英語單詞詞源詞典 r

1、 HYPERLINK /index.php?term=-rama -rama noun suffix meaning spectacular display or instance of, 1824, abstracted from HYPERLINK /index.php?term=panorama panorama, ultimately from Gk. horama sight. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=R R In a circle, meaning registered (trademark), first incorporated in U.S. st

2、atues 1946. Three Rs (1825) said to have been given as a toast by Sir W. Curtis (1752-1829). R&R rest and relaxation, first recorded 1953, Amer.Eng.; R&B rhythm and blues (type of popular music) first attested 1949, Amer.Eng. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=R.A.F. R.A.F. acronym for Royal Air Force, found

3、ed 1918 by consolidation of Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=R.E.M. R.E.M. 1957, acronym for rapid eye movement. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=R.O.T.C. R.O.T.C. acronym for Reserve Officers Training Corps, attested from 1916 (it was established as part of the Nat

4、ional Defense Act of 1916). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=R.S.V.P. R.S.V.P. c.1845, from Fr. abbreviation of rpondez, sil vous plait reply, if you please. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=rabbet rabbet 1382 (implied in rabbeting), from O.Fr. rabbat a recess in a wall, lit. a beating down, from rabattre beat do

5、wn, beat back (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=rebate rebate). The verb is attested from 1565. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=rabbi rabbi Jewish doctor of religious law, 1484, (in O.E. in biblical context only; in M.E. also as a title prefixed to personal names), from L.L. rabbi, from Gk. rhabbi, from Mish

6、naic Heb. rabbi my master, from rabh master, great one, title of respect for Jewish doctors of law + -i, first person sing. pronominal suffix. From Sem. root r-b-b to be great or numerous (cf. robh multitude; Arabic rabba was great, rabb master). The -n- in rabbinical (1622) is via Fr. form rabbin,

7、from M.L. rabbinus (cf. It. rabbino, Sp., Port. rabino), perhaps from a presumed plural of the Heb. word. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=rabbit rabbit 1398, young of the cony, from Fr. dialect (cf. Walloon robte), dim. of Flem. or M.Du. robbe rabbit, of unknown origin. The adult was a HYPERLINK /index.ph

8、p?term=cony cony (q.v.) until 18c. Zoologically speaking, there are no native rabbits in the United States; they are all hares. But the early colonists, for some unknown reason, dropped the word hare out of their vocabulary, and it is rarely heard in American speech to this day. When it appears it i

9、s almost always applied to the so-called Belgian hare, which, curiously enough, is not a hare at all, but a true rabbit. H.L. MenckenRabbit punch chop on the back of the neck so called from resemblance to a gamekeepers method of dispatching an injured rabbit. Rabbits foot good luck charm first attes

10、ted 1879, in U.S. Southern black culture. Pulling rabbits from a hat as a conjurers trick is first recorded 1877. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=rabble rabble c.1300, pack of animals, possibly related to M.E. rabeln speak in a rapid, confused manner, probably imitative of hurry and confusion (cf. M.Du. r

11、abbelen, Low Ger. rabbeln to chatter). Meaning tumultuous crowd of people is first recorded 1513; applied contemptuously to the common or low part of any populace from 1553. Rabble-rousing first attested 1802 in Sydney Smith. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=Rabelaisian Rabelaisian 1817, from Franois Rabel

12、ais (c.1490-1553), whose writings are distinguished by exuberance of imagination and language combined with extravagance and coarseness of humor and satire. OED HYPERLINK /index.php?term=rabid rabid 1611, furious, raving, from L. rabidus, from rabere be mad, rave (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=rage

13、rage). Meaning made mad by rabies first recorded 1804. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=rabies rabies 1598, from L. rabies madness, rage, fury, related to rabere be mad, rave (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=rage rage). Sense of madness in dogs was a secondary meaning in L. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=raccoon

14、raccoon 1608, arocoun, from Algonquian (Powhatan) arahkun, from arahkunem he scratches with the hands. Early forms included Capt. John Smiths raugroughcum. In Norw., vaskebjrn, lit. wash-bear. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=race race (1) act of running, c.1300, from O.N. ras running, rush (of water), cog

15、nate with O.E. rs, which became M.E. resen attack, incursion, but did not survive into Mod.Eng. Both O.N. and O.E. are from P.Gmc. *rs- (cf. M.Du. rasen to rave, rage, Ger. rasen). Originally a northern word, it became general in Eng. c.1550. Meaning contest of speed first recorded 1513 (the verb in

