全新版大學(xué)英語(yǔ)綜合教程2課文原文翻譯

1、全新版大學(xué)英語(yǔ)綜合教程2課文原文翻譯LT3Benjaminlovedtocarrythekeyaround,shakingitvigorously.Healsolikedtotrytoplaceitintotheslot.Becauseofhistenderageandincompleteunderstandingoftheneedtopositionthekeyjustso,hewouldusuallyfail.Benjaminwasnotbotheredintheleast.Heprobablygotasmuchpleasureoutofthesoundsthekeymadeashedid

2、thosefewtimeswhenthekeyactuallyfounditswayintotheslot.本杰明愛拿著鑰匙走來(lái)走去，邊走邊用力搖晃著。他還喜歡試著把鑰匙往槽口里塞。由于他還年幼，不太明白得把鑰匙放準(zhǔn)位置才成，因此總?cè)贿M(jìn)去。本杰明一點(diǎn)也不在意。他從鑰匙聲響中得到的樂(lè)趣大概跟他偶爾把鑰匙成功地塞進(jìn)槽口而獲得的樂(lè)趣一樣多。4NowbothEllenandIwereperfectlyhappytoallowBenjamintobangthekeynearthekeyslot.Hisexploratorybehaviorseemedharmlessenough.ButIsoonobs

3、ervedaninterestingphenomenon.AnyChinesestaffmembernearbywouldcomeovertowatchBenjaminand,notinghislackofinitialsuccess,attempttoassist.HeorshewouldholdontoBenjaminshandand,gentlybutfirmly,guideitdirectlytowardtheslot,repositionitasnecessary,andhelphimtoinsertit.Theteacherwouldthensmilesomewhatexpecta

4、ntlyatEllenorme,asifawaitingathankyouandonoccasionwouldfrownslightly,asifconsideringustobeneglectingourparentalduties.我和埃倫都滿不在乎，任由本杰明拿著鑰匙在鑰匙的槽口鼓搗。他的探索行為似乎并無(wú)任何害處。但我很快就觀察到一個(gè)有趣的現(xiàn)象。飯店里任何一個(gè)中國(guó)工作人員若在近旁，都會(huì)走過(guò)來(lái)看著本杰明，見他初試失敗，便都會(huì)試圖幫忙。他們會(huì)輕輕握緊本杰明的手，直接將它引向鑰匙的槽口，進(jìn)行必要的重新定位，并幫他把鑰匙插入槽口。然后那位“老師”會(huì)有所期待地對(duì)著我和埃倫微笑，似乎等著我們說(shuō)聲謝謝

5、偶爾他會(huì)微微皺眉，似乎覺得我倆沒(méi)有盡到當(dāng)父母的責(zé)任。5IsoonrealizedthatthisincidentwasdirectlyrelevanttoourassignedtasksinChina:toinvestigatethewaysofearlychildhoodeducation(especiallyinthearts),andtothrowlightonChineseattitudestowardcreativity.AndsobeforelongIbegantointroducethekey-slotanecdoteintomydiscussionswithChineseedu

6、cators.我很快意識(shí)到，這件小事與我們?cè)谥袊?guó)要做的工作直接相關(guān)：考察兒童早期教育（尤其是藝術(shù)教育）的方式，揭示中國(guó)人對(duì)創(chuàng)造性活動(dòng)的態(tài)度。因此，不久我就在與中國(guó)教育工作者討論時(shí)談起了鑰匙槽口一事。TWODIFFERENTWAYSTOLEARN6WithafewexceptionsmyChinesecolleaguesdisplayedthesameattitudeasthestaffattheJinlingHotel.Sinceadultsknowhowtoplacethekeyinthekeyslot,whichistheultimatepurposeofapproachingtheslo

7、t,andsincethechildisneitheroldenoughnorcleverenoughtorealizethedesiredactiononhisown,whatpossiblegainisachievedbyhavinghimstruggle?Hemaywellgetfrustratedandangrycertainlynotadesirableoutcome.Whynotshowhimwhattodo?Hewillbehappy,hewilllearnhowtoaccomplishthetasksooner,andthenhecanproceedtomorecomplexa

8、ctivities,likeopeningthedoororaskingforthekeybothofwhichaccomplishmentscan(andshould)induecoursebemodeledforhimaswell.兩種不同的學(xué)習(xí)方式我的中國(guó)同行，除了少數(shù)幾個(gè)人外，對(duì)此事的態(tài)度與金陵飯店工作人員一樣。既然大人知道怎么把鑰匙塞進(jìn)槽口這是處理槽口一事的最終目的，既然孩子還很年幼，還沒(méi)有靈巧到可以獨(dú)自完成要做的動(dòng)作，讓他自己瞎折騰會(huì)有什么好處呢？他很有可能會(huì)灰心喪氣發(fā)脾氣這當(dāng)然不是所希望的結(jié)果。為什么不教他怎么做呢？他會(huì)高興，他還能早些學(xué)會(huì)做這件事，進(jìn)而去學(xué)做更復(fù)雜的事，如開門，

