含量Mineral Content of Eggs不是所有礦物質對日糧添加有反應Not all minerals responsive to dietary supplementation與日糧水平關系肯定Positive relationship with dietary level碘Iodine 氟Fluorine錳Manganese關系有限或無報道Limited or no information available鋅Zinc蛋的礦物質含量Mineral Content of EggsCalciumPhosphorusIronSodiumPo

14、tassiumChlorideMagnesiumCopperSulphurTotal Ash對日糧處理無反應Unresponsive to dietary manipulation營養(yǎng)增強蛋的市場分析Marketing of Nutrient-Enriched Eggs消費者必須Consumers must:了解產品的高品質perceive the product as high quality愿意承擔額外成本，花費更多be willing to pay for extra costs, premiums生產者必須Producers must:提供穩(wěn)定、高品質的產品provide a cons

15、istent , high quality product產品實際情況能夠支持標簽的聲明be able to back up nutritional claims非營養(yǎng)用途的蛋Eggs for Non-nutritional Uses非營養(yǎng)用途的蛋Eggs for Non-Nutritional Uses抗體生產Antibody Production免疫過的母雞能夠抵抗特異性抗原immunize hens against specific antigens抗體沉積進入蛋黃antibodies deposited into egg yolk蛋經加工，收獲抗體eggs processed, ant

16、ibodies harvested抗體能與特定抗原結合antibodies bind up specific antigenE. coli - specific antibody非營養(yǎng)用途的蛋Eggs for Non-Nutritional Uses抗體生產Antibody Production抗體可以用來中和飼料中的病原antibodies could be used to neutralize pathogens in feedSalmonellaE. coliOthers?不合適用來直接處理動物Not suitable to treat animals抗體在消化道中會分解antibodi

17、es broken down in digestive tract非營養(yǎng)用途的蛋Eggs for Non-Nutritional Uses溶菌酶Lysozyme抗菌化合物antibiotic compound 在蛋白中自然生成naturally occurring in egg whites商業(yè)加工蛋時分離出isolated during commercial processing of eggs在棕色蛋的水平比在白蛋中高higher levels in brown eggs than white?$19/g* X 1.2 g/60g egg = $22.80/egg*Sigma-Aldric

18、h retail price, $ (CAD)阿爾伯特大學雞蛋生物提煉計劃Egg Biorefinery Program:University of Alberta主題Themes:分餾/提取Fractionation/Extraction胱蛋白酶Cystatin$667,000/g* X 0.002 g/60g egg = $1,167.25/egg抗生物素蛋白Avidin$24,300/g* X 0.002 g/60g egg = $48.60/egg*Sigma-Aldrich retail price, $ (CAD)阿爾伯特大學雞蛋生物提煉計劃Egg Biorefinery Prog

19、ram:University of Alberta主題Themes:生物活性肽Bioactive peptides體內生物活性In vivo biological activities營養(yǎng)制品nutraceuticals*Sigma-Aldrich retail price, $ (CAD)阿爾伯特大學雞蛋生物提煉計劃Egg Biorefinery Program:University of Alberta主題Themes:使蛋的營養(yǎng)增強最優(yōu)化Optimizing nutrient enrichment in eggs穩(wěn)定/貨架期Stability/shelf life促進人類最優(yōu)化/消費者接

20、受度Optimal human health/consumer acceptance*Sigma-Aldrich retail price, $ (CAD)總結Summary可以提高許多基本的營養(yǎng)成分在蛋內的含量The content of many essential nutrients may be increased in eggs日糧處理dietary manipulation消費者擔心的組分可以得到處置The components which may be of concern to consumers can be managed日糧處理dietary manipulation通過

21、加工去除removal by processing消費者的教育consumer education總結Summary改變蛋的成分可能Altered egg composition may:提高消費者接受度和消費量increase consumer acceptance and consumption 作為健康日糧一部分，可能降低心臟病嚴重程度的發(fā)病率as part of a healthy diet, may decrease the incidence and severity of heart disease可能促進總體健康和必須營養(yǎng)成分的攝入may promote overall hea

22、lth and intake of essential nutrients總結Summary改變蛋的成分可能包括Altered egg composition may include:應用于人類和動物健康的成分components for use in human and animal health有商業(yè)應用的成分components with commercial applications生產性能指標Performance Indicators 生產性能指標Performance Indicators(PIs)辨別系統功能的好壞Gauge of how well the system is

23、functioning必須有明確意義Must be meaningful 必須可測量Must be measurable必須清楚定義，能夠在不同系統間進行比較Must be clearly defined to enable comparison between systems生產性能指標Performance Indicators生物性的Biological飼料轉換比Feed conversion rate存活率Livability上市天數Days to market weight胸肉產量Breast meat yield生產性能指標Performance Indicators經濟性的Eco

24、nomic每m2 凈回報Net return per m2毛利Margin over feed costs現金流Cash flow資產回報Return to capital投資回報Return on investment (ROI)為何生產性能指標很重要Why are PIs important?生長雞：我的飼料成本在上升，采取些措施吧Grower: my feed costs are rising. Do something!凈能Net Energy哪一個是對于飼料贏利最多的能量指標What is the most profitable level of energy to feed?fat

25、content of dietmaintenancebreast musclelivermetabolismheat stress評估潛在決定Evaluate Potential Decisions生物經濟模型Bioeconomic model目標：飼料成本較低Objective: Lower feed costs上市重Market wt2.1 kg產量Production143,559 kg死亡率Mortality 3%禁食比例Condemns0.5%目前方案Current scenarioStarter 0.600 kg/bird $305/TGrower 1.000 kg/bird $2

26、92/TFinisher1.848 kg/bird $290/TFinisher20.500 kg/bird $271.5/TFeed conversion ratio : 1.88備選方案Alternate scenario:降低飼料成本$10/T Reduce feed cost by $10/TStarter 0.600 kg/bird $295/TGrower 1.000 kg/bird $282/TFinisher2.016 kg/bird $280/TFinisher20.500 kg/bird $261.5/TFeed conversion ratio : 1.96飼料成本（表面

27、的）Feed cost (apparent)050100150200250300350StarterGrowerFinisherW/DFinisher$/tonneRegularLow cost飼料消耗Feed consumption0.01.02.03.04.05.0RegularLow costkg/birdW/D FinisherFinisherGrowerStarter沒控制的結果Uncontrolled consequence0.000.501.001.502.00RegularLow costFCR實際飼料成本Feed cost (actual)$1.15$1.16$0.18$0.18$0.29$0.28$0.54$0.57$0.14$0.13$0.00$0.20$0.40$0.60$0.80$1.00$1.20$1.40RegularLow cost$/birdW/D FinisherFinisherGrowerStarter生產成本Cost of production$1.1766$1.18020.80510.80880.12780.12780.24360.2436$0.00$0.20$0.40$0.60$