16、 this sense is from 1672). Race-horse is from 1626. Meaning strong current of water is from 1375, possibly influenced by O.Fr. raz, which had a similar meaning, and is probably from Breton raz a strait, narrow channel; this Fr. source also may have given race its meaning of channel of a stream (espe

17、cially an artificial one to a mill), recorded from 1565. The verb, in ref. to an engine, is from 1862. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=race race (2) people of common descent, c.1500, from M.Fr. razza race, breed, lineage, possibly from It. razza, of unknown origin (cf. Sp., Port. raza). Original senses in

18、 Eng. included wines with characteristic flavor (1520), group of people with common occupation (c.1500), and generation (c.1560). Meaning tribe, nation, or people regarded as of common stock is from c.1600. Modern meaning of one of the great divisions of mankind based on physical peculiarities is fr

19、om 1774 (though even among anthropologists there never has been an accepted classification of these). Klein suggests these derive from Arabic ras head, beginning, origin (cf. Heb. rosh). O.E. eode meant both race and language; as a verb, geeodan, it meant to unite, to join. Racial is first attested

20、1862. Race-riot attested from 1890. Just being a Negro doesnt qualify you to understand the race situation any more than being sick makes you an expert on medicine. Dick Gregory, 1964 HYPERLINK /index.php?term=Rachel Rachel fem. proper name, biblical daughter of Laban, wife of Jacob, from L.L., from

21、 Gk. Hrakhel, from Heb. Rahel, lit. ewe (cf. Arabic rahil, Aramaic rahla). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=racist racist 1932 as a noun, 1938 as an adjective, from HYPERLINK /index.php?term=race race (n.2); racism is first attested 1936 (from Fr. racisme, 1935), originally in the context of Nazi theories.

22、 But they replaced earlier words, racialism (1907) and racialist (1917), both often used at first in a British or South African context. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=rack rack (1) frame with bars, c.1305, possibly from M.Du. rec framework, related to recken stretch out, cognate with O.E. reccan to stre

23、tch out, from P.Gmc. *rakjanan (cf. O.N. rekja, O.Fris. reza, O.H.G. recchen, Ger. recken, Goth. uf-rakjan to stretch out). The verb meaning to sleep is teen-ager slang from 1960s (rack was Navy slang for bed in 1940s). Meaning instrument of torture first recorded c.1460 (verb meaning to torture on

24、the rack is from 1433), perhaps from Ger. rackbank, originally an implement for stretching leather, etc. Fig. sense of agony is from 1591. Mechanical meaning toothed bar is from 1797 (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=pinion pinion). Meaning set of antlers is first attested 1945, Amer.Eng.; hence slang

25、sense of a womans breasts (especially if large), c.1980s. Off the rack in ref. to clothing is from 1962. Rack up register accumulate, achieve is first attested 1961, probably from method of keeping score in pool halls. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=rack rack (2) gait of a horse, 1530 (implied in racking

26、), perhaps from Fr. racquassure racking of a horse in his pace, of unknown origin. Or perhaps a variant of HYPERLINK /index.php?term=rock rock (v.1). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=rack rack (3) clouds driven before the wind, c.1300, also rush of wind, collision, crash, possibly from O.E. racu cloud, rei

27、nforced by O.N. rek wreckage, jetsam, or by influence of O.E. wrc something driven. Originally a northern word, perhaps from an unrecorded Scand. cognate of O.E. racu. Often confused with HYPERLINK /index.php?term=wrack wrack (q.v.), especially in phrase rack and ruin (1599). The distinction is that

28、 rack is driven clouds; wrack is seaweed cast up on shore. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=racket racket (1) loud noise, 1565, said to be imitative. Meaning dishonest activity (1785) is perhaps from HYPERLINK /index.php?term=racquet racquet, via notion of game, reinforced by rack-rent extortionate rent (1

29、591), from HYPERLINK /index.php?term=rack rack (1). Racketeer (v. and n.) first recorded 1928. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=racket racket (2) bat used in tennis, etc., see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=racquet racquet. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=raconteur raconteur 1828, from Fr. raconter to recount, from r