9、或索要鑰匙這兩件事到時(shí)候同樣可以（也應(yīng)該）示范給他看。7Welistenedtosuchexplanationssympatheticallyandexplainedthat,firstofall,wedidnotmuchcarewhetherBenjaminsucceededininsertingthekeyintotheslot.Hewashavingagoodtimeandwasexploring,twoactivitiesthatdidmattertous.Butthecriticalpointwasthat,intheprocess,weweretryingtoteachBenjam

10、inthatonecansolveaproblemeffectivelybyoneself.Suchself-relianceisaprincipalvalueofchildrearinginmiddle-classAmerica.Solongasthechildisshownexactlyhowtodosomethingwhetheritbeplacingakeyinakeyslot,drawingahenormakingupforamisdeedheislesslikelytofigureouthimselfhowtoaccomplishsuchatask.And,moregenerall

11、y,heislesslikelytoviewlifeasAmericansdoasaseriesofsituationsinwhichonehastolearntothinkforoneself,tosolveproblemsononesownandeventodiscovernewproblemsforwhichcreativesolutionsarewanted.我倆頗為同情地聽著這一番道理，解釋道，首先，我們并不在意本杰明能不能把鑰匙塞進(jìn)鑰匙的槽口。他玩得開心，而且在探索，這兩點(diǎn)才是我們真正看重的。但關(guān)鍵在于，在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，我們?cè)噲D讓本杰明懂得，一個(gè)人是能夠很好地自行解決問(wèn)題的。這種自力

12、更生的精神是美國(guó)中產(chǎn)階級(jí)最重要的一條育兒觀。如果我們向孩子演示該如何做某件事把鑰匙塞進(jìn)鑰匙的槽口也好，畫只雞或是彌補(bǔ)某種錯(cuò)誤行為也好那他就不太可能自行想方設(shè)法去完成這件事。從更廣泛的意義上說(shuō)，他就不太可能如美國(guó)人那樣將人生視為一系列的情境，在這些情境中，一個(gè)人必須學(xué)會(huì)獨(dú)立思考，學(xué)會(huì)獨(dú)立解決問(wèn)題，進(jìn)而學(xué)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造性地加以解決的新問(wèn)題。TEACHINGBYHOLDINGHISHAND8Inretrospect,itbecamecleartomethatthisincidentwasindeedkeyandkeyinmorethanonesense.Itpointedtoimportantdif

13、ferencesintheeducationalandartisticpracticesinourtwocountries.把著手教回想起來(lái)，當(dāng)時(shí)我就清楚地意識(shí)到，這件事正是體現(xiàn)了問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵之所在而且不僅僅是一種意義上的關(guān)鍵之所在。這件事表明了我們兩國(guó)在教育和藝術(shù)實(shí)踐上的重要差異。9Whenourwell-intentionedChineseobserverscametoBenjaminsrescue,theydidnotsimplypushhishanddownclumsilyoruncertainly,asImighthavedone.Instead,theyguidedhimwithex

14、tremefacilityandgentlenessinpreciselythedesireddirection.IcametorealizethattheseChinesewerenotjustmoldingandshapingBenjaminsperformanceinanyoldmanner:InthebestChinesetradition,theywerebazheshoujiaoteachingbyholdinghishandsomuchsothathewouldhappilycomebackformore.那些善意的中國(guó)旁觀者前來(lái)幫助本杰明時(shí)，他們不是簡(jiǎn)單地像我可能會(huì)做的那樣笨拙

15、地或是猶猶豫豫地把他的手往下推。相反，他們極其熟練地、溫和地把他引向所要到達(dá)的確切方向。我逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)到，這些中國(guó)人不是簡(jiǎn)單地以一種陳舊的方式塑造、引導(dǎo)本杰明的行為：他們是在恪守中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)，把著手教，教得本杰明自己會(huì)愉快地要求再來(lái)一次。10Theideathatlearningshouldtakeplacebycontinualcarefulshapingandmoldingappliesequallytothearts.Watchingchildrenatworkinaclassroomsetting,wewereastonishedbytheirfacility.Childrenasyounga

16、s5or6werepaintingflowers,fishandanimalswiththeskillandconfidenceofanadult;calligraphers9and10yearsoldwereproducingworksthatcouldhavebeendisplayedinamuseum.Inavisittothehomesoftwooftheyoungartists,welearnedfromtheirparentsthattheyworkedonperfectingtheircraftforseveralhoursaday.學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)通過(guò)不間斷的精心塑造與引導(dǎo)而9得以實(shí)現(xiàn)，

17、這一觀念同樣適用于藝術(shù)。我們觀看了孩子們?cè)诮淌依飳W(xué)習(xí)藝術(shù)的情景，他們的嫻熟技藝令我們驚訝。年僅5、6歲的孩子就帶著成人的那種技巧與自信在畫花、畫魚和動(dòng)物；歲、10歲的小書法家寫出的作品滿可以在博物館展示。有一次去兩位小藝術(shù)家的家里參觀，我們從孩子的父母處得知，他們每天練習(xí)數(shù)小時(shí)以完善他們的技藝。CREATIVITYFIRST?11Intermsofattitudestocreativitythereseemstobeareversalofpriorities:youngWesternersmakingtheirboldestdeparturesfirstandthengraduallymast

18、eringthetradition;andyoungChinesebeingalmostinseparablefromthetradition,but,overtime,possiblyevolvingtoapointequallyoriginal.創(chuàng)造力第一？從對(duì)創(chuàng)造力的態(tài)度來(lái)說(shuō)，優(yōu)先次序似乎是顛倒了：西方的年輕人先是大膽創(chuàng)新，然后逐漸深諳傳統(tǒng)；而中國(guó)的年輕人則幾乎離不開傳統(tǒng)，但是，隨著時(shí)間的推移，他們同樣可能發(fā)展到具有創(chuàng)新的境界。12OnewayofsummarizingtheAmericanpositionistostatethatwevalueoriginalityandindepen

19、dencemorethantheChinesedo.Thecontrastbetweenourtwoculturescanalsobeseenintermsofthefearswebothharbor.Chineseteachersarefearfulthatifskillsarenotacquiredearly,theymayneverbeacquired;thereis,ontheotherhand,nocomparablehurrytopromotecreativity.Americaneducatorsfearthatunlesscreativityhasbeenacquiredear

20、ly,itmayneveremerge;ontheotherhand,skillscanbepickeduplater.美國(guó)人的立場(chǎng)可以概括起來(lái)這么說(shuō)，我們比中國(guó)人更重視創(chuàng)新和自立。我們兩種文化的差異也可以從我們各自所懷的憂慮中顯示出來(lái)。中國(guó)老師擔(dān)心，如果年輕人不及早掌握技藝，就有可能一輩子掌握不了；另一方面，他們并不同樣地急于促進(jìn)創(chuàng)造力的發(fā)展。美國(guó)教育工作者則擔(dān)心，除非從一開始就發(fā)展創(chuàng)造力，不然創(chuàng)造力就有可能永不再現(xiàn)；而另一方面，技藝可于日后獲得。13However,Idonotwanttooverstatemycase.Thereisenormouscreativitytobefoundi

21、nChinesescientific,technologicalandartisticinnovationspastandpresent.AndthereisadangerofexaggeratingcreativebreakthroughsintheWest.Whenanyinnovationisexaminedclosely,itsrelianceonpreviousachievementsisalltooapparent(thestandingontheshouldersofgiantsphenomenon).但我并不想夸大其辭。無(wú)論在過(guò)去還是在當(dāng)今，中國(guó)在科學(xué)、技術(shù)和藝術(shù)革新方面都展示

22、了巨大的創(chuàng)造力。而西方的創(chuàng)新突破則有被夸大的危險(xiǎn)。如果仔細(xì)審視任何一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)新，其對(duì)以往成就的依賴則都顯而易見（“站在巨人肩膀之上”的現(xiàn)象）。14ButassumingthatthecontrastIhavedevelopedisvalid,andthatthefosteringofskillsandcreativityarebothworthwhilegoals,theimportantquestionbecomesthis:Canwegather,fromtheChineseandAmericanextremes,asuperiorwaytoapproacheducation,perhapss

23、trikingabetterbalancebetweenthepolesofcreativityandbasicskills?然而，假定我這里所說(shuō)的反差是成立的，而培養(yǎng)技藝與創(chuàng)造力兩者都是值得追求的目標(biāo)，那么重要的問(wèn)題就在于：我們能否從中美兩個(gè)極端中尋求一種更好的教育方式，它或許能在創(chuàng)造力與基本技能這兩極之間獲得某種較好的平衡？Findingawayofteachingchildrentoappreciatethevalueofmoneycanbeaproblem.Yetthesolution,DavidOwensuggests,issimple-justopenabank.Easiersai