30、e- + O.Fr. aconter, from a- to + conter to tell (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=recount recount). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=racquet racquet c.1500, device used in tennis, etc., probably originally tennis-like game played with open hand (c.1385), from Fr. requette racket, palm of the hand, perhaps via

31、 It. racchetta or Sp. raqueta, both from Arabic rahat, a form of raha palm of the hand. Racquetball first recorded 1972. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=racy racy 1654, having a characteristic taste (of wines, fruits, etc.), from HYPERLINK /index.php?term=race race (2); meaning having a quality of vigor (

32、1667) led to that of improper, risqu, first recorded 1901, probably reinforced by phrase racy of the soil earthy (1870). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=rad rad x-ray dose unit, 1918, shortened form of HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radiation radiation (q.v.). As shortened form of HYPERLINK /index.php?term=rad

33、ical radical (n.), it is attested in political slang from 1820. Teen slang sense of extraordinary, wonderful is from late 1970s (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radical radical). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radar radar 1941, acronym (more or less) for radio detecting and ranging. The U.S. choice, it won

34、 out over British radiolocation. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radial radial (adj.) 1570, from M.L. radialis, from L. radius beam of light (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radius radius). As a type of tire, attested from 1965, short for radial-ply (tire). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radiant radiant c.1450,

35、from M.Fr. radiant, from L. radiantem (nom. radians) shining, prp. of radiare to beam, shine (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radiation radiation). Of beauty, etc., first attested 1509. Radiance is 1601, from M.L. radiantia brightness, from radiare. The verb radiate is attested from 1619. HYPERLINK /i

36、ndex.php?term=radiation radiation 1555, from L. radiationem (nom. radiatio) a shining, radiation, noun of action from radiare to beam, shine, from radius beam of light (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radius radius). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radiator radiator 1836, any thing that radiates, from radia

37、te (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radiant radiant) + agent suffix -or. Meaning heater is from 1851; sense of cooling device in internal combustion engine is 1900. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radical radical 1398 (adj.), in a medieval philosophical sense, from L.L. radicalis of or having roots, from L.

38、 radix (gen. radicis) root (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radish radish). Meaning going to the origin, essential is from 1651. Political sense of reformist (via notion of change from the roots) is first recorded 1802 (n.), 1820 (adj.), of the extreme section of the British Liberal party (radical ref

39、orm had been a current phrase since 1786); meaning unconventional is from 1921. U.S. youth slang use is from 1983, from 1970s surfer slang meaning at the limits of control. Radical chic is attested from 1970. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radio radio wireless transmission with radio waves, 1907, abstrac

40、ted from earlier combinations such as radiophone (1881) and radio-telegraphy (1898), from radio-, comb. form of HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radiation radiation (q.v.). Use for radio receiver is first attested 1917; sense of sound broadcasting as a medium is from 1922. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=Wireles

41、s Wireless remained more widespread until World War II, when military preference for radio turned the tables. The verb is attested from 1919. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radio-carbon radio-carbon 1940, from radio- (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radio radio) + HYPERLINK /index.php?term=carbon carbon. R

42、adio-carbon dating is attested from 1949. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radioactive radioactive 1898, from Fr. radio-actif, coined by Pierre and Marie Curie from radio-, comb. form of L. radius (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radiation radiation) + actif (fem. active) active. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=ra

43、diolarian radiolarian 1876, from Radiolaria, Mod.L. class name, from radiolus, dim. of HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radius radius (q.v.). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radiology radiology medical use of X-rays, 1900, from radio- (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radio radio) + Gk.-based scientific suffix -log

44、y study of. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radish radish late O.E. rdic, from L. radicem, acc. of radix root, from PIE base *wrad- twig, root (cf. Gk. rhiza, Lesbian brisda root; Gk. hradamnos branch; Goth. waurts, O.E. wyrt, Welsh gwridd, O.Ir. fren root). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radium radium radioac

45、tive metallic element, 1899, from Fr. radium (P. Curie et al., 1898), formed in Mod.L. from L. radius ray (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radius radius); so called for its power of emitting energy in the form of rays. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radius radius 1597, cross-shaft, from L. radius staff, sp

46、oke of a wheel, beam of light, of unknown origin. Perhaps related to radix root, but Tucker suggests connection to Skt. vardhate rises, makes grow, via root *neredh- rise, out, extend forth; or else Gk. ardis sharp point. The geometric sense first recorded 1611. Plural is radii. Meaning circular are