24、dthandone?Well,itturnsouttobenotquitesodifficultasitsounds,asyoulldiscoverinreadingabouttheFirstNationalBankofDave.設(shè)法教育孩子珍惜錢財(cái)會(huì)是件難事。然而，大衛(wèi)歐文說(shuō)，方法也很簡(jiǎn)單開個(gè)銀行就行。說(shuō)來(lái)容易做起來(lái)難？其實(shí)，這事并沒(méi)聽上去那么難，你讀一讀戴夫第一國(guó)家銀行的故事就知道了。ChildrenandMoneyDavidOwen1Parentswhodecidethatthetimehascometoteachtheirchildrenaboutmoneyusuallybeginby

25、openingsavingsaccounts.Thekidsareattractedatfirstbythenotionthatabankwillpaythemfordoingnothing,buttheirenthusiasmdisappearswhentheyrealizethattheinterestrateistinyand,furthermore,theirparentsdontintendtogivethemaccesstotheirprincipal.Toakid,asavingsaccountisjustablackholethatswallowsbirthdaychecks.

26、孩子與金錢大衛(wèi)歐文當(dāng)家長(zhǎng)覺得該教孩子們懂得如何對(duì)待金錢的時(shí)候，他們通常先為孩子開個(gè)儲(chǔ)蓄賬戶。剛開始的時(shí)候，孩子們頗感興趣，因?yàn)樗麄兿胱约菏裁匆膊桓摄y行還會(huì)付給他們錢，可當(dāng)他們明白利率小得很，而且父母也無(wú)意讓他們動(dòng)用本金時(shí)，他們的熱情一下子就冷卻了。對(duì)一個(gè)孩子來(lái)說(shuō)，一個(gè)儲(chǔ)蓄賬戶只不過(guò)是一個(gè)吞沒(méi)其生日禮金支票的黑洞。2Kid:Grandmagavemetwenty-fivedollars!Parent:Hownice.Wellputthatcheckstraightintoyoursavingsaccount.Kid:Butshegaveittome!Iwantit!Parent:Oh,itwil

27、lstillbeyours.Youjusthavetokeepitinthebanksothatitcangrow.Kid(suspicious):Whatdoyoumeanbygrow?Parent:Well,ifyouleaveyourtwenty-fivedollarsinthebankforjustoneyear,thebankwillpayyouseventy-fivecents.Andifyouleaveallofthatinthebankforjustonemoreyear,thebankwillgiveyouanotherseventy-fivecentsplustwoanda

28、halfmorecentsbesides.Thatscalledcompoundinterest.Itwillhelpyougotocollege.孩子：“奶奶給了我25美金！”家長(zhǎng)：“太棒了。咱們把支票直接存到你的賬戶上去?！焙⒆樱骸翱蛇@錢她是給我的！我要用！”家長(zhǎng)：“噯，錢還是你的嘛。你只不過(guò)是要把錢放在銀行里，好讓它增多?！焙⒆樱ê傻兀骸澳阏f(shuō)增多是什么意思？”“家長(zhǎng)：哦，要是你把這25美金在銀行里放一年，銀行就會(huì)付給你75美分。要是你連本帶息在銀行里再放一年，銀行會(huì)再付給你75美分，另加2.5美分。這叫做復(fù)利。這錢能幫你上大學(xué)?！?Themaindefectinsuchsavings

29、chemesisthattheresnothinginthemforthekids.Collegeisathousandyearsaway,andtheyprobablythinktheydjustassoonstayhomeanyway.Indeed,thetruepurposeofsuchplansisusuallynottopromotesavingbuttopreventconsumption.(1)Appalledbywhattheirchildrenspendoncandyandvideogames(or,rather,appalledbythedegreetowhichtheir

30、childrensoverspendingseemstomimictheirown),parentsdevisewaystolockuptheirchildrensresources.Notsurprisingly,kidsquicklydecidethatlargesumsarentrealmoneyandthatallcashshouldeitherbespentimmediatelyorhiddeninadrawer.這類儲(chǔ)蓄計(jì)劃的主要缺陷在于，孩子本人一無(wú)所獲。上大學(xué)還不知要過(guò)多少年，他們或許會(huì)想他們寧愿呆在家里。實(shí)際上，這類計(jì)劃的真正目的通常不是促進(jìn)儲(chǔ)蓄而是限制消費(fèi)。孩子們?cè)谔枪?、?/p>

31、子游戲上的花費(fèi)之大令家長(zhǎng)們十分震驚（或者更確切地說(shuō)，令他們吃驚的其實(shí)是孩子們的超支行為與他們自己的相似程度），于是他們便設(shè)法讓孩子們將錢存起來(lái)不用。毋怪乎孩子們很快就認(rèn)定，大額錢款不是實(shí)實(shí)在在的錢，有了現(xiàn)錢要么趕緊花掉，要么藏在抽屜里。4Toavoidthisproblemwithmytwochildren,Istartedmyownbank.ItscalledtheFirstNationalBankofDave.Isetupanaccountforeachchild,usingthesamecomputerprogramIusetokeeptrackofmycheckbook.Because

32、Iwantedmykidsdepositstogrowatapacethatwouldholdtheirattention,Iofferedanattractiveinterestrate-fivepercentamonth.(2)Compounded,thatworksouttoanannualrateofmorethan70percent.(No,Idontacceptdepositsfromstrangers.)Allowancesaredepositedautomaticallyonthefirstdayofeachmonth.Thekidscanmakeotherdeposits,o

33、rwithdrawals,whenevertheylike.為了避免我的兩個(gè)孩子產(chǎn)生這一問(wèn)題，我開設(shè)了自己的銀行，名叫戴夫第一國(guó)家銀行。我用記錄自己支票簿使用情況的同一個(gè)電腦程序給每個(gè)孩子開了一個(gè)賬戶。因?yàn)槲蚁Ｍ⒆哟婵钤鲩L(zhǎng)的速度足以引起他們的注意，便給他們一個(gè)誘人的利率月息5厘。以復(fù)利計(jì)算，年息達(dá)到70%以上。（不，我不接受外來(lái)存款。）零花錢在每月第一天自動(dòng)存入。孩子們也可以把別的錢存進(jìn)來(lái)，想存就存，想取就取。5TheBankofDave,whichhasbeeninoperationfouryears,instantlyturnedbothmychildrenintokeensavers.

34、Mysonstillcomestomewithchangehehasfoundonthefloorofthecar,saying,Andcreditthistoday.BothkidsaccountsgrewsofastthataftertwoyearsIhadtorollbackmymonthlyinterestratetothreepercent.ThekidsprotestedwhenIannouncedthechange,buttheynoddedsolemnlywhenIexplainedthatthelawofsupplyanddemandapplieseventothesuppl

35、yofmoney.Thekidshelpmecalculatetheirinterest-ausefullessoninaveragingandpercentages.(3)Igivethemunlimitedaccesstotheirfunds,noquestionsasked,andIprovideprintedstatementsondemand.戴夫銀行經(jīng)營(yíng)了4年，一下子就把我的兩個(gè)孩子變成了熱心的儲(chǔ)蓄者。至今我兒子在車?yán)镎业搅沐X仍會(huì)來(lái)找我說(shuō)，“今天就把這個(gè)上賬?！眱蓚€(gè)孩子的存款增長(zhǎng)很快，兩年之后，我不得不將月利率降至3厘。我宣布調(diào)低利率時(shí)兩個(gè)孩子反對(duì)，可當(dāng)我解釋說(shuō)供求法則同樣適用于貨

36、幣供應(yīng)后，兩人嚴(yán)肅地點(diǎn)頭贊同。兩個(gè)孩子幫我一起計(jì)算他們的利息這可是學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)算平均值與百分比的頗為有用的一課。他們使用自己的資金我不加任何限制，不作任何詢問(wèn)，我還根據(jù)要求隨時(shí)提供打印的賬單。6ThehighrateofinterestisnottheonlyattractivefeatureoftheBankofDave.Equallyimportantfromthekidspointofviewisthattheiraccountsbelongtothem.Whentheysave,theyharvestthebenefit;whentheywanttospend,theydontneedper

37、mission.Childrenwhohavenocontrolovertheirownfundshavenoincentivenottobegformoneyandthenspendeverydollarthatcomesintotheirhands.高利率并非戴夫銀行惟一誘人之處。在孩子看來(lái)同樣重要的是，他們的存款屬于他們自己。他們存錢便會(huì)獲利；他們想花錢也用不著獲得許可。孩子對(duì)自己的錢沒(méi)有自主權(quán)，就沒(méi)有什么東西激勵(lì)他們不去伸手要錢，不把到手的錢花個(gè)光。7Thewaytohelpchildrenbecomerationalconsumersistogivethemmorecontrol,n

38、otless.Beforewegoonvacation,Illusuallygivemykidsanextratwentybucksorso,whichIdepositintheiraccounts.ItellthemthattheycanspendtheextramoneyonaT-shirt,saveit,spenditbeforeweleave,ordoanythingelsetheywantwithit-butthatwhileweareonvacation,theywontreceiveanyadditionalpocketmoneyfromme(exceptintheformofc

39、ommunalpurchasesconsideredbycustomtobevacationentitlements,suchascandy,icecream,movietickets,andsoon).Becauseanymoneytheyspendstartsoutastheirs,notmine,theythinktwicebeforethrowingitaway.InasouvenirstoreonMarthasVineyardacoupleofsummersagomysonquietlystudiedtheunpromisingmerchandisewhileafriendofhis