47、a of defined distance around some place is attested from 1953. Meaning shorter bone of the forearm is from 1615 in Eng.; it was used thus by Roman writer Aulus Cornelius Celsus (1c.). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=radon radon heaviest gaseous element, 1918, from Ger. Radon (C. Schmidt, 1918), from HYPER

48、LINK /index.php?term=radium radium (q.v.) + -on suffix of inert gases (neon, argon, etc.). The element is formed by radioactive decay of radium. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=raffia raffia 1729, rofia, from Malagasy rafia. Modern form is attested from 1882; also raphia (1866). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=

49、raffish raffish disreputable, vulgar, 1801 (first attested in Jane Austen), from raff people, usually of a lower sort (1673), probably from rif and raf (1338) everyone, via Fr. or M.Du., ultimately also probably related to Swed. rafs rubbish (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=riffraff riffraff). HYPERLI

50、NK /index.php?term=raffle raffle c.1386, from O.Fr. rafle dice game, also plundering, perhaps from a Gmc. source (cf. M.Du. raffel dice game, O.Fris. hreppa to move, O.N. hreppa to reach, get, Ger. raffen to snatch away, sweep off), from P.Gmc. *khrap- to pluck out, snatch off. The notion would be t

51、o sweep up (the stakes), to snatch (the winnings). Dietz connects the O.Fr. word with the Gmc. root, but OED is against this. Meaning sale of chances first recorded 1766. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=rafflesia rafflesia genus of Malaysian plants, 1820, named for Sir T. Stamford Raffles (1781-1826), Bri

52、tish governor of Sumatra, who introduced it to the West. He reports the native name was petimum sikinlili Devils betel-box. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=raft raft (1) floating platform, 1497, originally rafter (c.1420), from O.N. raptr log (O.N. -pt- pronounced as -ft-), related to M.L.G. rafter, racht

53、er rafter. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=raft raft (2) large collection, 1830, variant of raff heap, large amount, from M.E. raf (see raffish, riffraff); form and sense associated with HYPERLINK /index.php?term=raft raft (1). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=rafter rafter sloping timber of a roof, O.E. rftras

54、(W.Saxon), reftras (Mercian), both plural, related to O.N. raptr (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=raft raft (1), from P.Gmc. *raf-. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=rag rag (n.) c.1310, probably from O.N. rogg shaggy tuft, earlier raggw-, or possibly from O.Dan. rag (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=rug rug), o

55、r a back-formation from ragged (c.1300), which is from O.N. raggar shaggy, via O.E. raggig rag-like. It also may represent an unrecorded O.E. cognate of O.N. rogg. As an insulting term for newspaper, magazine it dates from 1734; slang for tampon, sanitary napkin is attested from 1930s. Rags personal

56、 clothing is from 1855, Amer.Eng. Rags-to-riches rise from poverty to wealth is attested from 1947. Ragtop convertible car is from 1955. Raghead, insulting term for South Asian or Middle Eastern person, first attested 1921. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=rag rag (v.) scold, 1739, of unknown origin; perha

57、ps related to Dan. dialectal rag grudge. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=rag-bag rag-bag 1820, from HYPERLINK /index.php?term=rag rag (n.) + HYPERLINK /index.php?term=bag bag. Fig. sense of motley collection is first recorded 1864. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=raga raga 1788, from Skt. raga-s harmony, melody

58、, mode in music, lit. color, mood, related to rajyati it is dyed. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=ragamuffin ragamuffin 1344, from M.E. raggi ragged + fanciful ending (or else second element is M.Du. muffe mitten). Ragged was used of the devil from c.1300 in ref. to shaggy appearance. Used by Langland as

59、the name of a demon (cf. O.Fr. Ragamoffyn, name of a demon in a mystery play); sense of dirty, disreputable boy is from 1581. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=rage rage (n.) 1297, from O.Fr. raige (11c.), from M.L. rabia, from L. rabies madness, rage, fury, related to rabere be mad, rave. Related to rabies

60、, of which this is the original sense. Similarly, Welsh (cynddaredd) and Breton (kounnar) words for rage, fury originally meant hydrophobia and are compounds based on the word for dog (Welsh ci, plural cwn; Breton ki). The verb is c.1250, originally to play, romp; meaning be furious first recorded c