40、loudlycajoledhisparentsintopayingfivedollarsforatoygun,whichfellapartalmostbeforewegotbacktothecar.Mysonendedupspendingthirty-threecentsforanunopenedgeode,whichhelatercrackedopenbyhittingitwithahammer-agoodvalue,itseemedtome.Ifhehadbeenspendingmymoneyinsteadofhis,heundoubtedlywouldhavewantedatoyguni

41、nstead.幫助孩子們成為理性消費(fèi)者的方法是，交給他們更多的，而不是更少的自主權(quán)。我們?nèi)ザ燃偾埃彝ǔｎ~外多給孩子們20塊錢左右存在他們賬戶上。我告訴他們，他們可以在我們出發(fā)前用這筆額外的錢買T恤衫、存起來(lái)，或者花掉，或隨便他們派什么別的用場(chǎng)但在度假期間，他們就不會(huì)從我這兒再拿到任何額外的零用錢了（根據(jù)慣例被認(rèn)為是度假享受的共同消費(fèi)除外，如糖果、冰淇淋、電影票等）。由于他們花費(fèi)的任何一筆錢都是他們自己的而不是我的，他們出手時(shí)就很謹(jǐn)慎。兩年前的一個(gè)夏天，在瑪莎葡萄園的一家紀(jì)念品商店，我兒子一聲不響地仔細(xì)察看那些不起眼的商品，他的一個(gè)朋友則吵著讓父母花5美金買了一把玩具槍，可幾乎還沒(méi)等我們回到車

42、上，槍就壞了。我兒子最后花了33美分買了個(gè)未打開的空心晶球，后來(lái)他用榔頭把它砸了開來(lái)我看這錢花得值得。要是他花的是我的而不是他自己的錢，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，他肯定也會(huì)要買一把玩具槍的。8Childrenareinstinctivecapitalists.Ifgivenenoughleeway,theyquicklybecomeshrewdmanagersoftheirownfinances.Whenparentsfailintheireffortsatfinancialeducation,itsusuallybecauseforreasonsoftheirowntheyhavemanagedtomake

43、savingseempainfulanddull.Moneyisfun,anditsalmostentirelyself-explanatory.(4)Theonlywaytoteachkidstoadoptalong-termperspectiveistogivethemashort-termincentivefordoingso.兒童是天生的資本家。只要給予足夠的自由活動(dòng)余地，他們很快就會(huì)成為精明的理財(cái)者。如果家長(zhǎng)的理財(cái)教育失敗，那往往是因?yàn)樗麄兂鲇谧陨淼脑虬汛驽X弄得似乎既痛苦又無(wú)聊。金錢是有趣的，而且?guī)缀跬耆遣恢v自明的。教育孩子們看問(wèn)題要有長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)目光的惟一途徑，是讓孩子們近期內(nèi)便能嘗到

44、某種甜頭，從而激勵(lì)他們?nèi)ツ菢幼?。Unit2Doesbeingrichmeanyouliveacompletelydifferentlifefromordinarypeople?Not,itseems,ifyournameisSamWalton.有錢是否意味著過(guò)一種完全不同于普通人的生活？看來(lái)未必，如果你的名字叫薩姆沃爾頓。THERICHESTMANINAMERICA,DOWNHOMEArtHarris1HeputonadinnerjackettoserveasawaiteratthebirthdaypartyofTheRichestManinAmerica.Heimaginedwhatsure

45、lyawaited:amansion,aRolls-Royceforeverydayoftheweek,dogswithdiamondcollars,servantseverywhere.美國(guó)鄉(xiāng)巴佬首富阿特哈里斯他穿上餐服準(zhǔn)備到美國(guó)首富的生日聚會(huì)上去擔(dān)任侍者。在他的想象里，他定然會(huì)看到：豪宅，主人天天要坐的羅爾斯羅伊斯轎車，戴著鉆石頸圈的家犬，到處可見的仆人。2Thenhewasofftothehouse,wheelingpastthesleepytownsquareinBentonville,aremoteArkansastownof9,920,whereSamWaltonstartedwi

46、thalittledimestorethatgrewintoa$6billiondiscountchaincalledWal-Mart.Hedrovedownacountryroad,turnedatamailboxmarkedSamandHelenWalton,andjumpedoutatahouseinthewoods.他動(dòng)身前往那所宅邸，開著車穿過(guò)本頓維爾鎮(zhèn)冷冷清清的市政廣場(chǎng)。本頓維爾鎮(zhèn)是阿肯色州一個(gè)人口僅有9,920的偏遠(yuǎn)小鎮(zhèn)，薩姆沃爾頓就在該鎮(zhèn)從一個(gè)專賣廉價(jià)商品的小店起家，逐漸發(fā)展成為價(jià)值60億美金資產(chǎn)的廉價(jià)連鎖店沃爾瑪公司。侍者上了一條鄉(xiāng)間車道，轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)一個(gè)標(biāo)著“薩姆和海倫沃爾頓”的信

47、箱，在一幢林間住宅前跳下了車。3Itwasnice,butnopalace.Thefurnitureappearedalittleworn.Anoldpickuptrucksatinthegarageandamuddybirddogranabouttheyard.Heneverspottedanyservants.房子還不錯(cuò)，但絕對(duì)不是宮殿。家具略顯陳舊，一輛舊的輕便貨車停在車庫(kù)里，一條土褐色的捕禽獵犬在院子里竄來(lái)竄去。根本沒(méi)看見任何仆人的身影。4Itwasarealdisappointment,sighswaiterJamieBeaulieu.“太令人失望了，”侍者杰米鮑尤嘆道。5Onlyi

48、nAmericacanabillionairecarryonlikeplainfolksandgetawaywithit.Andthe67-year-olddiscountkingSamMooreWaltonstilltravelsthesewindybackroadsinhis1979Fordpickup,redandwhite,birddogsbyhisside,and,comeshootingseason,waitsinlinelikeeveryoneelsetobuyshellsatthelocalWal-Mart.只有在美國(guó)，一個(gè)億萬(wàn)富翁才能像普通百姓一樣，安穩(wěn)地過(guò)著普普通通的日子。

49、67歲的廉價(jià)店大王薩姆穆爾沃爾頓仍然開著他那輛紅白兩色的1979年出廠的福特牌輕型貨車穿行在彎彎曲曲的鄉(xiāng)間小道上，身邊坐著他的捕禽獵犬。當(dāng)狩獵季節(jié)來(lái)臨時(shí)，他跟別人一樣在當(dāng)?shù)氐奈譅柆斏痰昱抨?duì)購(gòu)買獵槍子彈。6Hedoesntwantanyspecialtreatment,saysnightmanagerJohnnyBaker,whostrugglestocallthebossbyhisfirstnameasarecentcorporatememocommands.Fewherethinkofhisbillions;theycallhimMr.Samandaccepthisfolksyways.He

50、sthesamemanwhoopenedhisdimestoreonthesquareandworked18hoursadayforhisdream,saysMayorRichardHoback.“他不要任何特殊待遇，”夜班經(jīng)理喬尼貝克說(shuō)，他費(fèi)了好大的勁才如公司最近一份備忘錄所規(guī)定的那樣對(duì)自己的老板以名相稱。這里幾乎沒(méi)人去想他的億萬(wàn)身價(jià)，他們稱他為薩姆先生，絲毫不以他的平民作風(fēng)為怪?！八€是那個(gè)在市政廣場(chǎng)開廉價(jià)店，為了自己的夢(mèng)想每天工作18個(gè)小時(shí)的人，一點(diǎn)沒(méi)變，”市長(zhǎng)理查德霍巴克說(shuō)。7Byallaccounts,hesfriendly,cheerful,afineneighborwhodoes

51、hisbesttoblendin,neverflashy,neverthrowinghisweightaround.人人都說(shuō)他為人友善，性情開朗，是個(gè)好鄰居；他盡力與人們?nèi)谇⑾嗵?，從不炫耀，也從不盛氣凌人?NomatterhowbigatimehehadonSaturdaynight,youcanfindhiminchurchonSunday.Surelyinareservedseat,right?Wedonthavereservedseats,saysGordonGarlingtonIII,pastorofthelocalchurch.無(wú)論他星期六晚上的夜生活過(guò)得多晚，星期日你還是能在教堂

52、見到他。當(dāng)然是坐在他的包座上，對(duì)嗎？“我們不設(shè)包座，”當(dāng)?shù)亟烫媚翈煾甑羌恿诸D第三說(shuō)。9SowheredoesTheRichestManinAmericasit?Whereverhefindsaseat.Look,hesjustnotthatway.Hedoesnthaveasetplace.Atachurchsuppertheothernight,heandhiswifewereinbackwashingdishes.那美國(guó)首富坐哪兒呢？哪兒有空位子就坐哪兒?！爸绬?，他根本就不是那種人。他沒(méi)有包座。前幾天晚上教堂舉行晚餐會(huì)，他和太太一起在后面洗盤子?！?0For19years,hesused

53、thesamebarber.JohnMayhallfindshimwaitingwhenheopensupat7a.m.Hechatsaboutthenationalnews,orreadsinhischair,perhapstheBentonCountyDailyDemocrat,anotherWaltonpropertythatkeepshimoffthefrontpage.ItburiedtheForbeslistatthebottomofpage2.19年來(lái)，為他理發(fā)的總是同一個(gè)師傅。約翰梅霍早上七點(diǎn)開門會(huì)見到他等在門外。他跟人閑聊國(guó)內(nèi)新聞，或是坐在椅子里看報(bào)，沒(méi)準(zhǔn)是本頓民主日?qǐng)?bào)，這是

54、沃爾頓的又一宗產(chǎn)業(yè)。這份報(bào)紙從來(lái)不讓有關(guān)他的消息出現(xiàn)在頭版上。它將福布斯的富人排行榜塞在第二版的報(bào)尾。11Hesjustnotafrontperson,anewspaperemployeeexplains.“他壓根兒不是那種愛上頭版新聞的人，”一位報(bào)社雇員解釋說(shuō)。12Butonerecentmorning,TheRichestManinAmericadidsomethingthatwouldhavemadeheadlinesanywhereintheworld:Heforgothismoney.Isaid,Forgetit,takecareofitnexttime,saysbarberMayh

55、all.Buthesaid.No,Illgetit,andhewenthomeforhiswallet.但最近有天早上，美國(guó)首富做了件在任何其他地方準(zhǔn)會(huì)成為頭條新聞的事：他忘了帶錢?！拔艺f(shuō)，沒(méi)事，下次一起付吧，”理發(fā)師梅霍說(shuō)，“可他說(shuō)，不行，我得回去拿，就回家去取錢包了?！?3Wasntthat,well,alittlestrange?Nosir,saysMayhall,theonlythingstrangeaboutSamWaltonisthatheisntstrange.這一切，嗯，是不是有點(diǎn)怪？“一點(diǎn)也不，“先生，”梅霍說(shuō)，薩姆沃爾頓惟一不同尋常的就是，他平平常常。”14Butjusth

56、owlongWaltoncanholdfirmtohisfolksyhabitswithcelebrityhunterskeepingfollowinghimwhereverhegoesisanyonesguess.EversinceForbesmagazinepronouncedhimAmericasrichestman,with$2.8billioninWal-Martstock,hesbeenarichmanontherun,steeringclearofreporters,dreamers,andschemers.然而，沃爾頓所到之處名人追星族緊跟不舍，他的平民習(xí)慣能保持多久，就很難說(shuō)

57、了。自從福布斯雜志宣布他擁有價(jià)值28億的沃爾瑪股票成為美國(guó)首富以后，他就成了一個(gè)東躲西藏的富人，他得甩開記者、尋夢(mèng)者，還有圖謀不軌者。15HemaybetherichestbyForbesrankings,sayscorporateaffairsdirectorJimVonGremp,buthedoesntknowwhetherheisornot-andhedoesntcare.Hedoesntspendmuch.Heownsstock,buthesalwaysleftitinthecompanysoitcouldgrow.Buttherealstoryinhismindisthesucces

58、sachievedbythe100,000peoplewhomakeuptheWal-Martteam.“他或許是福布斯排行榜的首富，”公司事務(wù)主管吉姆馮格雷姆普說(shuō)，“但他并不知道自己是不是首富而且他也不在乎。他不怎么花錢。他是擁有股票，但他一直把股票留在公司里好讓公司發(fā)展。而他腦子里真正想著的是沃爾瑪十萬(wàn)員工共同取得的成功?！?6HesusuallybackhomeforFridaysalesmeetings,ortheexecutivepeprallySaturdaymorningat7a.m.,whenWalton,ashedoesatnewstoreopenings,isliablet

59、ojumpuponachairandleadeveryoneintheWal-Martcheer:GivemeaW!GivemeanA!GivemeanL!Louder!“他通?；貋?lái)參加星期五的銷售會(huì)議，或是星期六早晨7點(diǎn)的行政人員鼓勁會(huì)，屆時(shí)沃爾頓會(huì)像分店新開張時(shí)那樣，跳上椅子，帶領(lǐng)大家呼喊沃爾瑪公司口號(hào)：給我一個(gè)W！給我一個(gè)A！給我一個(gè)L！大聲點(diǎn)！”17Andloudertheyyell.Nooneadmitstofeelingtheleastbitsilly.ItsallpartoftheWal-MartwayoflifeaslaiddownbySam:loyalty,hardwork,

60、longhours;getideasintothesystemfromthebottomup,Japanese-style;treatyourpeopleright;cutpricesandmarginstotheboneandsleepwellatnight.Employeeswithoneyearonboardqualifyforstockoptions,andareurgedtobuyalltheycan.于是大家越喊越響。沒(méi)有誰(shuí)說(shuō)這樣做有點(diǎn)傻。這都是薩姆定下來(lái)的沃爾瑪生活方式的一部分：忠誠(chéng)，勤勉，加班加點(diǎn)；從公司最底層起大家集思廣益，日本管理方式；善待員工；盡可能降低價(jià)格、減少利潤(rùn)，一